BY RAKESH RANJAN KUMAR

MANDEEP HARODE

INTERNET

HISTORY

OF

INTERNET

The Internet was the result of some visionary thinking by people in

the early 1960s who saw great potential value in allowing computers
to share information on research and development in scientific and
military fields. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT, first proposed a global network
of computers in 1962, and moved over to the Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1962 to head the work to
develop it. Leonard Kleinrock of MIT and later UCLA developed the
theory of packet switching, which was to form the basis of Internet
connections. Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a Massachusetts
computer with a California computer in 1965 over dial-up telephone
lines. It showed the feasibility of wide area networking, but also
showed that the telephone line's circuit switching was inadequate.
Kleinrock's packet switching theory was confirmed. Roberts moved
over to DARPA in 1966 and developed his plan for ARPANET. These
visionaries and many more left unnamed here are the real founders
of the Internet.

REAL FOUNDERS OF INTERNET

When Senator Ted Kennedy heard in 1968 that the pioneering

Massachusetts company BBN had won the ARPA contract for an
"interface message processor (IMP)," he sent a congratulatory telegram
to BBN for their ecumenical spirit in winning the "interfaith message
processor" contract.

Charley Kline at UCLA sent the first packets on ARPANet as he tried to

connect to Stanford Research Institute on Oct 29, 1969. The system
crashed as he reached the G in LOGIN.

Ethernet, a protocol for many local networks, appeared in 1974, an

outgrowth of Harvard student Bob Metcalfe's dissertation on "Packet
Networks." The dissertation was initially rejected by the University for not
being analytical enough. It later won acceptance when he added some
more equations to it.

INTRODUCTION

The term internet today refers to the network of public

computers running internet protocols.
The internet is a global system of interconnec-ted computer
network interchange data by packet switching using the
standardized internet protocols(TCP/IP).
It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private
and public academic, business and government networks of
local to global scope that are linked by coppers wire fibre
optic cables wireless connection and other technologies.
The internet carries various information sources such as
mail, online chat , file transfer $ file sharing online gaming
and interlinked hypertext documents and other sources of
world wide web(www).

ADVANTAGES OF
INTERNET
INFORMATION:

Information is probably the biggest

advantage internet is offering. The Internet is a virtual
treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any
topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The search
engines like Google, yahoo is at your service on the
Internet. You can almost find any type of data on almost any
kind of subject that you are looking for. There is a huge
amount of information available on the internet for just
about every subject known to man, ranging from
government law and services, trade fairs and conferences,
market information, new ideas and technical support, the
list is end less.

ENTERTAINMENT

Entertainment is another popular raison d'tre why many people

prefer to surf the Internet. In fact, media of internet has become
quite successful in trapping multifaceted entertainment factor.
Downloading games, visiting chat rooms or just surfing the Web
are some of the uses people have discovered. There are
numerous games that may be downloaded from the Internet for
free. The industry of online gaming has tasted dramatic and
phenomenal attention by game lovers. Chat rooms are popular
because users can meet new and interesting people. In fact, the
Internet has been successfully used by people to find life long
partners. When people surf the Web, there are numerous things
that can be found. Music, hobbies, news and more can be found
and shared on the Internet.

COMMUNICATION

The foremost target of internet has always been the

communication. And internet has excelled beyond the
expectations .Still; innovations are going on to make it faster, more
reliable. By the advent of computers Internet, our earth has
reduced and has attained the form of a global village.
Now we can communicate in a fraction of second with a person
who is sitting in the other part of the world. Today for better
communication, we can avail the facilities of e-mail; we can chat
for hours with our loved ones. There are plenty messenger
services in offering. With help of such services, it has become very
easy to establish a kind of global friendship where you can share
your thoughts, can explore other cultures of different ethnicity.

E-COMMERCE AND
SERVICES

E-Commerce:Ecommerce is the concept used for any type of commercial maneuvering,

or business deals that involves the transfer of information across the globe
via Internet. It has become a phenomenon associated with any kind of
shopping, almost anything. You name it and Ecommerce with its giant
tentacles engulfing every single product and service will make you
available at your door steps. It has got a real amazing and wide range of
products from household needs, technology to entertainment.
Services:Many services are now provided on the internet such as online banking,
job seeking, purchasing tickets for your favorite movies, guidance services
on array of topics engulfing the every aspect of life, and hotel reservations.
Often these services are not available off-line and can cost you more.

DISADVANTAGES OF
INTERNET

Theft of Personal information:If you use the Internet, you may be facing grave danger as your
personal information such as name, address, credit card number
etc. can be accessed by other culprits to make your problems
worse.
Spamming:Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails in bulk, which
provide no purpose and needlessly obstruct the entire system. Such
illegal activities can be very frustrating for you, and so instead of
just ignoring it, you should make an effort to try and stop these
activities so that using the Internet can become that much safer

VIRUS THREAT AND

PORNOGRAPHY
VIRUS THREAT :VIRUS IS NOTHING BUT A PROGRAM WHICH DISRUPTS THE
NORMAL FUNCTIONING OF YOUR COMPUTER SYSTEMS.
COMPUTERS ATTACHED TO INTERNET ARE MORE PRONE TO
VIRUS ATTACKS AND THEY CAN END UP INTO CRASHING YOUR
WHOLE HARD DISK, CAUSING YOU CONSIDERABLE HEADACHE.
PORNOGRAPHY:THIS IS PERHAPS THE BIGGEST THREAT RELATED TO YOUR
CHILDRENS HEALTHY MENTAL LIFE. A VERY SERIOUS ISSUE
CONCERNING THE INTERNET. THERE ARE THOUSANDS OF
PORNOGRAPHIC SITES ON THE INTERNET THAT CAN BE EASILY
FOUND AND CAN BE A DETRIMENTAL FACTOR TO LETTING
CHILDREN USE THE INTERNET.

EFFICIENT USES OF INTERNET

TO FIND INFORMATION:-

We can use the Internet to find information about almost anything, using Internet search
engines such as Google and Yahoo. However, we must carefully check the source
(website) and quality of the information. An example of good source of general
information is wikipedia.org

FILE SHARING:A file can be put on a Shared Location or onto a File Server for instant use by
colleagues. Mirror servers and peer-to-peer networks can be used to ease the load of
data transfer.

REMOTE ACCESS:Computer users can easily connect to other computers and information stores around
the world using the internet. The access can be done with or without security,
authentication and encryption, depending on the needs.

Communication and Social Networking:-

Internet chat and instant messaging systems allow people to stay in touch in a
convenient way while working at their computers. Messages can be sent and received
instantly. In addition, these systems also allow file transfer, as well as voice and video
contact.
Social networking websites allow people to stay in touch with friends and family, and
knowing their activities by viewing their profiles. The concept of a social networking
website is to store peoples profiles and connecting them between one and another. A
personal profile can include pictures and videos to be shared

VoIP:-

VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) started from an optional twoway voice chat provided by some of the instant messaging systems
that started around the year 2000. The benefit of VoIP is that it can
be free or cost much less than a normal telephone call, because the
Internet carries that voice traffic. VoIP is surely a cheap solution for

HOW DOES INTERNET WORK

The Internet is a global network of
computers each computer connected
to the Internet must have a unique
address.
Internet addresses are in the form
nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn where nnn must
be a number from 0 - 255.
This address is known as an IP
address.


The picture above illustrates two
computers
connected to the Internet; your
computer with IP
address 1.2.3.4 and another computer
with IP
address 5.6.7.8. The Internet is

NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURING

packets travel from one computer to

another over the Internet.

packets travel from one computer to

another over the Internet.

 THE PHYSICAL CONNECTION THROUGH THE PHONE

NETWORK TO THE INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER MIGHT HAVE
BEEN EASY
THE ISP MAINTAINS A POOL OF MODEMS FOR THEIR
DIAL-IN CUSTOMERS. THIS IS MANAGED BY SOME FORM OF
COMPUTER (USUALLY A DEDICATED ONE) WHICH CONTROLS
DATA FLOW FROM THE MODEM POOL TO A BACKBONE OR
DEDICATED LINE ROUTER. THIS SETUP MAY BE REFERRED TO
AS A PORT SERVER, AS IT 'SERVES' ACCESS TO THE
NETWORK. BILLING AND USAGE INFORMATION IS USUALLY
COLLECTED HERE AS WELL .
AFTER YOUR PACKETS TRAVERSE THE PHONE
NETWORK AND
YOUR ISP'S LOCAL EQUIPMENT, THEY ARE
ROUTED ONTO THE ISP'S BACKBONE OR A BACKBONE THE
ISP BUYS BANDWIDTH FROM. FROM HERE THE PACKETS WILL
USUALLY JOURNEY THROUGH SEVERAL ROUTERS AND OVER
SEVERAL BACKBONES, DEDICATED LINES, AND OTHER
NETWORKS UNTIL THEY FIND THEIR DESTINATION, THE
COMPUTER WITH ADDRESS 5.6.7.8. BUT WOULDN'T IT WOULD
BE NICE IF WE KNEW THE EXACT ROUTE OUR PACKETS WERE
TAKING OVER THE INTERNET? AS IT TURNS OUT, THERE IS A
WAY...


IF YOU USE TRACEROUTE, YOU'LL
NOTICE THAT
YOUR PACKETS MUST
TRAVEL THROUGH MANY THINGS TO
GET TO THEIR DESTINATION. MOST
HAVE LONG NAMES SUCH AS SJC2CORE1-H2-0-0.ATLAS.DIGEX.NET AND
FDDI0-0.BR4.SJC.GLOBALCENTER.NET.
THESE ARE INTERNET ROUTERS THAT
DECIDE WHERE TO SEND YOUR
PACKETS. SEVERAL ROUTERS ARE
SHOWN IN DIAGRAM 3, BUT ONLY A
FEW. DIAGRAM 3 IS MEANT TO SHOW
A SIMPLE NETWORK STRUCTURE

INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE

The Internet backbone is made up of many large networks which

interconnect with each other. These large networks are known as Network
Service Providers or NSPs. Some of the large NSPs are UUNet, CerfNet,
IBM, BBN Planet, SprintNet, PSINet, as well as others. These networks
peer with each other to exchange packet traffic. Each NSP is required to
connect to three Network Access Points or NAPs. At the NAPs, packet
traffic may jump from one NSP's backbone to another NSP's backbone.
NSPs also interconnect at Metropolitan Area Exchanges or MAEs. MAEs
serve the same purpose as the NAPs but are privately owned. NAPs were
the original Internet interconnect points. Both NAPs and MAEs are referred
to as Internet Exchange Points or IXs. NSPs also sell bandwidth to smaller
networks, such as ISPs and smaller bandwidth providers. Below is a picture
showing this hierarchical infrastructure
If you use traceroute, you'll notice that your packets must travel through
many things to get to their destination. Most have long names such as sjc2core1-h2-0-0.atlas.digex.net and fddi0-0.br4.SJC.globalcenter.net. These
are Internet routers that decide where to send your packets. Several routers
are shown in Diagram 3, but only a few. Diagram 3 is meant to show a
simple network structure. The Internet is much more complex.

INTERNET PROTOCOLS
Unlike TCP, IP is an unreliable, connectionless protocol. IP doesn't care
whether a packet gets to it's destination or not. Nor does IP know about
connections and port numbers. IP's job is too send and route packets to
other computers. IP packets are independent entities and may arrive out of
order or not at all. It is TCP's job to make sure packets arrive and are in the
correct order. About the only thing IP has in common with TCP is the way it
receives data and adds it's own IP header information to the TCP data. The
IP header looks like this:

Above we see the IP addresses of the sending and receiving computers in the IP
header. Below is what a packet looks like after passing through the application
layer, TCP layer, and IP layer. The application layer data is segmented in the TCP
layer, the TCP header is added, the packet continues to the IP layer, the IP header
is added, and then the packet is transmitted across the Internet.