1. Advantage and disadvantages of internet?

In the history of mankind, the Internet is the greatest development in the field of ICT. Like other
inventions, the Internet has a number of advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of the Internet
are so huge in number that they outperform the disadvantages quite easily.
Advantages of the Internet
The Internet provides many facilities to the people. Some advantages of the Internet are given below:
 Sharing and collecting information: You can share and collect information on every topic of the
world on the Internet 24 hours a day. The students, writers, engineers, scientists and many other
people can interact with one another to get guidance and to share knowledge, etc. Sharing and
collecting information through Internet is a very easy, cheap (in some cases free of cost) and fast
method.
 E-commerce: E-commerce means conducting business activities online. It is not only widening
consumers, choice of products and services but is also creating new businesses and compelling
established businesses to develop Internet strategies. E-commerce has become a fantastic option
through which you can shop anything.
 News: People get latest news of the world on the Internet. Most of the newspapers of the world
are also available on the Internet via their websites. These websites are periodically or
immediately updated with latest news when any event happens around the world.
 Advertisement: Today, most of the commercial and non-commercial organizations advertise
through Internet.
 Communication: Using Internet you can communicate with others all over the world. You can
talk by watching to one another; just as you are talking with your friends at your home. Different
services provided on the Internet for this purpose are: (i) E-mail (ii) Chatting (iii) Video
conferencing (iv) Internet telephony, etc.
 Formation of communities: Internet helps in formation of communities or forums. Here, a
number of people can participate in different types of debates and discussions to express their
views and gather valuable knowledge.
 Entertainment: Internet also provides different types of entertainments to the people. You can
play games with other people in any part of the world. Similarly, you can see movies, listen
music, etc. You can also make new friends on the Internet for enjoyment.
 Online learning: Internet provides the facility for online learning. Many websites have lectures
and tutorials on different subjects or topics for learning. You can download these lectures or
tutorials and go through these repeatedly to get a lot of knowledge. It is a very cheap and easy
way to get education.
 Services: A variety of services are offered via Internet, for example job searching, online
banking, online results, buying movie tickets, airlines and railways schedules, hotel reservations
and consultation services (e.g., medical help), etc. When you avail these services offline, they
become more expensive

Disadvantages of the Internet

Although Internet has many advantages but it also has some disadvantages. The main disadvantages of
Internet are given below:

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  Virus threat: Virus is a program that interrupts the usual operation of the PCs. Computers linked
to the Internet have high probability of virus attacks and as a result of this their hard disks can
crash, giving the users a lot of trouble.
 Spamming: Spamming denotes distribution of unsolicited e-mails in large numbers. They are
meaningless and they unnecessarily block the whole system. These activities are treated as illegal.
 Security problems: The valuable websites can be damaged by hackers and your valuable data may
be deleted. Similarly, confidential data (like name, address and credit card number) may be
accessed by unauthorized persons.
 Pornography: Pornography is definitely harmful for the children. There are numerous
pornographic sites available over the Internet and watching any of those can have very bad
influence on the mental health of the children. These websites damage the character of new
generation.
 Filtration of information: When a keyword is given to a search engine for searching information
of a specific topic, a large number of related links are displayed. In this case, it becomes difficult
for the users to filter out the required information.
 Accuracy of information: A lot of information about a particular topic is stored on the websites.
Some information may be incorrect or not authentic.
 Wastage of time: A lot of time is wasted by Internet users to collect the information on the
Internet. Some people waste a lot of time in chatting or to play games. At home, school and
offices, most of the users use Internet without any positive purpose.
 English language problems: Most of the information on the Internet is available in English
language. So, those people who do not know English may find it difficult to avail the facility of
Internet.

2. What is internet service provider?

An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that provides Internet access by using copper, fiber, or
even satellite communications to the customer. In this lesson, we will cover exactly what an ISP is, how
the ISP connects customers, and what type of services the ISPs provide.

An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company such as AT&T, Verizon, Comcast, or BrightHouse that
provides Internet access to companies, families, and even mobile users. ISPs use fiber-optics, satellite,
copper wire, and other forms to provide Internet access to its customers.

The type of Internet access varies depending on what the customer requires. For home use, cable or DSL
(digital subscriber line) is the perfect, affordable choice. The price of home use can range anywhere from
free to roughly $120 a month. The amount of bandwidth is usually what drives the price. Bandwidth is the
amount of data that can be sent through an internet connection in a given amount of time. The speed for
home use usually varies from 14 kilobits per second to 100 megabits per second. For large companies and
organizations, their bandwidth requirements may be 1 to 10 gigabits per second, which is both insanely
fast and expensive!

The Internet Highway

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ISPs connect to one another by forming backbones, which is another way of saying a main highway of
communications. Backbones usually consist of satellite, copper wire, or even fiber-optic media. Media is
a term that means cables or lines, and it's the physical means of connecting your home to the internet.

Now, imagine these 'main highways' are like the major arteries that we have in our bodies. These major
arteries push an extreme amount of blood (or data) to our smaller blood arteries (cities). Those smaller
arteries then feed into blood vessels (neighborhoods) and then into tiny capillaries (our individual homes).

ISPs provide the same service, except that they use different types of media to do so. ISPs bridge distant
locations between cities, states, and countries. Because of these high speed backbone systems, we are able
receive an email within seconds, stream our favorite movie without interruption, and play online games
with no lag whatsoever.

3. What is gateway?

A gateway is a piece of networking hardware used in telecommunications for telecommunications

networks that allows data to flow from one discrete network to another. Gateways are distinct from
routers or switches in that they communicate using more than one protocol and can operate at any of
the seven layers of the open systems interconnection model (OSI).

The term gateway can also loosely refer to a computer or computer program configured to perform
the tasks of a gateway, such as a default gateway or router.

Network gateway

A network gateway provides interoperability between networks and contains devices, such as
protocol translators, impedance matching devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators,
as necessary to do so. A network gateway requires the establishment of mutually acceptable
administrative procedures between the networks using the gateway. Network gateways, known as a
protocol translation gateways (or mapping gateways), can also perform protocol conversions to
connect networks with different network protocol technologies. For example, a network gateway
connects an office or home intranet to the Internet. If an office or home computer user wants to load a
web page, at least two network gateways are accessed—one to get from the office or home network to
the Internet and one to get from the Internet to the computer that serves the web page.

In enterprise networks, a network gateway usually also acts as a proxy server and a firewall.

On Microsoft Windows, the Internet Connection Sharing feature allows a computer to act as a
gateway by offering a connection between the Internet and an internal network.

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IP gateway

On an Internet protocol (IP) network, IP packets with a destination outside a given subnet mask are
sent to the network gateway. For example, if a private network has a base IPv4 address of 192.168.0.0
and has a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, then any data addressed to an IP address outside of
192.168.0.X is sent to the network gateway. IPv6 networks work in a similar way. While forwarding
an IP packet to another network, the gateway may perform network address translation.

Internet-to-orbit gateway

An Internet-to-orbit gateway (I2O) connects computers or devices on the Internet to computer

systems orbiting the Earth, such as satellites or manned spacecraft. Project HERMES, by the
Ecuadorian Civilian Space Agency, was the first to implement this kind of gateway on June 6, 2009.
Project HERMES has a maximum coverage of 22,000 km and can transmit voice as well as data. The
Global Educational Network for Satellite Operations (GENSO) is another type of I2O gateway.

Cloud storage gateway

A cloud storage gateway is a network appliance or server which translates cloud storage APIs such as
SOAP or REST to block-based storage protocols such as iSCSI or Fiber Channel or file-based
interfaces such as NFS or CIFS. Cloud storage gateways enable companies to integrate private cloud
storage into applications without moving the applications into a public cloud, thereby simplifying
data protection.

IoT gateway

An Internet of things (IoT) gateway provides the bridge between IoT devices in the field, the cloud,
and user equipment such as smartphones. The IoT gateway provides a communication link between
the field and the cloud and can provide offline services and real-time control over the devices in the
field.

To achieve sustainable interoperability in the Internet of things ecosystem, there are two dominant
architectures for data exchange protocols: bus-based (DDS, REST, XMPP) and broker based (AMPQ,
CoAP, MQTT, JMI). The protocols that support the information exchange between interoperability
domains can also be classified as message-centric (AMQP, MQTT, JMS, REST) or data-centric
(DDS, CoAP, XMPP). Interconnected devices communicate by using lightweight protocols that don't
require extensive CPU resources. C, Java, Python and some scripting languages are the preferred
choices used by IoT applications. To handle any needed protocol conversion, database storage or
decision making (e.g. collision handling), IoT nodes use separate IoT gateways in order to
supplement the low-intelligence of devices.

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A large number of manufacturers are involved in the IoT gateways design and production; such
companies include CISCO, Harman International Industries, Advantech, ADLINK, Supermicro, and
NXP.

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 4. Types of internet connection?

There are various type of connectivity to get hook on to Internet. They all can be broadly classified
into following category.

1 Gateway Access

2 Dial-up Connection

3 Leased Connection

4 DSL connection

5 Cable Modem Connection

6 VSAT

Gateway Access

Gateway Access is also known as Level-One connection. It is the access to the Internet from a
network, which is not on the Internet. The gateway allows the two different types of networks to
“talk” to each other. But the users of the Gateway Internet have limited access to the Internet. They
might not be able to use all the tools available on Internet. The local Internet Service Provider (ISP)
normally defines this limitation. Good example of network with Level One connectivity within India
is that of VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited). All access to Internet from India are through
VSNL gateway.

Dial-up Connection

‘Dial-up’ connection is also known as Level Two connection. This provides connection to Internet
through a dial-up terminal connection. The computer, which provides Internet access is known as
‘Host’ and the computer that receives the access, is ‘Client’ or ‘Terminal’. The client computer uses
modem to access a “host” and acts as if it is a terminal directly connected to that host. 56K modem
access is now widely available and supported by most ISPs. It allows user to surf the Web at 56 Kbps
with graphics. So this type of connection is also known as ‘Remote Modem Access’ connection. And
the host to which the client gets connected is actually connected to the Internet by a full time
connection (See Leased Connection).

In dial-up connection to Internet, Host carries all the command that are typed on a client machine and
forward them to Internet. It also receives the data or information from the Internet on behalf of the
‘Client’ and passes it to them. The client computer acts as a ‘dumb’ terminal connected to remote
host.

This type of connection can further be divided into three categories.

Shell Connection:In this type of Internet Connection, the user will get only textual matter of a Web Page.
This connection does not support Graphics display.Shell Accounts were the only type of Internet access

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available for many years before the Internet entered in to the world of graphics and became more users
friendly.

TCP/IP Connection:Today’s graphical World Wide Web browsers provide easier access with multimedia
sound and pictures. The major difference between Shell and TCP/IP account is that, Shell account can
only display text and does not support graphics display, whereas TCP/IP can display both.

ISDN:ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) offers Internet connectivity at speeds of up to 128
Kbps through the use of digital phone lines. ISDN is a dial-up service that has been provided by telephone
companies for many years.

To access any of these dial-up accounts you need the followings;

• Computer

• Modem

• Telephone Connection

• Shell or TCP/IP/ISDN account from the ISP

• Internet client software such as Internet browser

Leased Connection

Leased connection is also known as direct Internet access or Level Three connection. It is the secure,
dedicated and most expensive, level of Internet connection. With leased connection, your computer is
dedicatedly and directly connected to the Internet using highspeed transmission lines. It is on-line
twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.

DSL connection

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over
the wires of a local telephone network. DSL originally stood for digital subscriber loop. In
telecommunications marketing, the term DSL is widely understood to mean Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line (ADSL), the most commonly installed DSL technology. DSL service is delivered
simultaneously with wired telephone service on the same telephone line. This is possible because
DSL uses higher frequency bands for data separated by filtering. On the customer premises, a DSL
filter on each outlet removes the high frequency interference, to enable simultaneous use of the
telephone and data.

The data bit rate of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 kbit/s to 40 Mbit/s in the
direction to the customer (downstream), depending on DSL technology, line conditions, and service-
level implementation. In ADSL, the data throughput in the upstream direction, (the direction to the
service provider) is lower, hence the designation of asymmetric service. In Symmetric Digital
Subscriber Line (SDSL) services, the downstream and upstream data rates are equal.

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 Advantages:

• Security: Unlike cable modems, each subscriber can be configured so that it will not be on the
same network. In some cable modem networks, other computers on the cable modem network are left
visibly vulnerable and are easily susceptible to break in as well as data destruction.

• Integration: DSL will easily interface with ATM and WAN technology.

• High bandwidth

• Cheap line charges from the phone company.

• Good for “bursty” traffic patterns

Disadvantages

• No current standardization: A person moving from one area to another might find that their DSL
modem is just another paperweight. Customers may have to buy new equipment to simply change
ISPs.

• Expensive: Most customers are not willing to spend more than $20 to $25 per month for Internet
access. Current installation costs, including the modem, can be as high as $750. Prices should come
down within 1-3 years. As with all computer technology, being first usually means an emptier wallet.

• Distance Dependence: The farther you live from the DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer), the lower
the data rate. The longest run lengths are 18,000 feet, or a little over 3 miles.

Cable Modem Connection

A cable modem is a type of Network Bridge and modem that provides bi-directional data
communication via radio frequency channels on a HFC and RFoG infrastructure. Cable modems are
primarily used to deliver broadband Internet access in the form of cable Internet, taking advantage of
the high bandwidth of a HFC and RFoG network. They are commonly deployed in Australia, Europe,
Asia and Americas.

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view it.

Advantages

• Always Connected: A cable modem connection is always connected to the Internet. This is
advantageous because you do not have to wait for your computer to “log on” to the Internet; however,
this also has the disadvantage of making your computer more vulnerable to hackers. Broadband:
Cable modems transmit and receive data as digital packets, meaning they provide high-speed Internet
access. This makes cable modem connections much faster than traditional dial-up connections.

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 • Bandwidth: Cable modems have the potential to receive data from their cable provider at speeds
greater than 30 megabits per second; unfortunately, this speed is rarely ever realized. Cable lines are
shared by all of the cable modem users in a given area; thus, the connection speed varies depending
upon the number of other people using the Internet and the amount of data they are receiving or
transmitting.

• File Transfer Capabilities: Downloads may be faster, but uploads are typically slower. Since the
same lines are used to transmit data to and from the modem, priority is often given to data traveling in
one direction.

• Signal Integrity: Cable Internet can be transmitted long distances with little signal degradation.
This means the quality of the Internet signal is not significantly decreased by the distance of the
modem from the cable provider.

• Routing: Cable routers allow multiple computers to be hooked up to one cable modem, allowing
several devices to be directly connected through a single modem. Wireless routers can also be
attached to your cable modem.

• Rely on Existing Connections: Cable modems connect directly to preinstalled cable lines. This is
advantageous because you do not need to have other services, such as telephone or Internet, in order
to receive Internet through your cable modem. The disadvantage is that you cannot have cable
internet in areas where there are no cable lines.

Disadvantages

• Cable internet technology excels at maintaining signal strength over distance. Once it is delivered
to a region, however, such as a neighborhood, it is split among that regions subscribers. While
increased capacity has diminished the effect somewhat, it is still possible that users will see
significantly lower speeds at peak times when more people are using the shared connection.

• Bandwidth equals money, so cable’s advantage in throughput comes with a price. Even in plans
of similar speeds compared with DSL, customers spend more per Mb with cable than they do with
DSL.

• It’s hard to imagine, but there are still pockets of the United States without adequate cable
television service. There are far fewer such pockets without residential land-line service meaning
cable internet is on balance less accessible in remote areas.

VSAT

Short for very small aperture terminal, an earthbound station used in satellite communications of data,
voice and video signals, excluding broadcast television. A VSAT consists of two parts, a transceiver
that is placed outdoors in direct line of sight to the satellite and a device that is placed indoors to
interface the transceiver with the end user’s communications device, such as a PC. The transceiver
receives or sends a signal to a satellite transponder in the sky. The satellite sends and receives signals
from a ground station computer that acts as a hub for the system. Each end user is interconnected with

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 the hub station via the satellite, forming a star topology. The hub controls the entire operation of the
network. For one end user to communicate with another, each transmission has to first go to the hub
station that then retransmits it via the satellite to the other end user’s VSAT.

Advantages

Satellite communication systems have some advantages that can be exploited for the provision of
connectivity. These are:

• Costs Insensitive to Distance

• Single Platform service delivery (one-stop-shop)

• Flexibility

• Upgradeable

• Low incremental costs per unit

Disadvantages

However like all systems there are disadvantages also. Some of these are

• High start-up costs (hubs and basic elements must be in place before the services can be
provided)

• Higher than normal risk profiles

• Severe regulatory restrictions imposed by countries that prevent VSAT networks and solutions
from reaching critical mass and therefore profitability

• Some service quality limitations such the high signal delays (latency)

• Natural availability limits that cannot be mitigated against

• Lack of skills required in the developing world to design, install and maintain satellite
communication systems adequately

5. How do network protocol work together?

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In telecommunication, a communication protocol is a system of rules that allow two or more entities of a
communications system to transmit information via any kind of variation of a physical quantity. The
protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics and synchronization of communication and possible error
recovery methods. Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of both.

Communicating systems use well-defined formats for exchanging various messages. Each message has an
exact meaning intended to elicit a response from a range of possible responses pre-determined for that
particular situation. The specified behavior is typically independent of how it is to be implemented.
Communication protocols have to be agreed upon by the parties involved. To reach an agreement, a
protocol may be developed into a technical standard. A programming language describes the same for
computations, so there is a close analogy between protocols and programming languages: protocols are to
communication what programming languages are to computations.

Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single communication. A group of protocols
designed to work together are known as a protocol suite; when implemented in software they are a
protocol stack.

Communicating systems

The information exchanged between devices through a network or other media is governed by rules and
conventions that can be set out in communication protocol specifications. The nature of a communication,
the actual data exchanged and any state-dependent behaviors, is defined by these specifications. In digital
computing systems, the rules can be expressed by algorithms and data structures. Protocols are to
communication what algorithms or programming languages are to computations.

Operating systems usually contain a set of cooperating processes that manipulate shared data to
communicate with each other. This communication is governed by well-understood protocols, which can
be embedded in the process code itself. In contrast, because there is no shared memory, communicating
systems have to communicate with each other using a shared transmission medium. Transmission is not
necessarily reliable, and individual systems may use different hardware or operating systems.

To implement a networking protocol, the protocol software modules are interfaced with a framework
implemented on the machine's operating system. This framework implements the networking
functionality of the operating system. When protocol algorithms are expressed in a portable programming
language the protocol software may be made operating system independent. The best known frameworks
are the TCP/IP model and the OSI model.

At the time the Internet was developed, abstraction layering had proven to be a successful design
approach for both compiler and operating system design and, given the similarities between programming
languages and communication protocols, the originally monolithic networking programs were
decomposed into cooperating protocols. This gave rise to the concept of layered protocols which
nowadays forms the basis of protocol design.

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Systems typically do not use a single protocol to handle a transmission. Instead they use a set of
cooperating protocols, sometimes called a protocol suite. Some of the best known protocol suites are
TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, X.25, AX.25 and AppleTalk.

The protocols can be arranged based on functionality in groups, for instance there is a group of transport
protocols. The functionalities are mapped onto the layers, each layer solving a distinct class of problems
relating to, for instance: application-, transport-, internet- and network interface-functions. To transmit a
message, a protocol has to be selected from each layer. The selection of the next protocol is accomplished
by extending the message with a protocol selector for each layer.

6. what is protocol?

Protocol Definition: It is a digital language through which we communicate with others on the Internet.
protocol meaning is that it a set of mutually accepted and implemented rules at both ends of the
communications channel for the proper exchange of information. By adopting these rules, two devices
can communicate with each other and can interchange information. We can't even think of using the
Internet without Protocols. Each protocol is defined in different terms and different use with unique name.
Message travel from sender to reciever via a medium (The medium is the physical path over which a
message travels) using a protocol

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for
relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and
essentially establishes the Internet.

IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination host solely based on the IP
addresses in the packet headers. For this purpose, IP defines packet structures that encapsulate the data to
be delivered. It also defines addressing methods that are used to label the datagram with source and
destination information.

Historically, IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original Transmission Control Program
introduced by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974, which was complemented by a connection-oriented
service that became the basis for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Internet protocol suite is
therefore often referred to as TCP/IP.

The first major version of IP, Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is the dominant protocol of the Internet.
Its successor, Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), has been growing in adoption, reaching almost 25% of
all Internet traffic as of October, 2018.

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7. Explain the steps involved in website design with practical examples?

For developing a website, we need a web design software. For now we will see how to design a website
using Web page maker.

1.To start web page maker

Click start —> All programs —> Web page maker —> Web page maker

2. Click on File menu and then click on Page Setup. The Page Setup dialog box appears

Then, set the Page Size, Margins, Headers and Footers. Change font if you want. Click OK.

3. Add two more pages in addition to the Home Page by clicking Add New Page button in Pages tab
under Site Contents in the Site panel

4. For setting the background, right click on the Work window. A menu appears. Click Properties option

5. The Page Properties dialog box appears. Select the background image you want

6.Adding Text to Web Page

Click on Text button in toolbar to add text. Click on Work window and set the size of text box.

Double-click in the created Text Box. It will open the Text Editor. Type the desired text and click OK.
The typed text in the Text Editor will appear in your webpage. Similarly, you can add text at other places
of the Web page by adding separate text boxes and typing text in them. Format the text as per your need.

7. Adding Image

For adding image click Insert → Image → From files…

The Open dialog box appears. Select the image to be inserted and click Open button. The selected image
will be inserted on the Webpage. Drag and resize the image as per your requirement.

8. Adding Navigational Elements

To add navigational elements click Insert → Navigation Bar...

The Select Navigation Bar Style box opens. Select a template of your choice from the list and then click
the OK button

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The Navigation Bar dialog box opens. Click OK. It will insert the selected navigation bar on the webpage.
Drag it at the desired position on webpage.

9. Adding Links

A hyperlink connects the webpage with other pages of website or to pages on other websites.

To add links (hyperlinks), select the text box and click on the Hyperlink button on the toolbar. It will
open the Hyperlink dialog box

Setup the Link Type and other options. Click OK. Similarly set the hyperlinks of the desired websites for
the other text boxes.

10. Similarly, add the text, images and hyperlinks on the other pages of the website.

11. Inserting Table

To insert the table, click Insert → Table… It will open the New Table dialog box. Type the number of
Rows and Columns. Click OK. It will open the Table Editor. Type the contents of table and apply the
desired fonts. The table will be inserted in the selected webpage.

12. Inserting Frames

To inset frames click Insert → iFrame…. It opens the iFrame dialog box. Enter the Web URL of the
website Click OK. It will insert a iFrame in the webpage.

By clicking on iFrame, we can see the contents of another webpage linked through the hyperlink.

Similarly, insert the frames on other pages (if you want).

13. Insert Animations

To insert animation click Insert → Marquee. It will insert an animation text box on the web page.
Double-

click to open the Text Editor. Enter the text and click OK. The animation effect of the text box will be
applied on the webpage.

14. Inserting interactive buttons

Radio button are little circles located in front of various options; selecting an option with mouse places a
dot in the corresponding circle. Radio button are used to interact with the same webpage.

To insert a radio button click Insert → Form → Radio Button

15. Using Scripts

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We can insert various scripts in our webpage for producing special effects on webpage.

To insert the script click Insert → Ready-to-use Java Scripts…. The Predefined Javascript dialog box
opens. Select the java script you want to insert on your web page and click OK.

The selected java script will be inserted on the webpage. Now, the website has been developed.

16. Save your design.

17. Exporting design to HTML

To export the website to HTML, perform the following steps:

Click File → Export to HTML

Browse the Folder where you want to place your HTML file.

Let us place the HTML file in C:\New Folder

18. Now go to the selected Folder, that is, C:\New Folder and open the index.html file in your Web
Browser.

19. Finally exit the browser and close the Web Page Maker.

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8. List different file formats of sound, Image and video (list at least 20 different formats for each with out
including your text book) .

Audio/sound file format

An audio file format is a file format for storing digital audio data on a computer system. The bit layout of
the audio data (excluding metadata) is called the audio coding format and can be uncompressed, or
compressed to reduce the file size, often using lossy compression. The data can be a raw bitstream in an
audio coding format, but it is usually embedded in a container format or an audio data format with
defined storage layer.

File Extension Creation Company Creation Company

.3gp Multimedia container format can contain proprietary

formats as AMR, AMR-WB or AMR-WB+, but also some
open formats

.aa Audible.com A low-bitrate audiobook container format with DRM,

containing audio encoded as either MP3 or the ACELP
(Amazon.com) speech codec.

.aac The Advanced Audio Coding format is based on the MPEG-

2 and MPEG-4 standards. AAC files are usually ADTS or
ADIF containers.

.aax Audible.com An Audiobook format, which is a variable-bitrate (allowing

high quality) M4B file encrypted with DRM. MPB contains
(Amazon.com) AAC or ALAC encoded audio in an MPEG-4 container.
(More details below.)

.act ACT is a lossy ADPCM 8 kbit/s compressed audio format

recorded by most Chinese MP3 and MP4 players with a
recording function, and voice recorders

.aiff Apple A standard uncompressed CD-quality, audio file format

used by Apple. Established 3 years prior to Microsoft's
uncompressed version wav.

.amr AMR-NB audio, used primarily for speech.

.ape Matthew Monkey's Audio lossless audio compression format.

T.Ashland

.au Sun Microsystems The standard audio file format used by Sun, Unix and Java.
The audio in au files can be PCM or compressed with the μ-
law, a-law or G729 codecs.

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.awb AMR-WB audio, used primarily for speech, same as the
ITU-T's G.722.2 specification.

.dct NCH Software A variable codec format designed for dictation. It has
dictation header information and can be encrypted (as may
be required by medical confidentiality laws). A proprietary
format of NCH Software.

.dss Olympus DSS files are an Olympus proprietary format. It is a fairly

old and poor codec. GSM or MP3 are generally preferred
where the recorder allows. It allows additional data to be
held in the file header.

.dvf Sony DSS files are an Olympus proprietary format. It is a fairly

old and poor codec. GSM or MP3 are generally preferred
where the recorder allows. It allows additional data to be
held in the file header.

.flac A file format for the Free Lossless Audio Codec, an open-
source lossless compression codec.

.gsm Designed for telephony use in Europe, gsm is a very

practical format for telephone quality voice. It makes a good
compromise between file size and quality. Note that wav
files can also be encoded with the gsm codec

.iklax iKlax An iKlax Media proprietary format, the iKlax format is a

multi-track digital audio format allowing various actions on
musical data, for instance on mixing and volumes
arrangements.

.ivs 3D Solar UK Ltd A proprietary version with Digital Rights Management

developed by 3D Solar UK Ltd for use in music
downloaded from their Tronme Music Store and interactive
music and video player.

.m4a An audio-only MPEG-4 file, used by Apple for unprotected

music downloaded from their iTunes Music Store. Audio
within the m4a file is typically encoded with AAC, although
lossless ALAC may also be used.

.m4b An Audiobook / podcast extension with AAC or ALAC

encoded audio in an MPEG-4 container. Both M4A and
M4B formats can contain metadata including chapter
markers, images, and hyperlinks, but M4B allows
"bookmarks" (remembering the last listening spot), whereas
M4A does not.

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.m4p Apple A version of AAC with proprietary Digital Rights
Management developed by Apple for use in music
downloaded from their iTunes Music Store.

.mmf Yamaha, Samsung A Samsung audio format that is used in ringtones.

Developed by Yamaha (SMAF stands for "Synthetic music
Mobile Application Format", and is a multimedia data
format invented by the Yamaha Corporation, .mmf file
format).

.mp3 MPEG Layer III Audio. It is the most common sound file
format used today.

.mpc Musepack or MPC (formerly known as MPEGplus, MPEG+

or MP+) is an open source lossy audio codec, specifically
optimized for transparent compression of stereo audio at
bitrates of 160–180 kbit/s.

.msv Sony A Sony proprietary format for Memory Stick compressed

voice files.

.nmf NICE NICE Media Player audio file

.nsf Nintendo The NES Sound Format (.nsf) is used for storing and
playing music from the NES and related systems.

.ogg, .oga, .mogg Xiph.Org A free, open source container format supporting a variety of
Foundation formats, the most popular of which is the audio format
Vorbis. Vorbis offers compression similar to MP3 but is less
popular. Mogg, the "Multi-Track-Single-Logical-Stream
Ogg-Vorbis", is the multi-channel or multi-track Ogg file
format.

.opus Internet A lossy audio compression format developed by the Internet

Engineering Task Engineering Task Force (IETF) and made especially
Force suitable for interactive real-time applications over the
Internet. As an open format standardised through RFC 6716,
a reference implementation is provided under the 3-clause
BSD license.

.ra, .rm RealNetworks A RealAudio format designed for streaming audio over the
Internet. The .ra format allows files to be stored in a self-
contained fashion on a computer, with all of the audio data
contained inside the file itself.

.raw A raw file can contain audio in any format but is usually
used with PCM audio data. It is rarely used except for
technical tests.

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.sln Signed Linear PCM format used by Asterisk. Prior to v.10
the standard formats were 16-bit Signed Linear PCM
sampled at 8 kHz and at 16 kHz. With v.10 many more
sampling rates were added.

.tta The True Audio, real-time lossless audio codec.

.vox The vox format most commonly uses the Dialogic ADPCM
(Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation) codec.
Similar to other ADPCM formats, it compresses to 4-bits.
Vox format files are similar to wave files except that the vox
files contain no information about the file itself so the codec
sample rate and number of channels must first be specified
in order to play a vox file.

.wv Format for wavpack files.

.webm Royalty-free format created for HTML5 video.

.8svx Electronic Arts The IFF-8SVX format for 8-bit sound samples, created by
Electronic Arts in 1984 at the birth of the Amiga.

Image file formats are standardized means of organizing and storing digital images.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), Exif (Exchangeable image file format)

TIFF (Tagged Image File Format), GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)

BMP file format (Windows bitmap), PNG(Portable Network Graphics)

portable pixmap file format (PPM), portable graymap file format (PGM)

portable bitmap file format (PBM), High Efficiency Image File Format (HEIF)

BPG (Better Portable Graphics) , DEEP (IFF-style format used by TVPaint)

DRW (Drawn File), ECW (Enhanced Compression Wavelet)

FITS (Flexible Image Transport System), FLIF (Free Lossless Image Format) ,PCX (Personal Computer
eXchange), obsolete, PGF (Progressive Graphics File) , XISF (Extensible Image Serialization Format),
AFPhoto (Affinity Photo Document), CD5 (Chasys Draw Image), CPT (Corel Photo Paint) etc..

List of video file formats

Name File extension(s) Name File extension(s)

WebM .webm QuickTime File Format .mov, qt

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Matroska .mkv Windows Media Video .wmv

Flash Video .flv, f4v .f4p .f4a .f4b Raw video format .yuv
(FLV)

F4V .flv RealMedia (RM) .rm

Vob .vob RealMedia Variable Bitrate .rmvb

(RMVB

Ogg Video .ogv, .ogg Advanced Systems Format .asf

(ASF)

Dirac .drc AMV video format .amv

GIF .gif playback MPEG-4 Part 14 .mp4, .m4p (with DRM), .m4v
(MP4)

MPEG-1 .mpg, .mp2, .mpeg, .mpe, MPEG-1 .mpeg, .mpe, .mp2, .mpg, .mpv
.mpv

SVI .svi ROQ .roq

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