UNIT 6: INTERNET

Introduction
The Internet is an increasingly important part of everyday life for people
around the world. But if you've never used the Internet before, all of this new
information might feel a bit confusing at first.

Throughout this chapter, we'll try to answer some basic questions you may
have about the Internet and how it's used. When you're done, you'll have a
good understanding of how the Internet works, how to connect to the Internet,
and how to browse the Web.

What is internet?
The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer
networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate
between networks and devices. It is a network of networks that consists of
private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to
global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical
networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information
resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and
applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and
file sharing.
The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic
devices. With the Internet, it's possible to access almost any information,
communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much more.
You can do all of this by connecting a computer to the Internet, which is also
called going online. When someone says a computer is online, it's just
another way of saying it's connected to the Internet.
How does the Internet work?

It's important to realize that the Internet is a global network of physical

cables, which can include copper telephone wires, TV cables, and fiber optic
cables. Even wireless connections like Wi-Fi and 3G/4G rely on these
physical cables to access the Internet.

When you visit a website, your computer sends a request over these wires to
a server. A server is where websites are stored, and it works a lot like your
computer's hard drive. Once the request arrives, the server retrieves the
website and sends the correct data back to your computer. What's amazing is
that this all happens in just a few seconds!

Other applications the Internet

One of the best features of the Internet is the ability to communicate almost
instantly with anyone in the world. Email is one of the oldest and most
universal ways to communicate and share information on the Internet, and
billions of people use it. Social media allows people to connect in a variety of
ways and build communities online.

There are many other things you can do on the Internet. There are thousands
of ways to keep up with news or shop for anything online. You can pay your
bills, manage your bank accounts, meet new people, watch TV, or learn
new skills. You can learn or do almost anything online. It has become
mandatory for day-to-day activities: bills payment, online shopping and
surfing, tutoring, working, communicating with peers, etc.

Internet was evolved in 1969, under the project called ARPANET (Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network) to connect computers at different
universities and U.S. defence. Soon after the people from different
backgrounds such as engineers, scientists, students and researchers started
using the network for exchanging information and messages.
Connecting to the Internet
Once you've set up your computer, you may want to purchase home Internet
access so you can send and receive email, browse the Web, stream videos,
and more. You may even want to set up a home wireless network,
commonly known as Wi-Fi, so you can connect multiple devices to the
Internet at the same time.

Types of Internet service

The type of Internet service you choose will largely depend on which Internet
service providers (ISPs) serve your area, along with the types of service they
offer. Here are some common types of Internet service.

• Dial-up: This is generally the slowest type of Internet connection, and you
should probably avoid it unless it is the only service available in your area.
Dial-up Internet uses your phone line, so unless you have multiple phone
lines you will not be able to use your landline and the Internet at the same
time.

• DSL: Digital Subscribers Line (DSL) service uses a broadband connection,

which makes it much faster than dial-up. DSL connects to the Internet via
a phone line but does not require you to have a landline at home. And
unlike dial-up, you'll be able to use the Internet and your phone line at the
same time.

• Cable: Cable service connects to the Internet via cable TV, although you
do not necessarily need to have cable TV in order to get it. It uses a
broadband connection and can be faster than both dial-up and DSL
service; however, it is only available where cable TV is available.

• Satellite: A satellite connection uses broadband but does not require cable
or phone lines; it connects to the Internet through satellites orbiting the
Earth. As a result, it can be used almost anywhere in the world, but the
connection may be affected by weather patterns. Satellite connections are
also usually slower than DSL or cable.

• 3G and 4G: 3G and 4G service is most commonly used with mobile

phones, and it connects wirelessly through your ISP's network. However,
these types of connections aren't always as fast as DSL or cable. They will
also limit the amount of data you can use each month, which isn't the case
with most broadband plans.

Qsn. Describe the different applications of Internet on your own

language.
Client-Server Technology
Client/ Server technology is a means for separating the
functions of an application into two or more distinct parts. Client/
server describes the relationship between two computer
programs in which one program, the client, makes a service
request from another program, the server, which fulfills the
request. The client presents and manipulates data on the
desktop computer. The server acts like a mainframe to store
and retrieve protected data. It is network architecture in which
each computer or process on the network is either a client or a
server. Servers are powerful computers or processes dedicated
to managing disk drives (file servers), printers (print servers), or
network traffic (network servers). Clients are PCs or
workstations on which users run applications. Clients rely on
servers for resources, such as files, devices, and even
processing power.

Objective
Client - Server Technology
A client/ server model has following three distinct components,
each focusing on a specific job:
• Database server
• Client application
• Network.

Database Server
A server (or "back end") manages the resources such as
database, efficiently and optimally among various clients that
simultaneously request the server for the same resources.
Database server mainly concentrates on the following tasks.
Managing a single database of information among many
concurrent users.
Controlling database access and other security requirements.
Protecting database of information with backup and recovery
features.
Centrally enforcing global data integrity rules across all client
applications.

Client Application
A client application (the "front end") is the part of the system
that users apply to interact with data. The client application in a
client/ server model focus on the following job:
Presenting an interface between the user and the resource to
complete the job Managing presentation logic, Performing
application logic and Validating data entry Managing the request
traffic of receiving and sending information from database server

Network
The third component of a client/ server system is network. The
communication software is the vehicles that transmit data
between the clients and the server in client server system. Both
the client and the server run communication software that
allows them to talk across the network.

Three-Tier Technology
Client – Server technology is also called 3-tier technology as
illustrated in Figure .
Client/server is an important idea in a network, however, it can
be used by programs within a single computer. In a network, the
client/ server model provides a convenient way to interconnect
programs that are distributed efficiently across different
locations. Computer transactions using the client/ server model
are very common. For example, to check your bank account
from your computer, a client program in your computer forwards
your request to a server program at the bank. That program
may in turn forward the request to its own client program that
sends a request to a database server at another bank computer
to retrieve your account balance.
Internet is a client/server technology because most services that are
accessed via the Internet work on the client/server model. In that, we have a
server which provides a service, while clients connect to the server to make
requests regarding the service. A web site is an example: a web server holds
the contents of the web site. Our web browser is a client, which we can use to
connect to web servers to ask them for information, or to perform services on
our behalf.
An ISP is a regional access provider to the internet which provides the
facilities in specific area or Geographical Region.

Services Provided by the Internet:

1) Email:
Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of exchanging messages
("mail") between people using electronic devices. Email entered limited
use in the 1960s, but users could only send to users of the same
computer, and some early email systems required the author and the
recipient to both be online simultaneously, similar to instant messaging.
Ray Tomlinson is credited as the inventor of email; in 1971, he developed
the first system able to send mail between users on different hosts across
the ARPANET, using the @ sign to link the user name with a destination
server. By the mid-1970s, this was the form recognized as email.

Email operates across computer networks, primarily the Internet. Today's

email systems are based on a store-and-forward model (to check whether
the message is error free or not). Email servers accept, forward, deliver,
and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required
to be online simultaneously; they need to connect, typically to a mail
server or a webmail interface to send or receive messages or download it.
 Email uses multiple protocols within the TCP/IP suite. For example,
SMTP is used to send messages, while the POP or IMAP protocols are
used to retrieve messages from a mail server. When you configure an
email account, you must define your email address, password, and the
mail servers used to send and receive messages.

2) Video Conference:

Video conferencing is a technology that allows users in different locations

to hold face-to-face meetings without having to move to a single location
together. This technology is particularly convenient for business users in
different cities or even different countries because it saves time,
expenses, and hassles associated with business travel. Uses for video
conferencing include holding routine meetings, negotiating business
deals, and interviewing job candidates.

Video conferencing brings people working from different places together

in a virtual meeting room. To make that possible, you’ll need:
• A stable internet connection
• A video display device (laptop, desktop monitor, or a television screen)
• A computer or conference phone
• Other peripherals (webcam, microphone, headset, speaker, etc.)
• Video conferencing software

Types of video conferencing

• Point-to-point conferencing
In point-to-point video conferencing, there are only two
participants communicating from different locations in real time.

Examples:
1) One-on-one customer support
Most modern businesses are equipped to provide personalized customer
experiences. With the right equipment and software, they can address
concerns and inquiries in an instant.
2) Job Interviews
Employers can speed up the hiring process by conducting job interviews
online. This has become a pretty common practice especially for companies
that offer remote flexibility.

• Multipoint conferencing
Multipoint video conferencing involves three or more participants; that’s why
it’s also called “group video conferencing”. With multipoint conferencing, you
can host or join meetings with larger groups. This makes it ideal for
businesses with several office locations and remote workers. In cases like
this, a conference bridge comes in handy.
Examples:
1) Team meetings
Workers conduct team meetings to achieve a specific objective. It calls for
higher-quality cameras to capture a room full of people and an expansion
microphone to make sure your audio is clear.

2) Webinars
A webinar is an online presentation that aims to educate participants. Unlike
team meetings, which are open discussions, webinars put the focus on the
speaker or facilitator. Businesses typically use this format for product
launches and demos.

How does video conferencing work?

Video conferencing is powered by Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) or also
known by internet telephony, where this technology makes voice
communications over the internet possible. In order to transfer audio and
video signals between two locations, VoIP relies on special algorithms called
codecs (coder-decoder).

• Data compression (coding)

Imagine an ongoing video meeting. The camera captures analog video
signals and, when someone speaks, the microphone captures their audio
signals. VoIP turns these signals into data packets for the internet to
understand and for the transfer to begin.

• Data transfer and decompression (decoding)

The packets of data travel over the internet. When they reach their
destination, they change back into analog video and audio signals for the
attendees on the other side to see and hear.

Conferencing solutions typically come with echo cancellation to eliminate

sound delays. This way, the audio and video remain in sync. Depending on
the provider you choose, you’ll find that there are numerous other features
that make video conferencing such a powerful business tool.

Features of Video Conferencing:

• Screen sharing
• Chat box
• File sharing
• Video call recording
• Noise cancellation, etc.

ISP:
• An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides many
different services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet.
 Internet service providers can be organized in various forms, such as
commercial, non-profit, Governmental, or otherwise privately owned.
• ISPs may also provide software packages (such as browsers), e-mail
accounts, and a personal Web site or home page.
• ISPs can host Web sites for businesses and can also build the Web sites
themselves. ISPs are all connected to each other through network access
points, public network facilities on the Internet backbone.

DNS:
• The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet.
Humans access information online through domain names, like
nytimes.com or espn.com. Web browsers interact through Internet
Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates domain names to IP addresses so
browsers can load Internet resources.
• DNS is what lets users connect to websites using domain names instead
of IP addresses.
• Using our www.company.com example, COMPANY.COM is the domain
name, and WWW is the hostname. The domain name is the organization's
identity on the Web, and the hostname is the name of the Web server
within that domain.
• The domain name system (DNS) connects URLs with their IP address.
With DNS, it’s possible to type words instead of a string of numbers into a
browser, allowing people to search for websites and send emails using
familiar names.

Internet Address (IP Address):

An IP address is a unique string address that identifies a device on the
internet or a local network. IP is the set of rules governing the format of data
sent via the internet or local network.

In essence, IP addresses are the identifier that allows information to be sent

between devices on a network: they contain location information and make
devices accessible for communication. The internet needs a way to
differentiate between different computers, routers, and websites. IP
addresses provide a way of doing so and form an essential part of how the
internet works.

An IP address is a string of numbers separated by periods. IP addresses are

expressed as a set of four numbers — an example address might be
192.158.1.38. Each number in the set can range from 0 to 255. So, the full IP
addressing range goes from 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.
Intranet:
An intranet is a private network contained within an enterprise that is used to
securely share company information and computing resources among
employees. An intranet can also be used to facilitate working in groups and
teleconferences.

Intranets increase communication within an organization by allowing employees

to easily access important information, links, applications and forms as well
as databases that can provide company records. Security can also be increased
within the intranet by establishing a database that maintains all of the
usernames of people who are allowed access to the network.

An intranet is a computer network for sharing information, collaboration tools,

operational systems, and other computing services within an organization,
usually to the exclusion of access by outsiders.

A company-wide intranet can constitute an important focal point of internal

communication and collaboration, and provide a single starting point to
access internal and external resources. In its simplest form, an intranet is
established with the technologies for local area networks (LANs) and wide
area networks (WANs).

Many modern intranets have search engines, user profiles, blogs, mobile
apps with notifications, and events planning within their infrastructure.

Uses of the intranet

Potential uses of an intranet include:
• Streamlining everyday activities by making repeated tasks more
feasible.
• Centralizing and managing important information and company data in
a single database.
• Making collaboration easier since information can be shared across the
entire network.
• Providing personalized content to employees based on their role within
the company.
• Improving internal communication by making employee directories,
company news and organization charts readily available.
• Providing fast and easy access to information about company policies,
benefits and updates.
Merits and Demerits of the intranet
-Advantages of Intranet

1. The expense of communicating information using intranet is extremely

low. The whole organizations can use the services of intranet for a very
low subscription fee. Additionally, there is no cost involved in
maintenance, printing and others. This makes intranet highly cost
effective.

2. Using intranet employees can access their information anytime and

anywhere. Employees don't have to sit Infront of the computer. With the
services of the cloud portal information can be accessed instantly
wherever you are in the world.

3. Intranet can be used as a communication hub where employees store

information whenever they wanted.

4. Intranet allows fast and economical way of communication within an

organization. It also reduces travel time as employees as employees in
the business enterprises can communicate with each other with just a
single click.

5. Overall, the productivity can be seen increased using intranet. It makes

all the information readily available so that workers won't find difficult to
search them. Thus, employees can deliver their work more efficiently
and accurately

6. One of the most prominent advantages of intranet is that it permits web

publishing. Web technologies can be used as a medium to access
documents, employee manuals and company policies. All the
information can be simply viewed via a web browser.

7. Intranet can be used to create a social work environment which makes

the bond stronger between the employees. Most popular way of social
networking is by utilizing social media platforms. By using social media,
employees can decide their own personalities and connect with each
other.

8. Employees in a particular organization only requests information

depending on their needs. Since selected information are in small
proportion it usually takes less amount of time. Moreover, there is no
 maintenance of physical documents involved here. This can lead more
time savings as well.

9. Since staffs of different departments can share ideas and information,

managements will be able to make better decisions. For an effective
decision making there should be adequate information available.

Disadvantages of Intranet
1. Implementation: The cost of implementing intranet is usually high
(Depending on the type of intranet solutions and the number of users).
Additionally, it needs separate training and upgrade for using the
intranet solution effectively. All these require time and effort which
makes it difficult the implementation process.

2. Complexity: Intranets are considered to be complex in nature. Due to

their complexity many employees feel overwhelmed and unwilling to
use it. And also, intranet users need to do separate administration
which can be time consuming.

3. Security: Al though intranet systems doe contains many security

measures, it is still vulnerable to security risks. Unless there are
firewalls or gateways, your private information can be accessed by a
third party. Therefore, when using intranet there is a loss of privacy for
the corporates.

4. Onboarding: In intranet always, the employees should be satisfied at

the point of launch. If there are no valued content, staff will not use it
anymore. Therefore, content plays an important role here.

5. Updates: An intranet solution that gets frequently updated is less prone

to usability issues. But the problem remains in finding one. It can be
extremely challenging to find an intranet solution that remains updated.
These kinds of intranet systems most at times lack customer support.
Hence, employees of the company will have a problem adopting to it.

6. Management: Intranets have an issue in managing themselves. It must

be regularly checked and contents needs to be managed throughout.
Employees needs to be responsible for managing the software and
make sure its functioning regularly. For this they need some special
training as well.
 7. Work Culture: Intranet needs to have changes in the work culture for
their own effectiveness. This can assign more tasks and queries. If they
are not allocated on proper proportion, they can get pile up which
results the business in chaos (confusion, incomplete).

8. User Experience: Intranet lacks on the side of user experience in a way

that even people are unwilling to use it. It is supposed to facilitate user's
works. Employees are still looking for a way that they can use intranet
and access their information.

9. Information Overload: Another challenge faced by an intranet solution is

the overhead of information it is storing. Excessive amount of
information on the intranet can be confusing to many. If there are too
much of information apart from the important one the user needs,
he/she will most likely to avoid them.

Extranet: An extranet is a controlled private network allowing customers,

partners, vendors, suppliers and other businesses to gain information,
typically about a specific company or educational institution and do so without
granting access to the organization’s entire network. An extranet is often a
private part of a website. It is restricted to selected users through user IDs,
passwords and other authentication mechanisms on a login page.

An extranet requires security and privacy. These can include firewall server
management, the issuance and use of digital certificates or similar means of
user authentication, encryption of messages and the use of virtual private
networks (VPNs) that tunnel through the public network. It is a small network
with a few numbers of connected devices. Extranet is a means of conveying
information between members of the organization and external members.
Extranet is regulated by contractual agreements between organizations.

Example of extranet is when companies like HP, Intel and Lenovo decide to
use the same network for related business operations.

Point of
difference Internet Intranet Extranet
Accessibility
of network Public Private Private
To share information
with suppliers and
vendors it involves in
Specific to an the use of public
Availability Global system. organization. network.
 Restricted area up to
an organization and
Restricted area up to some of its
Coverage All over the world. an organization. stakeholders or so.
Accessible only to the
members of
It is accessible to It is accessible only to organization and
Accessibility everyone the members of external members with
of content connected. organization. logins.
No. of It is largest in The minimal number The connected devices
computers number of of devices are are comparable with
connected connected devices. connected. Intranet.
Single/ Multiple
Owner No one. Single organization. organization.
Its purpose is to Its purpose is to Its purpose is to share
share information share information information between
Purpose of throughout the throughout the members and external,
the network world. organization. members.
It is dependent on
the user of the It is enforced via
device connected It is enforced via firewall that separates
Security to network. firewall. internet and extranet.
Employees of the
Employees of the organization which are
Users General public. organization. connected.
Policies There is no hard Policies of the Policies of the
behind and fast rule for organization are organization are
setup policies. imposed. imposed.
It is maintained by
CIO. HR or It is maintained by CIO.
communication HR or communication
It is maintained by department of an department of an
Maintenance ISP. organization. organization.
It is more It is also less
Economical economical to use. It is less economical. economical.
It is the network of It is derived from It is derived from
Relation networks. Internet. Intranet.

Telnet:
Telnet is a network protocol used to virtually access a computer and to
provide a two-way, collaborative and text-based communication channel
between two machines.
In a nutshell, Telnet is a computer protocol that was built for interacting with
remote computers. Telnet stands for Teletype Network, but it can also be
used as a verb; 'to telnet' is to establish a connection using the Telnet
protocol.
Telnet is an application protocol used on the Internet or local area network to
provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication facility using a
virtual terminal connection. User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet
control information in an 8-bit byte-oriented data connection over the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

Gopher:
Gopher is an Internet application that allows you to browse many different
kinds of resources by looking at menus or listings of information available. Its
function is easy to remember because of its name: you use Gopher to "go fer"
information that is on other computers all over the world. The menus in the
Gopher system allow you to see what information is there; the Gopher client
on your system then brings the information you want to your computer
screen. The Gopher servers of the world are all interconnected and have
been compared to a large library full of resources.
Gopher is an application-layer protocol that provides the ability to extract and
view Web documents stored on remote Web servers.

WAIS:
WAIS, Wide Area Information Server, are databases containing mostly text-
based documents, (although WAIS documents may contain sound, pictures
or video as well). WAIS databases are referred to as sources. The databases
may be organized in different ways, using various database systems, but the
user is not required to learn the query languages of the different databases.
The WAIS client uses natural language queries to find relevant documents
and the result of a query is a set of documents which contain the words of the
query. WAIS databases are available on topics ranging from Agriculture to
Social Science.
WAIS is an architecture for a distributed information retrieval system. WAIS is
based on the client server model of computation, and allows users of
computers to share information using a common computer-to-computer
protocol.

WORLD WIDE WEB:

World Wide Web (WWW), byname the Web, the leading information retrieval
service of the Internet (the worldwide computer network). The Web gives
users access to a vast array of documents that are connected to each other
by means of hypertext or hypermedia links—i.e., hyperlinks, electronic
connections that link related pieces of information in order to allow a user
easy access to them. Hypertext allows the user to select a word or phrase
from text and thereby access other documents that contain additional
information pertaining to that word or phrase. Hypermedia documents feature
links to images, sounds, animations, and movies. The Web operates within
the Internet’s basic client-server format; servers are computer programs that
store and transmit documents to other computers on the network when asked
to, while clients are programs that request documents from a server as the
user asks for them. Browser software allows users to view the retrieved
documents.

A hypertext document with its corresponding text and hyperlinks is written in

HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and is assigned an online address
called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

History of Web:

Architecture of Web:
Web architecture is the conceptual structure of the World Wide Web. The
WWW or internet is a constantly changing medium that enables
communication between different users and the technical interaction
(interoperability) between different systems and subsystems. The basis for
this is different components and data formats, which are usually arranged in
qtiers and build on each other. Overall, they form the infrastructure of the
internet, which is made possible by the three core components of data
transmission protocols (TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS), representation formats
(HTML, CSS, XML), and addressing standards (URI- Uniform Resource
Identifier, URL- Uniform Resource Locator). The term web architecture should
be distinguished from the terms website architecture and information
architecture.

The architecture is divided into two forms:

1) Client-Server Tier
2) Three Tier Architecture

Client-server model
Initially, the web consisted of a two-tiered architecture: clients and servers.
Clients and servers shared the tasks and services that the system was
supposed to perform. For example, the client may request a service from the
server; the server answers the request by providing the service. Retrieving a
website using a URL address that directs to a server to load the site in the
client’s browser is an example of the two-layer model, also known as the
client-server model.

The internet protocol family, which now consists of around 500 different
network protocols, is usually used as the basis for the WWW, but it usually
comprises the TCP/TCP/IP reference model. Three prerequisites must exist
in the web architecture for the distributed application systems to communicate
with one another:

Representation formats with a fixed standard: The most frequently used

formats are HTML and CSS; or XML when machines communicate with one
another.

Three-tier model
Three-tier models include an application logic between the client and the
server, which handles the data processing and allows a certain degree of
interaction. For example, an application server can process data while a
database server is dedicated solely to data storage. In this way, content can
be dynamically loaded and saved. The script language JavaScript is often
responsible for the behavior of the client.
Generally, a distinction is made between server-side and client-side data
processing. Dynamic websites are characterized by the fact that content is
changed on the client side without new communication between server and
client being required. Action on the client side is influenced by scripts so that
no asynchronous data transfer is necessary. On the server side, modified
content is stored via the application server on the database server.
Optionally, this can be a virtual server that emulates a physical one.

There are different programming languages and frameworks to implement

three-tier models:
• Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)
• Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
• JavaServer Pages (JSP)
• Active Server Pages (ASP.NET)
• Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)
• Microsoft Silverlight
• JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
• Java applets, JavaScript and VBScript (client-side technologies)

URL:
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator which is informally termed a web
address. It is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a
computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. URLs occur most
commonly to reference web pages (http), but are also used for file transfer
(ftp), email (mailto), database access (JDBC), and many other applications.

Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in an
address bar. A typical URL could have the form
http://www.example.com/index.html, which indicates a protocol (http), a
hostname (www.example.com), and a file name (index.html).

Browsers:
A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is application software
for accessing the World Wide Web. When a user requests a web page from a
particular website, the web browser retrieves the necessary content from a
web server and then displays the page on the user's device.

A web browser is not the same thing as a search engine, though the two are
often confused. A search engine is a website that provides links to other
websites. However, to connect to a website's server and display its web
pages, a user must have a web browser installed.

Internet Explorer: Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet

Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or
MSIE) is a discontinued series of graphical web browsers developed by
Microsoft and included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating
systems, starting in 1995.

Netscape Navigator: Netscape Navigator or Netscape was a leading

browser in the 1990s. Netscape was based on Mosaic and the
Netscape team was led by Marc Andreessen, a programmer who also
wrote code for Mosaic. Netscape helped make the Web graphical rather
than a text-only experience. Many browsing features became standard
after Netscape introduced them. Netscape could display a webpage
while loading, used JavaScript for forms and interactive content, and
stored session information in cookies. Despite Netscape's technical
advantages and initial dominance, by the late 1990s Internet Explorer
swiftly overtook Netscape in market share.

Opera: Opera is a multi-platform web browser developed by Opera

Software. Opera is a Chromium-based browser. It distinguishes itself
from other browsers through its user interface and other features.
Opera was initially released in April 1995, making it one of the oldest
desktop web browsers still actively developed today.

Chrome: Google Chrome browser is an open source program for

accessing the World Wide Web and running Web-based applications.
The Google Chrome Web browser is based on the open source
Chromium project. Google released Chrome in 2008 and issues several
updates a year. It is available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, Android
and iOS operating systems. The Google Chrome browser takes a
sandboxing-based approach to Web security. Each open website runs
as its own process, which helps prevent malicious code on one page
from affecting others (or the computer operating system at large). The
browser also supports Web standards such as HTML5 and cascading
style sheets (CSS).

Firefox: The Firefox Browser is the only major browser backed by a

not-for-profit that doesn’t sell your personal data to advertisers while
helping you protect your personal information. Protecting your privacy is
our number one priority, and we ensure that installing Firefox on your
devices is completely safe — but always make sure you are
downloading from a trusted Mozilla/Firefox site.

Search Engine: A search engine is software accessed on the Internet

that searches a database of information according to the user's query.
The engine provides a list of results that best match what the user is
trying to find. Today, there are many different search engines available
on the Internet, each with its own abilities and features. The first search
engine ever developed is considered Archie, which was used to search
for FTP files, and the first text-based search engine is considered
Veronica. Currently, the most popular and well-known search engine is
Google. Other popular search engines include AOL, Ask.com, Baidu,
Bing, DuckDuckGo, and Yahoo.
There isn't one search engine that is better than all the others. Many
people could argue that Google's search engine is the best, and it is
the most popular and well-known. It's so popular that people often use it
as a verb when telling someone to search for their question.
Microsoft's Bing search engine is also popular and used by many
people. Bing does an excellent job of finding information and answering
questions. Bing is also what powers the search in Windows 10 and the
Yahoo search engine.
Users concerned with privacy, enjoy using Duck Duck Go. This search
engine makes its users anonymous and is an excellent solution for
users concerned with how much information Google and Bing collect on
its users.

Web Servers:
A web server is a computer that runs websites. It's a computer program
that distributes web pages as they are requisitioned. The basic
objective of the web server is to store, process and deliver web pages
to the users. This intercommunication is done using Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP). These web pages are mostly static content that
includes HTML documents, images, style sheets, test etc. Apart from
HTTP, a web server also supports SMTP (Simple Mail transfer
Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol) protocol for emailing and for
file transfer and storage. The main job of a web server is to display
the website content. If a web server is not exposed to the public and is
used internally, then it is called Intranet Server. When anyone requests
for a website by adding the URL or web address on a web browser’s
(like Chrome or Firefox) address bar (like www.example.com), the
browser sends a request to the Internet for viewing the corresponding
web page for that address.

Apache Server: Apache Web Server is an open-source web server

creation, deployment and management software. Initially developed by
a group of software programmers, it is now maintained by the Apache
Software Foundation. This is the most popular web server in the world
developed by the Apache Software Foundation. Apache web server is
an open source software and can be installed on almost all operating
systems including Linux, Unix, Windows, FreeBSD, Mac OS X and
more. About 60% of the web server machines run the Apache Web
Server.

IIS: Internet Information Services (IIS) is a flexible, general-purpose

web server from Microsoft that runs on Windows systems to serve
requested HTML pages or files. An IIS web server accepts requests
from remote client computers and returns the appropriate response. IIS
is used to host ASP.NET web applications and static websites. It can
also be used as an FTP server, host Windows Communication
Foundation (WCF) services, and be extended to host web applications
built on other platforms such as PHP.

Proxy Server: A proxy server provides a gateway between users and

the internet. It is a server, referred to as an “intermediary” because it
goes between end-users and the web pages they visit online. When a
computer connects to the internet, it uses an IP address. This is similar
to your home’s street address, telling incoming data where to go and
marking outgoing data with a return address for other devices to
authenticate. A proxy server is essentially a computer on the internet
that has an IP address of its own. Proxies provide a valuable layer of
security for your computer. They can be set up as web filters or
firewalls, protecting your computer from internet threats like malware.

User <----------→ Proxy<----------→Internet