Computer Fundamentals

Lecture 03 1 Introduction

2 Data Communication

3 Computer network

4 Internet
 Data and Information
 Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a
formalized manner, which should be suitable for communication, interpretation,
or processing by human or electronic machine.

 Data is represented with the help of characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z),
digits (0-9) or special characters (+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc.)

Data and Information

Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful
values for the receiver. Information is the processed data on which decisions
and actions are based.

For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify for the
following characteristics:

•Timely − Information should be available when required.

•Accuracy − Information should be accurate.
•Completeness − Information should be complete.
 Data and Information
Data Processing Cycle

Data processing is the re-structuring or re-ordering of data by people or

machine to increase their usefulness and add values for a particular purpose.
Data processing consists of the following basic steps - input, processing, and
output. These three steps constitute the data processing cycle.

Data and Information

•Input − In this step, the input data is prepared in some convenient form for
processing. The form will depend on the processing machine. For example,
when electronic computers are used, the input data can be recorded on any
one of the several types of input medium, such as magnetic disks, tapes, and
so on.
•Processing − In this step, the input data is changed to produce data in a
more useful form. For example, pay-checks can be calculated from the time
cards, or a summary of sales for the month can be calculated from the sales
orders.
•Output − At this stage, the result of the proceeding processing step is
collected. The particular form of the output data depends on the use of the
data. For example, output data may be pay-checks for employees.
 Data Communication
 Computers are used to generate information.

 Generated information is not useful in itself.

 The information must be delivered to the right person at the right time.

 Often information must be transmitted from one location to another.

 This process is called data communication.

Data Communication
 Data communication is

 the active process of transporting data from one point to another.

 Networks are communication systems designed to convey information from a

point of origin to a point of destination.
 Data Communication
 The effectiveness of a data communication system depends on three fundamental
characteristics:

 Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct destination.

 Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately.

 Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner.

• Data delivered late are useless.
• In the case of video, audio and voice data, timely delivery means delivering data as they are
produced, in the same order that they are produced, and without significant delay.

Data Communication Components

 The following are the basic components for working of a communication system.

 Transmitter

 Receiver

 Medium

 Message

 Protocol
 Data Communication Components
 The transmitter sends the message and the receiver receives the message.

Data Communication Components

 The medium is the channel over which the message is sent
 Data Communication Components
 the protocol is the set of rules that guides how the data is transmitted from
encoding to decoding.

Data Communication Components

 The message is the data that is being communicated
 What is a computer network?
 Two or more connected computers

 Major components in simple network

 Client computer
 Server computer
 Network interfaces (NICs)
 Network operating system
 Hub or switch

 Routers

 Device used to route packets of data through different networks, ensuring that data sent gets to the correct address
 Communication Media
 Wire Pairs:

 are commonly used in local telephone communication and for short distance
digital
data communication.

 They are usually made up of copper.

Communication Media
 Twisted pair:

 consists of copper wires that are twisted into pairs.

 Communication Media
 Coaxial cable:

 is widely used for cable television systems, office buildings, and other work-sites
for local area networks.

 consists of copper or aluminum wire wrapped with insulating layer.

Communication Media
 Optical fiber:

 consists of one or more filaments of glass fiber wrapped in protective layers that
carries data by means of pulses of light.
 Network Topologies

Wireless Technologies
 Bluetooth
 Bluetooth enables a variety of
devices, including cell phones,
PDAs, wireless keyboards and
mice, PCs, and printers

 Links up to 8 devices in 10-m

area
 Wireless Technologies
 Wi-Fi

 Used for wireless LAN and

wireless Internet access
 Use access points: Device with
radio receiver/transmitter for
connecting wireless devices to a
wired LAN

 Weak security features

Types of networks
 PAN:

 A personal area network, is a computer network organized around an individual

person within a single building.

 LAN: A local area network

 consists of a computer network at a single site, typically an individual office building.

 A LAN is very useful for sharing resources, such as data storage and printers. LANs
can be built with relatively inexpensive hardware, such as hubs, network adapters and
Ethernet cables.
 Types of networks
 MAN: A metropolitan area network

 consists of a computer network across an entire city, college campus or small region.

 MAN is larger than a LAN

 WAN: A wide area network

 occupies a very large area, such as an entire country or the entire world.

 A WAN can contain multiple smaller networks, such as LANs or MANs.

 The Internet is the best-known example of a public WAN.

What is the Internet?

 The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic
devices.

 With the Internet, it's possible to access almost any information, communicate
with anyone else in the world, and do much more.
 World Wide Web
 usually called the Web for short

 is a collection of different websites you can access through the Internet.

 A website is made up of related text, images, and other resources.

 Websites can resemble other forms of media—like newspaper articles or

television programs—or they can be interactive in a way that's unique to
computers.

Computer Fundamentals
Lecture 04 1 Internet

2 Services of Internet

3 Uses of Internet

4 Types of Internet Connections

5 Downloading Files

Internet
 The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/ IP) to serve billions of users worldwide.

 It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic,

business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a
broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies.

 The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as
the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the
infrastructure to support electronic mail.
 Uses of Internet
 Internet has been the most useful technology of the modern times which helps us
not only in our daily lives, but also our personal and professional lives
developments.

Uses of Internet
 Uses of Internet in Students daily life

 Students have a free platform to learn throughout their lifetime.

 They are using the Internet to learn new skills and even acquire degrees in
professional online courses.
 Similarly, educators like us are using the Internet for teaching and sharing our
knowledge and experience with the world.

 There are many websites which help to explore what your hidden potential is and
which profession would suit you the best.
 Uses of Internet

Uses of Internet
 Increase the speed of daily tasks

 The Internet has made human life so much easier,

 now the biggest and toughest tasks are done in minutes. No matter it is a simple email,
pizza order, shopping or money transfer it is so much easier by the use of the Internet
in life.
 Uses of Internet

Uses of Internet
 Business promotion and innovation

 We also use the Internet to promote our business.

 We can sell our products by using various e-Commerce solutions on the Internet.
 E-commerce is booming on the Internet and we can see new services and creative
business starting up every single day, which in turn is creating jobs and thereby
reducing unemployment.
 Use of Google Ad words, Facebook ads, and content marketing is common in
product and services marketing on the Internet.

 People are always looking for the ways on the Internet to grow their business.
 Uses of Internet

Uses of Internet
 Shopping in our daily life

 anybody can order products online after comparison with other websites.

 Shopping sites are more interesting because of huge discounts different companies are
offering customers.
 The customer can pay cash for delivery of a product delivered to his house in a few
hours and can return the product if he is not satisfied with it.

 Shopping on the Internet is affordable, convenient and saves time.

 Uses of Internet

Uses of Internet
 Research and development
 The pace of work towards innovation and quality of research is developed by Internet tools.
 A person who is a Data scientist and data analyst are really important for innovative
decision-making.
 CRM and Google analytics is helping businesses to analyze the consumer’s behavior on the
websites and advertising campaigns.
 Decision making is an important part of all kind of business and organizations.
 Today you can visualize, analyze and monitor customers data in real time by using data
analysis tools. That helps business to remain competitive in the market by better data
analysis.
 Uses of Internet

Uses of Internet
 provide us quick and free communication
 Communication on the Internet is free and fast. We all are connected with each other
on various computers and IP. Skype, chat messengers, social media is common for
personal and professional purposes.

 This ability to communicate at breakneck speeds enables us to finish our tasks faster
and become more efficient.
 Uses of Internet

Uses of Internet
 International uses of Internet by working remotely and providing business services
 Nowadays the Internet is widely used in making money.
 If you have talent, then you can earn money by sitting at home on the Internet.
 Thousands of freelancer or professionals are doing this on a daily basis to earn more than
their bread and butter cost.
 Facebook business pages, Google AdWords, Paytm, blogs, YouTube channels, Amazon and
other affiliate marketing methods etc. are various tools used to make money by providing
things of value to Internet users.
 If you have an idea which can provide a facility to people then you can start an online
business by using any computer and information technology tool.
 Uses of Internet

Uses of Internet
 Money Management

 The use of the Internet is not limited to only earning money, it can also be used to manage
money.
 We can now see hundreds of websites, apps, and other tools that help us in handling daily
transactions, transfers, management, budget planning etc. and this trend is growing steadily.

 The use of Internet banking and mobile banking use is also growing.
 All the banks are really working hard to provide Internet banking and mobile apps to
empower people to utilize the power of the Internet and latest money management tools.
 Uses of Internet

Uses of Internet
 Uses of the Internet in Everyday Politics

 Internet is a great tool for politicians to connect with people.

 Politicians are using various methods to influence people and youth on social media to
favor their party

 It is also good for people to know about the progress of ministers on a particular task.
 If governing political parties use social media to show the progress of their work then
it is great.
 Uses of Internet

Uses of Internet
 Uses of Internet for Teaching and Sharing Knowledge with others

 The Internet is a very important tool for educators.

 The Internet and its application is user-friendly and make students life easy.

 A teacher can use YouTube channels to teach students around the world.
 Teachers can use the blog in which they can share their career experiences with
college graduates.

 If you’re free and want to spend your time in doing productive things then create your
own website. In the website, you can train people about the skills you’re a master in.
 Uses of Internet

Uses of Internet
 Solving problems of others by the use of internet

 You can determine the importance of internet that it is most used today to solve the
problems of others.
 Online forms, social groups are the platform in which you can provide a solution. For
example, people ask on forums and then people who know the solution answer.

 Answer provider on the forums are mostly bloggers, internet marketers, and business.
They use such platform to connect with their target users or clients or readers.
 Uses of Internet

Uses of Internet
 Uses of Internet in environmental development

 The Internet can play very important role in Environmental development.

 We can use Internet tools such as social media and blogs by promoting environment
development activities.
 Sharing valuable information and knowledge regarding trees, plants and water will
make positive effects on the internet users.

 There are billion people use the internet if each day one people inspired to save trees
and plant then it will be a great use of the internet.
 Uses of Internet

Uses of Internet
 Uses of internet for parents
 Not all parents are computer and the internet literate. But the internet literate people
can use the internet to guide their kids. They can analyze the content on the internet
better than students. So, they can suggest what is helpful for kids to do on the
internet. Another thing is that they can help kids in their studies and education. I know
various kids know more about the internet than their parents. But it’s highly important
for parents to guide children for the best use of internet in daily life.
 Services of Internet
 E-Mail (Electronic Mail)
 Electronic mail is a paperless method of sending messages, notes or
letters from one person to another or even many people at the same time
via Internet.
 E-mail is very fast compared to the normal post.
 E-mail messages usually take only few seconds to arrive at their
destination.
 One can send messages anytime of the day or night, and, it will get
delivered immediately. You need not to wait for the post office to open
and you don’t have to get worried about holidays.
 It works 24 hours a day and seven days a week.
 You have the privilege of sending something extra such as a file,
graphics, images etc. along with your e-mail.

Services of Internet
 Components of an E-mail Address

 Username

 @ sign

 mail server
• Domain Name

• Domain Type

 reda3032@gmail.com
 Services of Internet
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
 is an Internet utility software used to uploaded
and download files.
 It gives access to directories or folders on remote
computers and allows software, data and text
files to be transferred between different kinds of
computers.
 To access remote FTP server it is required, but
not necessary to have an account in the FTP
server.