Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Faculity of Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
BSc in Computer and Communication
Engineering
protocol suites
2
Computer Networking Overview
Data communications and networking are changing
the way we do business and the way we live.
Some example of Data communication: Video Conference,
e-commerce, email etc.
The development of the personal computer brought about
tremendous changes for business, industry, science, and
education.
A similar revolution is occurring in data communications and
networking.
Technological advances are making it possible for
communications links to carry more and faster signals.
As a result, services are evolving to allow use of this
expanded capacity.
Cont…
characteristics:
Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data delivered late
are useless. In the case of video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as
they are produced, in the same order that they are produced, and without
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Internetwork, Internet and Intranet
Internetwork
A global mesh of interconnected networks
(internetworks) meets these human communication
needs.
Some of these interconnected networks are owned
by large public and private organizations, such as
government agencies or industrial enterprises, and
are reserved for their exclusive use.
Internet
and receive, but not at the same time. When one device is
sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa. Ex:
Walkie-talkies
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time 19
Differences Between Circuit & Packet Switching
Circuit-switching Packet-Switching
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Internet Protocol Stack
• Application: supporting network
applications and end-user services
Determining whether sufficient resources
for the intended communication exist Application
– FTP, SMTP, HTTP, DNS
• Transport: end to end data transfer Transport
– TCP, UDP
Network
• Network: routing of datagrams from
source to destination Data Link
– IPv4, IPv6, routing protocols
• Data Link: hop by hop frames, channel Physical
access, flow/error control
– PPP, Ethernet, IEEE 802.11b
001101011...
• Physical: raw transmission of bits
23
Cont....
Layers and data units
Hosts, routers, link-layer switches
25
What’s the Internet?
PC • millions of connected Mobile network
server computing devices: Global ISP
wireless hosts = end systems
laptop
cellular
– running network
handheld Home network
apps
Regional ISP
communication links
access fiber, copper,
points
radio, satellite Institutional network
wired
links transmission rate
= bandwidth
routers: forward
router
packets (chunks of
data) 26
What’s the Internet?...
• communication services
provided to apps:
– reliable data delivery from
source to destination
– “best effort” (on unreliable)
data delivery 28
A closer look at network structure:
• network edge:
applications and
hosts
access networks,
physical media:
wired, wireless
communication links
network core:
interconnected
routers
network of networks
29
Physical Media
Twisted Pair (TP)
• Bit: propagates between • two insulated copper
transmitter/rcvr pairs wires
• physical link: what lies – Category 3: traditional
between transmitter & phone wires, 10 Mbps
receiver Ethernet
– Category 5 TP: 100Mbps
– guided media: Ethernet
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
– unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio, micro wave…
30
Physical Media: coax, fiber
Fiber optic cable:
Coaxial cable: glass fiber carrying light
• two concentric copper pulses, each pulse a bit
conductors
high-speed operation:
• bidirectional high-speed point-to-point
• baseband: transmission (e.g., 5 Gbps)
– single channel on cable low error rate: repeaters
– legacy Ethernet spaced far apart ; resistant
• broadband: to electromagnetic noise
– multiple channel on cable
– HFC
31
Physical media: radio
• signal carried in Radio link types:
electromagnetic spectrum terrestrial microwave
• no physical “wire” e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
33
Components of a wireless networks
network
infrastructure
•34
Components of a wireless network
wireless hosts
laptop, smartphone
run applications
may be stationary (non-mobile)
or mobile
wireless does not always
network mean mobility
infrastructure
•35
Components of a wireless network
base station
typically connected to wired
network
relay - responsible for sending
packets between wired network
and wireless host(s) in its “area”
e.g., cell towers, 802.11
network
access points
infrastructure
•36
Components of a wireless network
wireless link
typically used to connect
mobile(s) to base station
also used as backbone link
multiple access control (MAC)
protocol coordinates link
access (DCF, PCF)
network various data rates, transmission
infrastructure distance
•37
The Trends in Computing Technology
● Mainframe computing (60’s-70’s)
– massive computers to execute big
data processing applications
– very few computers in the world
Number
One Computer for Many One Computer for Many Computers for
People One Person One Person
(Mainframe Computing) (PC Computing) (Ubiquitous/Pervasive
Computing)
Computing: Evolution
Centralized Mobile Ubiquitious
Computing Distributed
Computing
Computing Computing
Research Problems
40
Computing: Evolution
New Forms of Computing
• Wireless Computing
• Distributed • Mobile Computing
Computing
(Client/Server)
• Ubiquitous Computing
• Pervasive Computing
• Invisible Computing
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10 Q
O ne
p te r
f Ch a
n d o
E
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