• Estimating the inelastic properties for a real

component is not a simple task.

• If there is substantial inelastic behavior in an

actual structure, the results of an elastic
analysis may be of uncertain value for making
design decisions, and may even be
misleading.

• As a tool for obtaining information for design,

even a crude inelastic model can be more
PERFORM-3D is an ideal tool
for nonlinear performance- useful than an elaborate elastic model.
based analysis and design,
created by • Please keep in mind that the goal is to get
Dr. Graham H. Powell,
University of California at
useful information for design, not to
Berkeley Professor Emeritus calculate "exact" response.
of Civil Engineering.

Pramin Norachan 4
 LATBSDC 2014 ACI 318-14 NEHRP
(NIST GCR 10-917-4)

Pramin Norachan 5
Pramin Norachan 6
 • Building structures generally
comprise structural elements to
support gravity and lateral loads.

• The seismic force-resisting system

is composed of vertical elements,
horizontal elements, and the
foundation.

• The vertical elements provide a

continuous load path to transmit
gravity and seismic forces from the
upper levels to the foundation.

• The horizontal elements typically

consist of diaphragms, including
collectors.

Pramin Norachan 7
 • Diaphragms transmit inertial forces
from the floor system to the vertical
elements of the seismic force-resisting
system.

• They also tie the vertical elements

together to stabilize and transmit
forces among these elements as may
be required during earthquake
shaking.

• Diaphragms are thus an essential part

of the seismic force-resisting system
and require design attention by the
structural engineer to ensure the
structural system performs adequately
during earthquake shaking.

Pramin Norachan 8
 Diaphragm in-plane forces:
Diaphragms span between, and
transfer forces to, vertical elements
of the lateral-force resisting system.

Diaphragm transfer forces:

Force transfers between vertical
elements which have different
properties over their height, or their
planes of resistance may change
from one story to another.

A common location where planes of

resistance change is at the grade
level of a building with an enlarged
subterranean plan (podium
diaphragm).

Pramin Norachan 9
 Large diaphragm transfer
forces should be
anticipated at offsets or
discontinuities of the
vertical elements of the
seismic-force-resisting
system.

(a) Setback in the building

profile

(b) Podium level at grade.

Pramin Norachan 10
 • In general, low-rise buildings and buildings
with very stiff vertical elements such as
shear walls are more susceptible to floor
diaphragm flexibility problems than taller
structures.

Pramin Norachan 11
Pramin Norachan 12
 • Different parts of a diaphragm
include:
- Diaphragm slab
- Chords
- Collectors (Drag struts or
Distributors)
- Connections to the vertical
elements.

• These different parts can be

identified by considering the load
path in a simple diaphragm.

• We can idealize the diaphragm as

a simply supported beam
spanning between two supports,
with reactions and shear and
moment diagrams
Pramin Norachan 13
 40@3.2
= 128 m.

40-Story RC Building

Pramin Norachan 15
 A B C D E F G H I J K M
8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0

4
8.0
3 19
3.0
2 m.
8.0
1
88.0 m.

Floor Framing Plan

Pramin Norachan 16
 • Floor diaphragm at Story 20 will
be used as an example for
diaphragm design.

Pramin Norachan 32
 • The force resultants in F11 direction on the floor diaphragm at Story 20
are shown below.
SC-1

F22 SC-1

F11
F11

Pramin Norachan 33
 • Before obtaining forces, section cuts need to be defined.

SC-1

SC-1

Pramin Norachan 34
 SC-1

• Select elements and nodes at the cut line.

Then, assign these objects in a group.

SC-1

Pramin Norachan 35
 • Define the section cut (SC-1) by
selecting the group (SC-1).

Pramin Norachan 36
 • However, for this presentation, the section cuts of
this floor diaphragm are already defined as
follows:

Pramin Norachan 37
 • Section cuts for diaphragm chords and shear.
DP-L20-01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

Moment

Pramin Norachan 38
 F22 F22
• Locations of the
section cut for
collectors at the
core walls. CL-L20-01 CL-L20-02

Pramin Norachan 39
 • Locations of the section cut for shear friction at
the core walls.

SF-L20-01 SF-L20-02

F22 F22

Pramin Norachan 40
 F22

F11

• For a given load case, display any stress of shell force.

Pramin Norachan 42
 Y

Pramin Norachan 43
 • Use the option “Draw Section Cut” to see the force distribution.

Pramin Norachan 44
• Display the results of section cut forces.

Pramin Norachan 45
Pramin Norachan 46
 • Select the considered load cases and force directions.

V M

Pramin Norachan 47
 • Rearrange all information for design.

V M

Pramin Norachan 48
L01

L20

L39

Pramin Norachan 49
Story
L01

-25,000 -21749
-20,000
-15,000
Moment (KN-m)

-6295 -7593 -7628 -6423

-10,000 -5038 -4446 -4518 -4957
-5,000 -1284 -1339
0
5,000 1318 1373
4624 3415 3487 4544
10,000 6200 6328
7388 7423
15,000
12719
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance (m)

1,500
932 933
1,000 753 694 681
603
420
Shear (KN)

181 194 258 292

500
0
-500 -163 -194
-405 -276 -307
-1,000 -572 -700
-734 -725
-865 -1000
-1,500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Pramin Norachan Distance (m) 50
Story
L20

-20,000 -15627 -15660

-12924 -13252 -13250 -13008
-15,000
-8142 -8145
-10,000 -6165
Moment (KN-m)

-2797 -2923
-5,000
0
5,000
2911 3036
10,000
8612
15,000 10423 10426
13634 15022 15020 13718
20,000 16853 16887
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance (m)
2,000 1486
1312 1282 1263
1,500
915
1,000 691 698 611
224 343
500 177
Shear (KN)

0
-500 -177
-292 -275
-1,000 -548
-753 -771 -842
-1,500 -1206
-1369 -1354 -1414
-2,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Pramin Norachan Distance (m) 51
 Story
L39

-30,000 -25412 -27429 -26998 -27242 -26998 -27440 -25452

-18565 -18639
-20,000

-10,000 -2852 -2958

Moment (KN-m)

10,000 2498 2604

12188 10448 12189

20,000 14598 14672
18327 17048 17059 18366
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance (m)
2,500 2092
2,000 1655 1569
1280 1437
1,500 958
748 715 726
1,000
196 285
500
Shear (KN)

0
-500
-354 -196
-1,000 -571 -680
-1,500 -896
-1267 -1103 -1110
-2,000
-1713 -1825
-2,500 -1948
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Pramin Norachan Distance (m) 52
 -30,000

-20,000

-10,000
Moment (KN-m)

10,000

20,000

30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance (m) L01 L20 L39

2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
Shear (KN)

0
-500
-1,000
-1,500
-2,000
-2,500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Distance (m) L01 L20 L39

Pramin Norachan 53
 Collectors Collector Connection to Shear Wall

Pramin Norachan 69
 A long collector with confinement Shear Friction Rebar
reinforcement

Pramin Norachan 70