ELE 104

ELEMENTS OF POWER SYSTEM

(PER UNIT ANALYSIS)

Prepared by: Engr. Franklin C. Almonte

 PER UNIT SYSTEM
 The components or various sections of
power system may operate at different
voltage and power levels. It will be
convenient for analysis of power
system if the voltage, power, current
and impedance rating of components
of power system are expressed with For Example
reference to a common value called
base value.

Where: Numerators (actual values) are phasor quantities

Denominators (base values) are always real numbers
 minimum of four base quantities are required to completely define a per-unit system: volt-ampere, voltage,
current, and impedance.
 the three-phase base volt-ampere SB or MVAB and the line-to-line base voltage VB or kVB are selected.

and
 The phase and line quantities expressed in per-unit are the same, and the circuit laws are valid, i.e.,

and

 Load expressed by a per-unit impedance

or
Example
Solution

Per-phase equivalent circuit for Example 1 .3

Example
Find the solution of Example 1.3 by working in per unit on a base of 4.4
kV, 127 A so that both voltage and current magnitudes will be 1.0 per
unit. Current rather than kilovoltamperes is specified here since the
latter quantity does not enter the problem.
Solution
Example
Solution
Example
A single-phase transformer is rated 110/440 V, 2.5 k VA. Leakage
reactance measured from the low-voltage side is 0.06 Ω. Determine
leakage reactance in per unit.
Solution
CHANGE OF BASE

 The impedance of individual generators and transformers, as supplied by the manufacturer, are
generally in terms of percent or per-unit quantities based on their own ratings.
 The impedance of transmission lines are usually expressed by their ohmic values.
 For power system analysis, all impedances must be expressed in per unit on a common system base.
 Let be
- the per-unit impedance

- power base

- voltage base

 Expressing ZΩ to a new power base and a new voltage base, results in the new per-unit impedance

 From (3.89) and (3.90), the relationship between the Old and the new per-unit values is

 If the voltage base are the same

Example
The reactance of a generator designated X" is given as 0.25 per unit
based on the generator's nameplate rating of 18 kV, 500 M VA. The
base for calculations is 20 kV, 100 MY A. Find X" on t he new base.
Solution
Example
A 350 MVA, 230/20 kV transformer has leakage reactance of 10%.
What is p.u. value on 100 MVA base? What is value in ohms (230 kV)?
Solution
100
X e  0.10   0.0286 p.u.
350
230 2
0.0286   15.1 
100
Example
A 54 MVA transformer has a leakage reactance of 3.69%. What is the
reactance on a 100 MVA base?
Solution

100
X e  0.0369   0.0683 p.u.
54
Advantage of Per Unit System
 The per-unit system gives us a clear idea of the relative magnitudes of various quantities, such as voltage,
current, power, and impedance.

 The per-unit impedance of equipment of the same general type based on their own rating falls in a narrow
range regardless of the rating of the equipment. Whereas their impedance in ohms varies greatly with the
rating.

 The per-unit values of impedance, voltage, and current of a transformer are the same regardless of whether
they are referred to the primary or the secondary side. This is a great advantage since the different voltage
levels disappear and the entire system reduces to a system of simple impedance.

 The per-unit systems are ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of complex power system
problems.

 The circuit laws are valid in per-unit systems, and the power and voltage equations as given by (3.82) and
(3.83) are simplified since the factors of and 3 are eliminated in the per-unit system.
Problem Set
1. A generator (which may be represented by an emf in series with an inductive reactance) is rated
500 M VA, 22 k V. Its Y-connected windings have a reactance of 1.1 per unit. Find the ohmic
value of the reactance of the windings.
2. A single-phase system similar to that shown in Fig. 2.10 has two transformers A-B and B-C
connected by a line B feeding a load at the receiving end C. The ratings and parameter values or
the components are:

(a) Determine the value of the load impedance in ohms and the actual ohmic impedances of the two transformers
referred to both their primary and secondary sides.
(b) Choosing 1 .2 kV as the voltage base for circuit B and 10 kVA as the systemwide kVA base, express all system
impedances in per unit.
3. Three generators are rated as follows: G1 : 100 MVA, 33 kV, xg1 = 0.10 pu. ;G2 : 150 MVA, 32 kV,
xg2 = 0.08 pu ;G3 : 110 MVA, 30 kV, xg3 = 0.12 pu. Determine the reactance of the generator
corresponding to base values of 200 MVA and 35 kV.