EXTERIOR LIGHTING

7
OBJECTIVES

At the end of this chapter you will

• Understand the importance of exterior lighting,

• Know the general requirements f~r exterior lighting.

• Know how to select the lamp sources for exterior lighting.
• Understand the importance of road lighting.
• Understand the basic design criterion for road and area lighting.
• Be able to solve simple problems in road and area lighting.

7.1 INTRODUCTION
Exterior lighting design is an important aspect of illumination engineering. Lighting design for
exterior application will have to consider the following aspects of lighting.

1. Functional lighting and

2. Decorative lighting.
Road lighting, yard lighting (area lighting), flood lighting etc. come under the first category
whereas decorative exterior lighting include monumental lighting, facade lighting, and special
lighting for festivals. This chapter mainly deals with the design aspects of the first group.

7.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

The primary aims of exterior lighti~g ~re safety and security. __Dif:ere~~ t~ e~, of lumin_aires ar~
u sed for exterior lighting. These lummaires can be loosely classified mto Static and " AdJustable
 254 EL ECTRI CAL SYSTE MS DES IGN

luminaires. Luminaires permanently fixed on top of a pole to produce light in a predetermined

manner are called static luminaires. Luminaires mounted with adjustable brackets are referred to as
adjustable luminaires. -c,\djustnble luminai_res ~re ~ostly used for flood lighting and area lighting,
although use of static luminaires for area lighting 1s also common.
The motmting height of the luminaire is an important factor~ e~temal lighting._ For average
roads and public areas pole heights are chosen such that the lummaires can be serviced from the
grow1 d. For higlnvay intersections or large parking areas, high mast lighting systems are preferred.
Maintenance and servicing of luminaires on a high mast system is difficult. Therefore high mast
systems generally use lamps with very high average life or incorporate a lowering mechanism for
sen 'icing of lamps. A lighting system with pole height of more than 16 metre is generally referred
to as high m·a st system.
The basic design technique for area and roadways lighting system is the same, whether they
use high mast system or regular poles. The design is based on the concept of having the luminaire
installed on a pole with an arm to produce light on the surface beneath. Figure 7.1 shows the details
of a typical luminaire mounted on a pole for roadway lighting.

Figure 7.1

7.2.1 Definition of terms

Origin: The point on the road directly unde th 1 . .
r e umma1re.
Longitudinal road line (LRL)· lmag· 1·
f1 l O f
P e mounting height (MH).· · mary me- runnmg
·
parallel to the curb, expressed as a mul-

Transverse road line (TRL)· I . .

f it· l f . magmary lmes p d
o mu ip es o MH. erpen icular to the curb or LRL, expressed in terms
 EXTERIOR LIGHTI NG 255
. .
· through th e ongm.
Reference line (0 MH LRL and OMH TRL): Reference 1·me passing

Street side (SS): The space located on the street side of o MH LRL.

House side (HS): Space located at the house side of o MH LRL.

Lonbgitud inal distance (LD): A distance measured between two TRL in a direction parallel to the
cur .

Transvers e distance (TD): A distance measured between two LRL in a direction perpendic ular
to the curb.

7.2.2 Photometric report

Luminair es used for external lighting are always supplied with a photomet ric report by the man-
ufacturer s. These photome tric reports contain valuable inform ation.,reg arding the characteristic
features of the luminaire . The most importan t features are:
• Luminair e identifica tion and descriptio n
• Luminair e classifica tion (ANSI/IES)
• Utilisatio n curve
• Iso-lux curve
• Luminou s flux distributi on.

7.2.3 Luminaire identification and description

This part of the photome tric report gives the manufact urer's name, product number, type of lamps
to be used, type of reflector, socket position and shows a cross sectional view of the luminaire with
dimensio ns.

7.2.4 Classification of the luminaires

All luminaire s used for area lighting and roadway lighting are classified into three types according
to their light distributi on. They are:
• Vertical light distributi on or the Spread
• Lateral light distributi on and
• Control of light distributi on at high angles.

7.2.5 Vertical light distribution or the spread

The vertical distributi on of light from a luminaire is expressed as Short (S), Meclium (M) or Long
(L) dependin g on where the maximum candle power occurs. If the max~:im _c andle _P,OWer occurs
between a transvers e road line (TRL) of 1 MH and 2.25 MH, the lumma1re 1s classified as Small
spread. If the maximum candle power occ~rs between a TRL of 2.25 MH and 3.75 MH, the spread
of the luminaire is Medium and if the maximum candle power occurs between a TRL of 3.75 MH
and 6 MH, the spread is called Long.
 ?56 E LECTR ICAL SYST E M S DES IG N

7.2.6 Later al light distr ib u ti on

Th e fateral lig ht distri b u tion of a lum ina irc is classified in to
five types and is indica ted by roman
nume rals I, Il , HI, IV and V. These rep resent rou g hJy th e shape of
the beam patter n occup ying a
space o n the horiz ontal s w·facc o f th e roa d . The type of d istrib
ut ion is d eterm ined by know ing
the exac t loca ti on o f the half max imum orndl c powe r conto ur on
th e road. A ll point s on the road
receiv in,.,. one h,df the mc1x imum ca ndl e powe r are joined togeth er
0 to for m the conto ur.
Type I Hal f maxim um CP con tour lies w ithin 0 MH to 1 MH LRL
Typt> II Hc1lf maxim um CP conto ur lies withi n 1 MH to 1.75 MH LRL
Type lil Hc1 lf maxim um CP conto ur lies withi n 1.75 MH to 2.75 M LRL
T:,·pe IV Half maxim um CP conto ur lies beyon d 2.75 M H LRL
T,veV Circular symm etrica l CP distribution aroun d the lu m inaire in all latera l angle s.
Distri bution characteristics of a lumin aire are usually decid ed by
the reflec tor desig n or simpl y
b:,· chang ing the positi on of the lamp h older. This can also be
achie ved by chang ing the angle of
lum.in aire position. · ·
7.2.7 Control of light distribution at high angle s
A lumin aire is classified as Cutof f, Semi cutoff and Non-c utoff
depen ding on how much lume n is
emitte d at or about 80° and 90° angles, expre ssed as a perce ntage
of rated lamp lumen s. This is
illustr ated in Figur e 7.2 show n below.

Luminaire
Max. CP < 2.5 % Rated Lume ns (Cutoff)
CP < 5 % Rated Lume ns (Semi-Cutoff)
CP = No limit (Non-Cutoff)

Max. CP < 10 % Rated Lumens (Cutoff)

CP < 20 % Rated Lume ns (Semi-Cutoff)
CP = No limit (Non-Cutoff)

0° (Nadir)

Figure 7.2 Lumin aire classif ication.

The control i s 'Cutoff' if a maxim um of 2 50;; f

a maxim um of 10°/4, of rat~d lamp · 0 0 rated lamp lume ns occur s at or above 90° and
1
a maxim um of 5'¼, of rated lume n:me n occurs at or above 80°. For
a 'Semi cutoff' typ~ lumin aire,
Jum ens occ ur~ at or above so Lumi·occur.
s at or above 90° d
.h ·
no suel1 1· ·an • a maxi mum of 20% of rated lamp
0
· naire wit
1m1tahons are classi fied as ' Non- cutoff '.
7.2.8 Utili satio n curve
The uti lisn ti on <>-urve> gives a graphi c I
. d r · "
to fm o ut the actua l amou nt ofc li ghta f-repres
.
entati on of f' ·
coe 1 cient of utilis ation data. It helps us
Ium en. F I · · a 11 mg on the work I
or a um ma ire used fo r road Ii .rht· . Pane comp ared to the total bare lamp
g mg, there will b t
e w o uh·t·1sa t10n
• curve
s, one for the street
 EXTERIOR LIGHTING 257
side and another for the house side b .
utilisation curve for the street side thor cfu r side. Most luminaires are designed to have a higher
. an or the h ·de Th · .
Transverse distance to Mounting height (TD ouse si · _e.x~axis of this curve is the ratio of
lurnens. In order to determine the CU /MH) a nd th e y-ax1 s gives the percentage of bare lamp
va 1ue it · h h .
street as well as house side Cor ct· . , is necessary to ave t e ratio of TD to MH for the
. respon mg to th 1 .
curve. The net CU value is the f h ese va ues, there will be two values of CU from the
road lighting. sum o t ese . tw 0 CU va1ues. p·1gure 7.3 shows the arrangement of

MH

r
~

Houseside

+ Street side SS

Figure 7.3 Typical arrangement of a street light.

7.2.9 Luminous flux distribution

Luminous fl ux distribution lists the amount of lamp lumens available in different zones of the
luminaire. Figure 7.4 shows the four zones.
The two zones below 90° are the downward house side (DNHS) and downward street side
(DNSS). Those above the 90° are the upward house side (UPHS) and upward street side (UPSS).
The zonal lumens may also be expressed as a percentage of the total lumens. To minimise the
wastage of light output, it is essential that the luminaires used for exterior lighting have very little
or no light output above 90°. The amount of light produced between the angles 70° and 90° will
have a marked effect on the glare.
 258 ELECTR ICAL SYSTEMS DESIGN

180°
I
UPHS
I UPSS
I

~
U pward

t 90°
t
Downward

I
I
House side - - - 1- -- Street side
0° <Nad ir}

Figure 7.4 Light flux distribution.

7.3 ROAD LIGHTING

7.3.1 Technical requirements

The most important requirement of road lighting is to provide the driver of a moving vehicle,
the exact information continuously and accurately from the road, which appears to him as a
continuously changing scene of objects and backgrounds. Significant objects shall be present with
clear contrast with their surroundings, the most important being the kerbs, pedestrians on the foot
path as well as on the carriage way, other vehicles, the location of the side roads and the traffic
signs. Any dangerous object on the road shall be seen and recognised in time without the use of the
head lights. For clear perception and ease of recognition, the scene shall be provided with adequate
brightness, at the same time it should not appear to be so bright to cause discomfort or disability
to see. The patterns created by the road lights shall not also be confusing to the driver. From
the pedestrian's point of view, he must be in a position.to see distinctly the edges of the footpath,
vehicles on the road and any other obstacles.

7.3.2 Quality criteria

From tests and observations, it has been established that the following four criteria are the deter-
mining factors for good road lighting:
• Adequate level of illumination which would cause sufficient luminance and thereby desired
silhouette effect
...-Uniformity of illumination on the carriage way
• Limiting the glare to the minimum possible level and
• Optical guidance.

The le~el of illu~ina~on is the density of luminous flux on the road surcace on the assumption
t~at t~e light flux 1s uniformly distributed. The average level of illumination to be provided is
given m ISS 1944 (part I and II). The luminance-is defined as the luminous flux per unit projected
 -- - ---------------------
---- - ~ E ~ X ~ T ~ ER
~ l~O~R~L~IG~H~T~I~NG~_:2~5~9
area in the direct ion ?f the observ_er. u..,umi nance is the produ ct of illum
reflecti~n fa~tor a nd is meas ured m cande la per squar e metre. It w
such a ll?htm g level on ~he road way such that all objects are seen
ination and the road surfac e
ould be too expen sive to provi de
and recognised . Therefore, road
lighting 1s norm~ lly desig n~d such that an object on the road is seen
or silhou ette agam st the bnght road surfac e. by the driver as a dark outlin e
The unifo rmity of illum inatio n is requi red to provi de visua l comfo
rt tc the drive r and to make
the objects on the roadw ay d istinc tly visible. There fore longi tudin
al as well as transv erse unifor mity
is very impor tant. The level of unifo rmity can be expre ssed as the
ratio of m aximu m or minim um
illumi nation to the mean illum ination on the road surfac e. As per
ISS 1944, the ratio of minim um
illumi nation to the mean illum inatio n shall not be less than 0.4. This
is made possib le by choos ing
the right kind of light fixtur e and the optim um spacin g to moun ting
heigh t ratio.
The glare on the road origin ates from the light fixtures. There
are two types of glare. The
disability glare and the d iscom fort glare. Disab ility glare reduc es
the ability to see prope rly while
discom fort glare produ ces a sense of disco mfort witho ut reduc
ing signif icantl y the ability to see.
The amou nt of glare can be minim ised by select ing the right type
of cut off fixtur es and choos ing a
highe r level of moun ting the light fixtures.
Optic al guida nce is requi red firstly to recog nise the borde r line betwe
en the road surfac e and the
foot path (espe cially on curve s) and secon dly to recog nise from
a distan ce, the road inters ection s,
round about etc. This is also requi red to get a clear distin ction betwe
en major roads and secon dary
roads . Proper locati on of the street light poles will provi de excell
ent optica l guida nce.
7.3.3 Class ificat ion of Road s
Road s are classi fied based on the volum e of traffic, speed and
comp ositio n of the traffic. The
Natio nal Electr ic Code classi fies the roads into seven group s. The
listing is giv en in Table 7.1.
Typic al arran geme nt of lamp posts for road lighti ng is show n in
Figur e 7.5. For roads of width
rangi ng from 6 to 9 metre s it is econo mical to arran ge the lamp posts
on side of the road. For roads
of width rangi ng from 9 to 12 metre s, zigza g spaci ng is recom mend
ed to get a more or less unifo rm
distri butio n of light on the road surfac e. For the roads of width
from 12 to 20 metre s, face to face
spaci ng of lamp posts on both sides of the~road becom es neces sary.
For multi lane roads , spaci ng
of the lamp posts on the media n, or on the media n plus the curbs
on both sides may have to be
chose n, depen ding on the numb er of lanes of traffic, plann ed for
the road.

Table 7.1 Classification of roads as per NEC 2011 (as in IS -1944)

Group Descr iption

A1 Very impor tant roads with rapid and dense traffic, where safety, speed
of
traffic and comfort to drivers are the only consideration
A2 Other main roads with considerable mixed traffic like main city streets
,
arterial roads etc.
B1 Secondary roads of considerable traffic such as principal local h·affic
routes, shopp ing streets etc.
B2 Secondary roads with comparatively light traffic
C Residential and unclassified roads not included in group A and B
·o Grade separa ted junctions, bridges and elevated roads
E Town and city centres and areas of civic importance
F Roads with special requirements
G Road tunnels
 2A

s-

r
9!012111
l_ __ _
2B

,- k= s~ _ =rr= _ n _
12 to 20 m

J_ u- -o := -= n= -u -
2c
zF
Figure 7.5 Details of lam p spa cing for
different classes of roa ds (NE C 2011).
7.3.4 Selection of lig ht sources
Ov er the pas t century, roa d ligh ting sys
tem s hav e gon e thr oug h the complete
commercially available, fro m the inc and ran ~e of_ light ~ourc_es
esc ent thr oug h the flu ore scent to the
charge lamps. The gro win g dem and for hig h mte nsity dis-
ene rgy con ser vat ion has for ced the des
HID sources as the onl y alte rna tive. ign ers to choose the
Use of incandescent lam ps for the roa
d ligh ting is the mo st ine fficien t sol
avo ide d as far as possible. This is bec aus uti on and sho uld be
e the incand esc ent lam ps h ave the low
per wa tt out put ) and shortest life spa n. est efficacy (lumens
sho rt life spa n, ma inte nan ce cos t can be Even tho u gh the ir init ial cos t is ver y low , b ecause of their
hig h.
Fluorescent lam ps hav e bet ter efficacy
and life spa n wh en com par ed to inc
their main dra wb ack s are difficulty in ligh and esc ent lam ps. But
t con trol , rela tive ly lar ge siz e and sen
For externa l use, these ligh t sou rces hav siti ve to tem peratu re.
e to be enc los ed in sealed housing .
Me ~cur~ vap our la~ ps hav ~ been in use
for years pri ma rily bec au se of the ir
But the ir effwacy and ligh t qua lity are not ext rem ely JongJife.
so goo d when comp ared to other H igh
lam ps (HID). '!'hi s ligh t sou rce has alre ady In ten sity Discharge
bee n pha sed out bec au se of the rea son
Me tal Ha lide la mp s _offer goo d col our s m ent ion ed above.
qua lity and effi cac y. Bu t the y h ave
iha n when com pared with Me rcu ry vap rela tive ly low er life
our lam ps and Hig h Pressu re Sod ium
esel _sources are howeve r the bes t choice vap ou r lam ps (HPS).
cq ua imp orta nce . wh en col our ren derin g and ene rgy
con servat ion are of
Hig h Pressu re Sod ium vap our lam ps offe
and have ext rem ely lon g li'fe The · r the ma . . , . .
· 1r 1
for mo st of the exteri or..-a pplica tions. co ou r ren d ·
xim um effi cac y am ong the w hite hgh t, sou rces
·
enng is term ed as gol den white an
d is accep table
 R L IGHTI NG
- - - - - _ ExTE 261
RIO
- - - '
re So di um (L PS )-l
Low Pr es su ps h ave the highest effica b ut the .ir bi
.1 co Iour. w I11c. I .1s m on o ch ro m am t· cy, gg est
ct· dvantage is
isa
ts 1 a 1c ye l!o un de r wh i ch all co l tha 11
th w, ou rs othe r ay,
k B
bro wn or1· blac. . eca us
e of this ' c use of LPS
in ter io r ap pl ica tio n is ruled n ye ow loo k gr
for out. However, they
.. d colo ur rend er in .
tm ap p ica tio n "':'here is no w bo d g IS no t of much importance.
A ll roa~ w ay lig ht in g ed
ces Wh
by...M.H, HPS or LPS so ur lo.ur edre c?lo~r rende ring and
po rta nt M H · n
energ y sa vm g are im f IS prhobably· the only
solution If co
· ren en ng 1s notL1 ·
gy sa vi ng an d lo ng ,l1' d to HP S ;portant,
but ener e ar e t e am concern, the choice is limite
. e be in g co ns id e d fm e of th . . h erenor ~-_Power
LE D lig ht ~o ur ce s ar
. or exter na l lig ht in g be ca us e1r m t qu ali ties like
lo w po w e re
,·ery long hfe an d r co ns um pt io n.

7.3.5 D es ig n considerations
in ai re s ca n be d t . method .
The sp ac in g be tw ee n lu
m
m in ed us in g the eq ua tions of average lumen
e er
lu x x area
Total initial lum en L11 _-- = -- --
C U xL LF

Area of the road = W xs

Where,
ad in metre
W = W id th of th e ro
= Sf ac in g be tw ee n la
m p poles.
S
r
LLF = Li gh t lo ss facto
ilisation
CU = Coefficient of ut _
lu m en de pr ec iat io n (LLD) an d lamp dirt de pre
o components, lamp
. !he lig ht lo ss fa ct or ha s tw
ci at io n (LDD).
LLF = LL D x LD D

Th er ef or e, xL LF xC U
.
S = sp ac m g be tw ee n po
les =L 11

1ux xW l
e sp ac in g be tw ee n po les is directl y proportiona
ow n, it is ev id en t th at th ge lamp will space the lam
ps
If all pa ra m et er s ar e kn us e of th e hi gh es t wa tta
eoretically speaking, e, uniformity of light an
d glare will
to th e la m p !um.ens. Th as ib le so lu tio n be ca us
ity this is no t a fe
fa rth es t ap ar t. In re al .
a de ci di ng ro le ov er the pe rm issible sp acing ill um inance directly un de r the
lu minaire
ha ve ce ss ar y th at th e
iformity, it is ne tes a luminaire
In or de r to ge t p er fe ct un th e po les . Sa tis fy in g this condition necessita
id w ay be tw ee n downwards.
be th e sa m e as th at m sid ew ay s rather than directly ad . As a
th at em its hi gh er am ou nt of lig ht
pr ov id e pe rfe ct un ifo rmity of light on the ro
impossible to imum is at the
In re al ity it is al m os t rn ea th th e luminai1:e an~ ~e min
n~1ty _1s expressed a~~
cu rs un de ratio
im um lig ht oc
ge ne ra l ru le, th e m ax ce pt ab le ~e gr ee of um for
poles. A m ea su re of ac IES th e ratio of average
to mm1mum
m id po in t be twee n th e els . Ac co rd m g to s
of th e av er ag e to m in im
um illuminance lev
t of th e ap pl ica tio ns . For residential areas, thi
mos
t be g reater tha n 3 for
ill um in an ce sh ou ld no
6.
ra tio ca n be as hi gh .a s
262 ELECTR ICAL SYSTEM S D ES IG N

Three popul ar model s of pole placem ent along a roadw ay are:

1. Space d contin uously 011 one side of the road with a spacin g of S metre
2. Stagg ered spacin g both sides of the road with a spacin g of S metre betwe en consecutive
011
poles and
3. Spacin g on oppos ite sides of the road with a spacin g of 2S metre
betwe en conse cutive poles
on the same side.
Of the three arrang ement s, item 1 is the least expen sive since it involv es
less wiring and trench-
ing. As a genera l rule for the purpo se of energ y saving , econo my and
unifo rmity of illumi natio
the ratio of spacin g to moun ting heigh t shoul d not be less than 3 or larger
than 5. Close r spacinn,
means higher cost and powe r consu mptio n, where as with larger spacin g
it is impos sible to obta·g
the specified ratio of averag e to minim um illumi nation of 3:1.
m
EXAMPLE 7.1

Design a road way lightin g schem e with the follow ing data.
Width of the road way = 12 m
Illumi nation requir ed = 15 lux
Moun ting heigh t of poles = 9 m
Arm length =2 m
(Assu me that the lamps are placed on one side of the road.)

Table 7.2 Lumin aire details for examp le 7.1

Lamp type cu LLF Wattage Lume n outpu t

100 9500
HPS 0.6 0.7 150 16000
250 26000

90 12500
LPS 0.3 0.95 135 21500
180 33000
Soluti on:

The spacin g betwe en poles is given by the t· on

equa1
S == L X LLF x CU
luxxW
Where ,
L = L~rnen outpu t of the lamp
LLF = Light loss factor
cu
= Coefficient of utilisa tion
lux : Ill~rnination level requir
w - Width of the roadway. ed
 - - - ~ ~ - ~ ~ - -- - - - - - - - - - -- ------~E~xT~E~R~IO~R~L~I~G~H1~·r~N~G-~2~63
Here, in this problem, assuming HPS lam
ps are used for the purpose,
L == 9500, LLF = 0.7, CU = 0.6 W = 12 m d l
' an ux = 15
Substituting we get
9500 X 0.7 X 0.6
s =------
15 X 12
= 22.166 m
Therefore spacing to mounting height ratio= 22.166
9
= 2.46
This ratio is greater than 3 and less than 5. Hence the design is satisfactory.

7.3.6 Guidelines for specific locations

The NEC guidelines for group A and Group B roads are listed in Table 7.3.

Table 7.3 Guidelines for group A and group Broads (NEC 2011)

Description Group of road

A1 A2 B1 B2
Average level of illumination 30 15 8 4
on road surface-lux
Ratio of minimum to average illumination 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Type of luminaire
Preferred Cutoff Cutoff Cutoff or Cutoff or
semi-cutoff semi-cutoff
Permitted Semi-cutoff Semi-cutoff Non-cutoff Non-cutoff
Mounting height, m 9-10 9-10 7.5-9 7.5-9
Spacing to mounting height Cutoff= 3 Cutoff= 3
Semi-cutoff = 3.5 Semi-cutoff= 3.5 Non-cutoff= 4

7.4 AREA LIGHTING

Area lighting means the illumination of a large area of space with an average level of lighting. This
is quite different from that of flood lighting, where the illumination required has to meet a very
high level of quality and quantity. Typical examples of area lighting are

• Airport parking space

• Railway yards
• Vehicle parking space etc.
All luminaires designed for road lighting can also be used for area lighting. Type III and type N
luminaires are the most suitable for area lighting. Some of the limiting factors of area lighting are
 26 4 ELE CTl{I CAL SYS TEM
S DE SIG N

• Restriction on the mo un tin

g he igh t
• Colou r ren de ring pr op ert
y of the lam p so urc e
• Spacing limi tations.
Each sit ua tio n ha s its ow n
characteristics tha t ma y be
a go od prelim ina ry selection differen t fro m oth ers . In ord
and to sim pli fy the de sig n er to mak
taken into consideration. pro ce du re, the fol low ing fac
tors shall 6:
1. Spaci ng be tween po les sha
ll no t be mo re tha n 4.5 tim es
? Spacing be tw ee the he igh t of the po les .
n the ed ge s of the are a an d the
ne are st po le sh all no t be gr
the mo un tin g height. eater tha n 2.25 times
3. A mi nim um of tw o lig hts
pe r po le sh all be em plo ye d
in or de r to ac hie ve ev en dis
lighting. tribution of
EXAMPLE7.2

Design a lighting sch em e for

an are a me asu rin g 180 m x
80 m. Th e de sig n req uir em
en ts are
1. Ill um ina tio n level
15 lux
2. Mo un tin g he igh t of po les
10 m
3. Lu mi na ire s pe r po le
2n os .
The de tails reg ard ing the lum
ina ire s available are giv en in
Table 7.4.
Table 7.4 Lurninaire details
for example 7.2
Type of lamp cu LLF Watts Lu me n ou tpu t
HPS 0.7 0.75 100 9500
150 16000
250 26000
LPS 0.65 0.95 90 12500
135 21500
180 33000
Solution:

Assu me the ratio of sp ac ing

to mo un tin g heigh t to be
451
Th e allowab le ma xim um sp
ac ing is == 4 _5 x 10 m ==
45 m
Therefore, we can accom mo
P? le~ ar~ placed at 22.5, 45 da te fou r nu mb
45,
d1stnbutio n satisfi es the sp aci
1 45 an d 22 5 m e;s of P? les alo ng the lon ge r .sid e
ng to . of the area. 'fl:e
ed ges an d the nearest po les esp ec hv ely fro m on e of the
Since thmou_ndtmhg he igh t cri sh or ter edges. This
b e 17•5, 45 and 17.5 me tres. · In all e wi t of the are ter ion as we ll as the sp ac ing
the r . b · O nl 80 be tw ee n the
s h ow n m
. h
t e layout f igu re 7.6. . e w1 11 e 4 x 2 poal is . thY me tre s the po le dis tri
bu tio n can
es m e are a. The loc ati on .
of the po les 1s
 -- -.--
""
1'
....
EXTERIOR LIGHTING 265

l"",:t-
• •
22.s.j.__q.s-J- 45
•
',.
•
q.s-l-22.s
l 0
00

l
""
I"-
i_
• • • •

,---------- 180--------__;

Figure 7.6

Since the number of luminaires per pole is two,

Total number of luminaires = 8 x 2 = 16 nos.
Case 1:
If the option is for High pressure Sodium vapour lamps,

AxE
Lumen output of each lamp =-----
NxCUxLLF
80 X 180 X 15
= x _ x _ = 22714 lurnens.
16 0 7 0 75

From the given data, 250W HPS lamps with a lumen output of 26000 lumens w ill satisfy the
design requirement.
Case 2:
If Low Power Sodium vapour lamps are considered,

AxE
Lumen output of each lamp
Nx CUxLLF
180 X 80 X 15
= 16 x 0.65 x 0.95 = 21862 lurnens.

From the given data, 135W LPS lamp with an initial lumen output of 21500 lumens will satisfy
the design requirement.

7.5 HIGH MAST LIGHTING

High mast lighting is ideal for areas where a high stand ard of lighting is required from a relatively
few number of units. A few exa mpl es arc: Air ports, highway intersections, Railway marshalling