P lore [a4 ce Heat and mass Transfer : ——__ ae Heat Tronscer $5 ’ energy i Tons ie due s +0 tmperarure ditference ee oe | ip oe | In heat t ttansjer -« ieiuduad J the fous is On nore at qunich heat 15 transferred Acro _Bostc mode of heat Transfer ie “Transqer Insfer process cate orised nt Conduction 2 Conuedfon and advan te heat dranster mechanisms may simul fanegesge CondueRon Heat “Transfer It Can take piace fn on moy be Soitd all ufd oe oa cachent exist as a4 Agen Medium causing heat 4a % J medfumfee an : ys Pak eae : When demp erature gradient does not So With ting ______| the process 95 sofd to be steady state | we, oe ee Transtent or unsteady heat fransfer inuoiweg a a ee ° ° - AUIS tn demperature gradient _ ith time ak co i ee = - Conduction %hucives transfer OF heat by direct 3 Physical Contact in Molecular $+4t€ ae os = ° fai c GTS ihe only mode by wrich heat %6 heat % . transperted th an opeque Soltd i es 5 ie = Tig gua © cq aaa ee —__,_Cenducifon atso occurs fn tiqurd & gas hat it 18, . oo Usually associated wth J _|_ With Radta®on +00 Convection & po ably ~ ps The bate empertca) 1aw have fo follow fun damenta, . laws %% addfifon to Subsieliary laws that 7 | states Iha Steady State» the rate of heat ae S | transren tn q Given clireciion Pens Umt | Greq hormal 40 the Flow clinecton, se heat FixWy © [feott Fin leit) = Ta Manes - ‘) (ileal (iowa) "o) 4% C100. GQ & femperarure i cculltne DT: =OT = T-Te aa oT Soka ~= : SC etenee Ry = tx , al k Ay(pace > nts se a 0) eg a aunt — a eed i ee hae 2s ane ail eo mperarure eile i ois dent re a electsicol esigtance wg ae erie! Bate Ge ea mar Pett oe ee ae Therma Cone in Con py navene_flet)— m-tik| tn Bleeafcar Analogy Ihe temp fig Coun i the heat Flow 3% analogous a € fc - iy to Porensiqy re difference causing Curent FloW Ph Cle ead 4 403 | t ‘ Cheait fy | {. | In Conelucsy 4rangrer Tr oe | In Coneluction heat sfer Thermar Restsigp (pos BE | given by Riek 53 S ey ka ee 7 ee pS —Betiprocal ef Thermel Resistance Gears es |98__thermai Conductance i es ° Cc | Conduciviny, i te | Th Therma Aone iat] ea teearn oe a |property of a_maserian ee __ ae je Termar_conducfily of @ Thoverfai degeaia eS ed . ae a) | Chemica Composition of substance @_| Face Csoitd « guid. 905) @_|__Temperature =O __ pre Sure = ___} 0” fonous?h [er tonosing | E Therma genet Of pure merais decrease | with yemperature | _— Even Sma Amount OF fmpurity Reverses the piece la a |SAhscrooi a ce lecreas? ee hn temper tng” oe e ag is cae » an ie ~ a ig ee of gaseous _1_Uitth femperorurg ae Se having a_dhrecfona caper ieee: eee Ss : = a ike egal Rade mc rentonal Ae tee Cl conductiuity, guch materials are cared | on son par mest igus s sods Pressure Aes not dune Ow Thermat conductivity meee Ce they are awumed +o be homogeneous ond _tsodroptc 2 Qa sich ©. is jee “dy toch = Conduction = tu? Fiat @___= haot. Newtons \aw oF Cooiing Conuectiow i (uate a ae — an aoe J a Conuective heat transfer ResistanceTT >To EAGT du oe SE oZhln a < aie Ran 1 ad ede ees : aa Qe. ~ | COS00 ae 4 ee QOOD00— Flew ~~ e nee m er Soa | th soitds , heat f aD 5 conducted 2 Meche @ | latice Vibration Faster wu Molecules Or Gtioms Th dhe hottest port OF G body transfer is | = | $m pacing Some Of the?r ener 4 A es alent mee Molecules |gransport op iiret: eens 3 wired electrons pr ie joe fn eiSiciee fe \ Pe decreasiO ) demperarire -— e10lS, the eae elecnocay_concluciors d_elecinical Cer asa responsible fer recy ae vransfer OF heat Qithin 2 FI by UNA ton of & fiurd With Nother en o uf c 12, ma fluid medium ond f5 4ransport Of Mecham ttscip. \ we ae F——pecornen_ of ronsport of Ree” at h_Conuecfon depends ca oi flurd. heat opon ising moifon of Aid. tne Deet Cee J ergy 200 Fd onl_independen sat_flow Sepends “upon properties of 7 Indep pS seit Saye eet of _mareda of the surface . |? aa eee “Fe snape of tne Surface TTA the flow om heai transfer Conuection f6 OF two 4ypes hence the @® eEree or Natural Convedion —— oe a : @ ee Conuset4jon é a iz ae j 2. ieee) Free oc niaturat Convedtoh 78 | oO - re owate gm nen Ne euicl Greulare by. uirtde oF / natural differences an densit¥es of hot a Cold fluids.ane denser peitfon of dhe flu?d moves downeu ord | ecouse OF gteaier force o¢ Gravity as Compared With the force on le O_tesg SS OS Er aay Forced Conveci7on ‘i ; c “ Bes haa ehh was red AU RD aig “When wort * done to blow oy pump abe su? tts safd to be, forced ConedPon, ae BY EC ey A Si “| Numer§cay a it Vif Lid teal. wean ~~ (aicutore the rate oF heat Fronster Per ate Ar too Copper pate 45mm thick Whose One facg is Maintained at 350°C and orher face at Sor a re onlg er tages Sra ee169 mm 4hi cls and tre. Gla Area TS au fs } BD pas conductiult is p35) ell ike and Z ie 45 °c emperanute.| are __sread: at 150°C ond 48" 5 sue peat flow) Across the prane 28% 742m pP deer ce ae flow cect Oe aha ee Ss sa a : a CTs - Tx) c[2 Poole L, fiuid temperature, ——~ conueciive Surface Femperarure heat qransfer War arealerpaced 1a, Decent uma Conueciiue heat “transfer Coet CH (2s) ah depends up on following factors ® Thermodynamic and trans port) properafes i __sp. heat impart moron 0 ee eer odensisy)TO ; “Nolure of ‘uid flow = ENG (fee br fated: Flow ) ae 6 eeomerty of the Surface pe Rites paleaes jo 2, reudiling thermay Condivfons alin gs thermal epee eee antity A icine a. Resistance y ~ | Ahot plate tm by 'Sm 5 maintatbed ae —+__|, B00'¢ Satrat onc “Mewaravenane Plate (fF dhe Conueci#ion heat transfer Coest Ps 20 w/m2y —___| Culeutare rate oe heat transzer | S¥,,, an Be / “ccl/ Be Oa core” @= bp Garey im 4 2G XS (00-20) TP0ow2 sou ="Saldouy(-) onve ) Pace fem mm dta_ ae isg_mm lon * er i 9 5 Subm erg er : b wire gs A heac remure. Ele 9 pre lecinfc “curpedel fe Storer oe CUMOER aod {hrougn the wire ‘and ae Gneveased tna ins a TCR ee dh FE dee c a ad 100° 5 under dhe “condit?on Oe sie ne quater : vection_| heat 4ransfer Coen tent, ont SS "54500 wlm2y fat _ how ™ much € electrical power mu must isthe suppifed £0 “he sath surface +eMp of Ute wee at 120s 3 Find wire 4 40 moi cpa ee p@= ba ts = leat) re adit sa ee = 4900x TX 15 x03 X15 0 X10°3 y yo j 20-1 00) pee oie)(Eda es Temp change tw x dt Lt ade ee temp Of face ABCD — Consrant Q, = leat flow th x en = Temp Gradient (change th K dreciPon) I 0 rection, = Temp of Face eruy -Qy—Enesgy Flow’ drecitoy eedtterentiat equation of # heat dronsFe achat r | ~deivarte ion 0 OF Re Ee an general | Case | _flurded) = 1) + 4! Cx) dt tis dhe demperoiure Of ihe face ABcD - @7_ fs De me whe sem gradient tn x ceectfon S00 Z TOO FO OG el eat lom es ee : | = ae ts ane change Of demperaiyre tm x alee QO. = Joule i Qs sewer @. — Rate of Heat {low th derecsfok (CU Energy Floto th nie as dtrecttiOw(Om pe 4 Q time ge ceed ie . ¢'S dhe heat genevared Per unit Vor p> ~ SL Per Une EL ee : ela: a te fo 3 & ie ie ~kx dy de dr dt ao eh aX Ones 2 dee an 10, > Gidy Dae = el Ox dx e . on = fe tex dyde dz} dic-¢ ee Ow eel ‘ "0 0. ‘ ning tw Consror UG a aia ee. 1 Y 1 de. = dQy + d Q@z eas 3 Seer ee ee ince Baer eu wear eae edx adyixe a ioe 2t dr ei nal nergy —™ aoe cal : el Z = j + a +9 [dade eb de = a 2) fo sat ee =| 9 aor 2g 14] bedded Beet = = ae 3d (Ky. fee . ke (2 (=@2}}* 44 cee cee et P geo 2E— aime [tr ener tne se z jem on Ate right head we andidees fara neag acumurred in she sysiem 9 iB heat generared Per unit Vel per Unit ame OE ee2024 ID DATE 13 ] o feeos J ) Pras QO Fe at Rate of chore of internal energ a dé Sees ke a | — | 1 ots ne da? ay? seu _| Where x is equa, to = dhat 25 equa 7 40 derma aelaen sided by a tneers a ay bape aoe yo aaa soar 4 Os al oy [a co ieee ote ae oe ger ee Ik (m2] s) Therma Ateustens ie ~— at (wl mk) Blemo | Te en ae ie | The lager ine ate oF x faster the heat win Seas Reo ies u be kia Ken Composite Stab' | @= at | Ri ' conu = —— ha” t R@= bedava: | ae eee ihn Ka a8M oting ” ws 4 cy ony Stine Rend oe R eb Ee Bet conduciion © _tenvecfow tian fear aU Callnta) Q* vaat ~@peer Repos = — owing AY Peed Ss he Aoae a —- 24/01 fag Bes | eo 2 Ry Us Ae AT= OT = GFAP QT “a. oan ye DT 7 Total demperarure An P Z ; a i “la shy bie Say ho aie a i ae bu oS: pts Ar a ag is opr ant Oe neae AGH ae pp ee eee ian Stik SONU ee Gl as aes Oe eee temp disrebusfou, T-T gn (2) A cord svorage room has Wwais made of "920 mm of back «priasive foam go mm AMiceness , je mm of ee Faden Buide & iste: 4emp are 2 %o chee a _respechuery Tf anside | ooteel cheat dransser CocHfcients core 3d and MWh — Therma, conduciunfes of 4: Adee, foom ard weed 0:99 > 0:02 And O17 Wimk respec Derermine the rateof feat removal $+ the total Cwou area 5m> a ae a 257273 = 999 ora 1-2 Toe 93 t 2am ode ‘ bale fe i Wi=40y [hoon Pera [| 22 oe Olé | Sena sole 0.99 a.02 O17 [asxié 0.22 0.09 0-016 1.894 Ges OT = 569-8 gsxio-*> fond , . 49 VW Wan gemp te given toner heay dranster COPUCEg ) \ Corivienr wit not Come te My i So Br@-+ | for 1ob Usd Howse 4 Roy 576.649 OFF = GoM wy for Plane won Ran. A= Ao _0-209 x 85% 28 497-42 ECE) 0.00% T= 23.507sr1einlest sree] Wh 99 ‘ a Tics Qew dube 20 nm Boner di hee 96! Fiuereds aitaccda eons go mm quie dia fs Covered With 30 mM jayer oe ease won LEMP er arirg Son? =the Ot 600°C aud ine Quiside tay the. ‘NSutwiPo, 6 Neat 108’ Her Meres lenorh a - Jim) having 79 mm tnisde \s Uimk } hax ) de alta - . ~ 1WO Insterto oe of 7 35 f OF dhe Steam $s 350 & ambient temp fe ae e stead loss of heat for So m eng th ep Pipe iJ The Ouveran hear Iransfer Coft bated on inside & ours H ( i © Surfaces of dhe ressed StOURE PIRSA = 35mm k= 45 SS ase kz = 0,075 ry /; @-unor = AT “Ri FR hofe 220% 2 xT x 0:035x505 Se ae : 336 IexSexe.ms PWxse xO 7 oe G&S x 2xTx 19.5750 eh a2 oo WS gh OS io hee. a a Vi = 3.96 Q = SEX 2xTe 0-035x50 x 520 O= Wer€e. eeGomes c ie ee ho | __ie convection 9 Panispaln ous Sphere Area A = ame? 2s pe = 2. a8 : AR= 40a Ai anaguica TO.) 2 Te oe) Tar | She (ana)ya Oa 7 Proe ! LL ity | tire ' Cee be en ks rary ER a a Us [4 Aieen cast] het J he Ao he a Gnste dy State _ Heat _Transfen eo | Condueon oF heat § mm Unsteody ware Fens dg | saphe Theacs aint coca __ transient Cond?Fous Where heat flow and dhe jemp disitbuow It Gny pote oF the system : | varies Coninuow oe ' ne ttre ee heen in | yg eee tee 2 a sal fo) __e> aa TT (500) 76 = ae ee a. 450 a 13g 2, $0 Bs aTha ns Fen grate Heae anst® ody ’ Tee me atet oT — “a has + + Gs eee ae c $$ 2 hnset 4u Cres Te) si m gS roca ‘i bins * dt a hAs+_ suc > ae oS ‘+ O2T-Te 4 eh hse — a [eae aeGc Gi= t- Te ae Sngsial iemp oF Abe heel Too — “temp oF the pivid Tis) = =e, e s Ubdarion of temp with space7 yum Dy dst) > ae Bag BS Bude tome a 2 3 Aida) Wowiauy At podby yooy 2phpds <8) t SUMS Panu | ie Kae : é fay Ls ong. = A = UD “Duhtvaedwek oF yuawuds ina ul abun uappns | dO 9tOs auy 30 poinipay | Sg 2Mldo S#, -Quorsua) awit lowsedy petted 9 peed ©. 90° [rueuodxa Sasnenap foaq aur 10 dway alk tou, pyo 0 Pe eh et a [ray WoluoKMad IF | > OF washs4o asuodsai do dr0a ouy a0 | to wo;s4aunip Dsey IF ) uL Oo 4 PF agp a oynd yp aingorduiae smoug amhis say) ee : oe 7 peduint 50 petoat | 2h Titpodoy 3024 CA Dunkoiedulst $4 19 | Stout > 3] sim his yo Abisud ssoqm prs vam WO moag—SpRoun sara owd paduint play <, | OUD uy ont buy uaniB aye 40 Ap0q aubuy Wbo}un | "| oF Perpisuny 4 sso. sar up 25n ood Wah aa | Boog Bran = Bavoay mipjuokmad alta) a scea “beg Ooding aye mM Mospinbun uf AG:RIbU aq 0 . Peusnsso St asunrsisay toureive Hac v1 t6er0d ay | i(Orme i . Wind a rae fry 4nceose th Keony or Cy Witt Guse 4h eid - 0 m Ae spond jhe ore Slowly 4o gnauag th 19 4ney zi 10s ¢ i S saitiounvent ane WI ncease the qiMme 1equite ve ey) @ U jo aticin the Anermay ssiibadm Fite Plate [@= b Story yinder c= meet eR ee 2RL 2 sp 2 4m? = 2 2 le : (aes Fine 3 Chara ctertstte yi ube fe alsa b 3 our 6whe ~ Rend i~e Qe Ses 3 Ox K Reon | The Non chmensona Term Ake fs. caved ne Soe ‘ ¥ °. | embers iets an Indicatton of toto of tnieing, . | Conduction festsrance to Surfote Cee Convecifon | pesteiance s When dhe Gtot namber Laie fs Smey e a Te indieares gmay Conduction Resistance or “isthey : os Smatt_jemperavive gradvent er _esistonce of tony ____procteany _unifeern_tempecasure _autintn we sae, pelea a eae is REE ee “ | “Be Conaredon eevinanee andthe _ironsent _______peromenonts consented by: conueciive heat exchange Le dict No. 5 less thew than oO. . The ___bedy approached Tecan be used wih simpre Som Be ured with * | ___geemenies such &s_Plarws s eytinde Se . ue ; = eee + | | TRe error auodared with demp ts Qround oy, oS —— | ee Br Xo Nene 6 lon-Dimensionar factor x t/p 2 ants Catiec(on ry ~hAe cae joe = e Fi te AA oi Puc ae cts A | ee) oo SW A eZ ers Puc ae = CONS to) e } at ae @enceg e Cinstz > Qinses — =B7 Fo Qrsov = 0S (ti- call e = ve* eel e Lida asian ceca Ques | A cyttndetcay 19 cm diameter and 30.(m long ¢ ee | Passes througn 0 heat dreasment Process Which As cm inlet, ine er ae Q_temP era, ie Broo’ before % COMES Cut GF the ESSN GCE. Sass diam = bien 5 lesqr 4 ae Sniian dempercsure 75 go%o , Whats the < as 9 =hAL ale | maximum speed With F | “1 speed wi ares Selo tia het the Furnace +o Gain required jem Bsa Fe= Xt = a — —- 100 feat Simic 5 Kereer 0 ee nd herman Greene Stel ae ae et vie St ee agi el ms | $99 -1250 = \ Sa t po = te 190s SiG oe 0-0625 x0. 4 ¥19-3 | ——_ | 1 a as. 6009025 ~ & = 2577 0-G0G025t = tn(2.577)—— aw mid steel sphe pe 42 WM Vani 7 is ate Flow at Coetf spnere from ramete” 20'¢ Kine ~ resuning 7 gin = mma Weel Gl (07 te cooline rie heat qransfer sso t° 0% conve to Cool ihe franster he oe Qn heat yore 2 min cider ies grat Of cooling ° Tora! energy jranscerred durte gy ase ee of = 01048 ef he oe were rae 120 * 0ad unste ie : 7s in ae 24 Ci < oui Bri 2 Oy) ie | Pieces ae Lurmped bed Fe _k_ (nite) | ee Le kk = es Chats 3 ‘ype | i wersier — Groben 5 -@ | i di. he bal ae E15 no emp dist? buifon _nto ane be ~ aU iat eae ei fee § a x=0 kc sfnite es dt “de O/lq2|24 Wansient heat Conducfon a large pratn Walls fon cylinder and Spheres wi 3 th ConUecive bounce { Condlitio: es For Biot no. nog 7d be . ° 4 Grapmical seiufon 1s Guaitable using ne Chang 7 | | | ® | The giest chart gives % Be - NOh- climenifonivze Center TEMPerarure. G6.ini kness 2b . fo! 0 siabe! oe a - | jastatton of ce : np OlOnF eee jen! " o. i odien dfrect Ow. - aes me : r ai} = a ie oe: X=0 \ i J chart colted_ a. “postion _¢ corn chart enables +6 Se ‘one bids 4 Oe 6: erature ct ee can ine 3) we Ot SF jem Z é | posite | = cat (ulare— _positioh a a eMpes Anyfisigs : genes sa ive ee vik. at a | — ° dimensionless. peat 108 ©] @max TBS heat loss Can he carcuiared _— ry To cencwstane| Ne center_4 4e mprrcaure | ase fit chart — prourien, pce Fe pe. draw vertical ine to_thversect so qin get Ge nore semperaiare atany locas Ww Te Ie a use ‘second or postion cortecHOK chart - oe enter qhe chart With 1ne b304 No oh ithe zy x axis moue upward 40 Sntersect x - 9 __prom Ane point of intersect On as i) Move iowards the lert 40 fond dhe Bee opie ae eile apare PA | _NOw the dated femperarure bie? Tee = Te. poe or er Sei pes ad [7 caicuiare “the Qmount oF “heat transfer @, » dung Given Aime “nteruay from the begginning WSe ihe a, Pees: oil ahied | Chart, Pa eS Move eit 40 Shiersect ri tA ee a de {he Curve oF B° no. OQ. ——_____| Move 40 ihe pease IMO Que | Gt He pa Omax _From he e, 7 eqh see Qmax = MCAT oe = SUC (R~Te) @. ia ong 38¢m diameien Cytinder shart made op SH0IN1e Se {| K= 149 Wim. %= 7900 kglm? 5 cp = 0.477 kt] kg | wmes out OF aM OUen AEG Uniform demp 400% Boe 8 fet The shart #s attowed 40 Coot at iso" oa h = 85 Wim2k _ Determine Ben. ©. Temp at ihe Cenireot the shart __45 minh after tne start of Cooling Process. I ¢ With an " Temp ot the Surgace of the shaft ufter 45 Mia | Heat Transfer 1 Perfod Per meter lengih of the shart during is14g C@ 13.00 x0.477 EageO 4S and Fourler number 5 used (0tee of Giot_ Nuber ee “piesher Chart > they are Melia On the basis of i 7g @ o,,¢ 2 Sse nie! semithi«kneHt . : CharacrertstiC parameter Le which en case_of plates and surface nad Usp ne Gas aes ot Cqiinders and spheres are arr ames (ihen beth Reenducsiow and Reonvecifon hiesier chart fs used +2 Brame nal important Get _femperatute distributionlo o CALCar Ins uonhon Padus } Feb 08, 2024 + insulating arable thic k Degg oo linden of Negligible thinnes : 1+ Cito oT — home ZnS FP Se my ean R ers! Spell | T { Perea | 1 | | si | Criticar ghicknese OF Insula you, | Conscary 40 she Common heres dhatthe addifou of insayaring mareriar On a Surface aiways brings J tu heat Aronsfer rate, There are instances when OcklivFow oF tnsutasjon 40 Bi | ourstde surrace OF eyiindrican or Sphencay walk Abus reduce the heag tos.Prat (ome ‘ aoe 0 ea ree: é vp prey Sully INCEST I as rs rege ; low F Inf 5. dhiuxnes?_ OF Insulation a OPH « cei ad Re —— finai0r represents sumoOF INCU!" Fesissanteg oe oe crt yt onthe seamen Beak Lous vas ta hi ang Ns (drenicahianye Ss “ynerefore ine Jotar_thermal_resistan¢ a ae pere) eee Si ae Seu Pol : in ¥nsuld-BOu tno s_spevitied by Pe sala | fhe ou Mo GAs - ~~ prfeness OF oan increase Th To the dhermal rests panc a EE Ten ne — yodius "oo ~ y wash Ee “Pp sulanon, i but resis ioe _due_to conuecdfon as the y on ‘jut. fo conuedfon a. y In guta — guler gurroce crops at ng ansuianing mererigis Can ether Por | ; —— or) anys _addinon of — ; : the heat flow roie» depending upon Ane changelith X04a1 / Res : io e ouster radius ra bi 2 3 agsance wih An tz a erect OF insulodvon thick dhickness Pt Can be Beaed x ane 4o1ar resisqance - and sesing, Ks dR. ho arg The —_—— = h diiterendiating. ——— denuaiue equat_40 eet NE Maer = = d?Re = ho aa Sea ave ; as de, 2 a7 k3L Coe RL minimum Heat flow rae Maximum upto *e Conuecdiue resto1ane e fe os ae ting upto the value of fo a ef een ln pier ano! eiRieond om GUECIoTaUeE: > Temp of 60% "5 40 Insutaied by oO. A wire Of 65 mm dia, at a | 7 | aq morertay having = O4o4— [c= O74 caller : ho = 8:7 Wim7« _, ambient Temp = 20’c 4 fet maximum heat tog. minimum dhickness of Insulation end heat loss — pec meter length.| aires ee on ey Oe ae ee o | aM *y by a ~ qlewitens momentum equaroh Beethermal meundey layer eres ar ee a (energy $983 on) am ay ay =Uo Dsisel yon : : te Fy UW du et | " . Sy { Welk ety AW Dyai id 1 Res S00, Clube fiow) Ros 2(t4w) mM Case og ate Pu =p at at eclanga " K Q nga Channe, De Denes . Re Type cf Flow (283 0F ang f Senstiy (xylms) _s hei fave p 2300 lorina fe_> 500 einen a) nh why drouite dameser () : biuge body ] i ie —Re_> Ss xio*-_ Turbutent - : O Re < 5x195— laminar [oe = SUL\ peve Re consaont y FOU Me prare Ke ® ful aape Snor OF Turhatent both AL te Laue, womeet 4 cor Pet hee boave uc i. ’ reat, cau S g - rat plate t , yn Cases be "0 foe marve . en ee tyes otniay 6 TEENY eve y seeldt } aS dy a - 7 qerons ww wat ae ya oye a “Trecmmay _ofteEs start 1G->—Ten. | TS — for ced Convech Oly Temperarcitec oltee eens 20loe)2t ——____—— ‘ cig ite ‘ wi sw. The “feat” ot der ciaid _fiow over q plate as spes Opproaches dne platein a direction With aniferny meted ty. ey Tre suutd_parsftes In tne quid ae . adjacen tuto the Peerage Surface og et Zero Ustor uty This ness lays meee to = retord “te _mesfonor parsfites. inane adjctntng “eisis foyer _Ghout a 9 tesart of riches beqween AMe E ePanicles of these iwo adjciajn rele 5 fiuid layers at ie dip, Uelodires, ‘ " Asa tesuttof {Hclionai eHecds besween the tid 4, dhe local fluid Uclocity Lories erom zero at x . Goo 20 tg > aoe 2. b pose ae jae 10 Gol Prosie ee z= MP a A= F Gay) =o | —/ . a d= Se) _The regron of FloW OUer tne Surface bounded bye 3 Gn Which dhe etfecds of uiscous Shearing Forces Cay ie ; a eS Couse Bee ce BSL eUiscosty are Gbsenied 35 coiled gerry bout o lager, hydrodynamic boundry IaYer or cimey bundy Sa Ae | _fera given cae | for itrerene of y dhe vetoctiy, dhey are ¢ Pterent Odluecr x aaa ti a G+ 24 5x | Sx So |The 4rccnes¢ of a beundsy layer 1s generany derned as a distance ffomine surFace at which the local Wee _ ‘ U 45_0.99 4imes oF the dogGen motfou {ne boundrg, layer i fa a Tuk ree ourestes Vel 0g ntopes sree m ‘ a ope erdoton © of ot ae oud “ufs CoS fer from Ane SOY Sordi -— due aie ‘disvance. y fe qacresin 2, 28 nut tt ape aches Meo. local cay Cee c* direc ion) mane teadtng sj are _purtnel oni? oS wit BT cheat gies 4 | ae an disvonte fron oe. enedrar aus $o% rerord she motor ofr _ Re retocded fturd layer jen on unl a distance ———porttties oF fhe next fluid layer ‘and so reaches where janes € effects Sbie and fiutd Uerodty _ Yes fram he Surface ee uiscous © efneds becomes negli ng! —- reaches jhe force Steam yetodty Yoo| g\[02/24 | ¢ ce SE ras | MNermay Doundey layer 1 Flutd Flowing ona surface as a dig emp then | o | temp thermay beundry layeris deveroped 2 | shatiar manner fo Uelociny boundry layer Fo, a Ne pte _flowkng over q Surface Qt temp Te ' oe cae | futd Poiues a $n adjacent layer yo dhe plate | inatop the surface. The particles Dre tclaae aa eote Ppo alas. beet ennigy “wattn posites th adjetng afd a co Ye ond gp a | AS a resurt demperaiuce gradients are observed in ee Wed Nove cal Re ee Le Tess layers onda semperaiure profiless devery Ped eo es From Ts at at the eos fluid temp Too. _suafidenth Aiuid Flow, which rang to ‘For from Ne gies ~ The Flow fegicn over the Surpocegin wr —_lemperature Uefoilon tn Ahe_dicecion nermat 40 ape | 15 observed 35 Called ihermay boundey { er ge The siti Of dhermai houndr layer at an A tend aga +4 diveePon, ‘ }_t0¢aton clone ane on low ts, define Gia Sehii cag Lem ie sutag eh | the temp clifference vglesee 0: 99 (Ge ii) | 2 aia Re [Where Tis the localternp in dhe hema boundey faye nae 3 _Orichis a fune?on oF * ease direcfon bes, L With T 4h d stance OF from the leadin edge Ane ete G OF heat dronszer Reneirates fUrdher into the free Steen ood therma)_boundey layer, peu j | The Convection heat dronsger Pate any tonere Glong the sur U | Js dicey reiared ip HEMP Gradient Gt that [acation | d