ASSIGNMENT 1

Steam Nozzles

1. Dry steam at 10 bar and 100 m/s enters a nozzle and leaves it with velocity
of 300 m/s at 5 bar. For 16 kg/s of steam mass flow rate determine heat drop in
nozzle and final state of steam leaving nozzle assuming heat loss to surroundings as 10
kJ/kg.
2. In a nozzle steam expands from 12 bar and 300°C to 6 bar with flow rate of 5 kg/s.
Determine throat and exit area if exit velocity is 500 m/s and velocity at inlet to nozzle is
negligible. Also find coefficient of velocity at exit. Coefficient of velocity is the ratio of
actual velocity of fluid at nozzle exit to the velocity at exit considering isentropic flow
through nozzle.
3. In a steam nozzle steam expands from 16 bar to 5 bar with initial temperature of 300°C
and mass flow of 1 kg/s. Determine the throat and exit areas considering (i) expansion to
be frictionless and, (ii) friction loss of 10% throughout the nozzle.
4. Air is expanded reversibly and adiabatically in a nozzle from 13 bar and 150°C to a
pressure of 6 bar. The inlet velocity of the nozzle is very small and the process occurs
under steady flow conditions. Calculate the exit velocity of the nozzle.
5. Steam undergoes expansion from 4 bar, 180°C to a pressure of 1.5 bar. If the expansion
is supersaturated and occurs with friction loss of 5 percent, determine the actual heat
drop and degree of under cooling.
Following equations may be used for supersaturated steam, 𝑃. 𝑣 ∗ 102 =
(ℎ − 2614), ( Here P is in bar, 𝑣 is specific volume in m3/kg, ℎ is enthalpy
𝑃
in kJ/kg) 1.3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇 0.3

and 𝑃. 𝑣 1.3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Consider specific heat as 2.174 kJ/kg.K

6. A steam injector delivers 150 kg of water per minute from a tank where the
constant water level of 5 m below the axis of injector is maintained. Injector
injects into the boiler having steam at 20 bar. Water level in boiler is 0.8 m above
the injector. Steam for injector is taken from boiler and has dryness fraction of 0.95.
Water is supplied at 25°C and velocity in delivery pipe is 20 m/s.
Determine
(i) The mass of water pumped per kg of steam.
(ii) The diameter of throat of mixing nozzle.
(iii) The diameter of the steam nozzle considering pressure at throat to be
0.7 times of supply pressure.
(iv) The temperature of water coming out of injector.
7. During a test on steam nozzle steam impinges a stationary flat plate which is
perpendicular to the direction of flow and the force on the plate is measured.
The force is found to be 350 N when dry saturated steam at 8 bar is expanded to 1
bar. Throat cross-section area is 5 cm2 and exit area is such that the complete
expansion is achieved under these conditions.
Determine (i) The discharge at throat (ii) The efficiency of nozzle
assuming that all the losses occur after throat and that
n = 1.13 for isentropic expansion.
8. A steam injector is used for maintaining supply of the feed water to boiler
producing steam at 20 bar. The pressure of exhaust steam for operating
injector is 1.5 bar and dryness fraction is 0.9. The mass of water taken from
feed water tank is 5000 kg/hr and temperature is 17°C. Determine the mass
of water that can be pumped per kg of steam, area of steam and water
discharge orifices. Delivery pressure may be assumed to be 20% more than
boiler pressure so as to overcome frictional losses and positive delivery.
Neglect change in elevation.