Mathematical Physics

B.D.Gupta
Scanned Version

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MATHEMA ICAL P}IYSt(.7 1229
^PPENDICES
It is easy to see that ouCa:ttc The character (able for Cn,
etc.
'.r. ce
crffifircr':cn' cE":cn cn:E r.e. c, is the inverse ol CharoL'ter.r classes-+
We also haye Cnm*:Gu, a\
caCot:7na,6u oo:Cq)
+ 5t €,
tC*2)
€, Qn €,
atc. (.E) (C+ CeB) (nr., nt1) ou ao)
Group multiplication i.e,, 2 ct i.e.. 2nt (i,e., 2a
table for Cn,.

Ia(t)__>x(I) I ll
Cc2 cf I(r)_+I(2) I -t --l
frlt
(3)_+x_(3)
E _:" _ f I I .-1
ECa C*2 CEI illa tttl ({
cf cfE C4 Ci
ou co 11({ ) _>7 )
I -t -l I
oo
cf cu tltt m, (5)->I(5) _) 00
c+2 cf EC4 m, m. oo
11 0
6u
C1 Ct C42 ca\ E ou cc m,
mt m,
ha oo my ou E Caz Cag Exptranation. Since Ca, has five classes, it must have five irreducible
liltt m, a[ representations (by L7(a) say I(1), I(2), I(3), f(4), I(5), whose dimen-
mi ca cfE Ca sions are 11, 12, ls, /n, /u respectivety, such that by (17)
6u ou mu o, mg C4 Cf E Caz ti +lz2+lsz+//1/ur:3,
o9 oo mg ca lfrl c*s ca
since Ca, consists of 8 elements i.e. g:$
cqz E
with integral l, the only possible solution is that L:lr:lB:lL:l and
In view of (22),thefive classes of Cnoare G:2. Now in view of (16), the first row is obtained by writing unity
(E), (C1)2, (Co, Cr), (m*, for character of each class and the first column is obtaincd by thc
mu), (o,, c,) fact that the matrix of E in any representation is a unit matrix having
(since q-t Dta
Cr-7noas (Ci-r m)C^:e.sma)Ca:crCn:7no its trace or character as /i, the dimension of representation viz
These classes can atso
g11 lr:lr:lr:lr:l,ls,:2,
be justified by the following
simple rules: Now the character being identical with one dimensional reprcsenta-
. l. Since rotations through diffcrent
angles tion for ltr) through lr(d) tbe characters must themselves satisfy the
cl a sses, C, a n d must be put in di multip,lication table so that for elements whose squarc equals E such
G, belo n g"to.;l tr;;t
:i.fJr"."rl
as Cr2, nrr. 6u, the characters to be allowed are *1. But since
.2. Since rotations an anglc in clockwise and anticlor trlst/I":Qn2 or ouoo:C{1, therefore m, and mo both arc represented
llrlo,rr,,-,:"":Jilli
:li v-. wh e r r rrere ex ists
l:;l:,i:1ff^,,0#', ;',il'' by +t or -1, because elements in the same class havc thc'same
--(rordrDate syslem. thereiore
il
"Y a; ,,;J-Cl';;".
r

characters and hence the cllaracters of Cag in I(2), I(3), f(4) are deter-
put minerl. Also since for Cr"and Cn3, with (Cn)n:(Cn')':4 the one-
ti\r, ntr or ou operariun
"t,ung"J
i;;r;rl. t?tn" in the same cla
system. dimensional representaticn could be the power of i:{ Furthcr
.i. Since ""o.oinate (Ca)z:(Cn3)e:Cc: imply that {(C.8) can only be *1 for -1.f(2r,
.,. n.. i; orotations
i'
-i;"' th.
i ; f T,?F.lt
h'
I({). Now the normalization condition (21) can be achieved by taking
f(3),

if iffi
.o J,r=li,i r*T:ff : * I tbr one of the classes €r, €n, @u in representations f(:j), f(3,, I(r)
lIi:'i#:,T":i'J l"::iij lri !."' p, ;x;.n?T,![",
s capabre o r bri r
r
and -l for the remaining ones. Wc thus determine characters for
,r.. ..,. il.,.'i.;i;,:',}::i.l'il&T:[,.:,.|nT.,,1,].1*,,.6 ,1,",,,,oi.lli the first four represcntations and the fifth one can bc obtained in vicw
t.rrn.,1'1- c:,,c (',..u,, tiirg tnc ririe'ir'i.i,.",i,i.,,T."Frlrss, ft.,r in of (18) for the columns.