CPCCCA3025 Learner Guide

LEARNER GUIDE
CPCCCA3025
Read and interpret plans, specifications and
drawings for carpentry work
CPCCA3025 – Read and interpret plans, specifications and drawings for carpentry work| Learner guide
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CPCCCA3025 1.0 23.07.2021 First edition
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents ................................................................................................. 2
Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 1: PLAN AND PREPARE .......................................................................... 4
1.1 Locate and access plans, specifications and drawings. ......................................... 6
1.2 Verifying currency of plans, specifications and drawings....................................... 9
CHAPTER 2: INTERPRET CONSTRUCTION PLANS, DRAWINGS AND THEIR
FEATURES ........................................................................................................... 12
2.1 Determine key features of plans, specifications and drawings. .............................14
2.2 Interpret legend symbols and abbreviations. .....................................................19
2.3 Check plans, specifications and drawings dimensions against workplace site for
accuracy ......................................................................................................22
2.4 Check plans and drawing dimensions againstspecifications for accuracy and
inconsistencies .............................................................................................25
CHAPTER 3: LOCATE KEY FEATURES ON SITE PLAN ............................................ 29
3.1 Orient the plans, specifications and drawings with the site ..................................31
3.2 Locate site services, main features, contours and datum from the site plan. ..........33
CHAPTER4: DETERMINE PROJECT REQUIREMENTS AND PLAN PROJECT ............. 36
4.1 Review drawings, plans and specifications to determine construction details and
dimensions for project ...................................................................................39
4.2 Determine location, dimensions and tolerances for ancillary works. ......................41
4.3 Identify environmental controls and locations ....................................................43
4.4 Determine specifications for materials, standards of work, finishes and tolerances. 45
4.5 Determine material requirements and processes to be followed. ..........................47
References ......................................................................................................... 51

Introduction
The term “construction drawing” refers to drawings that are part of the production
information that is put into tender papers and later contract contracts for construction
projects. This implies they are legally binding and are part of the contract between the
contractor and the employer.
The primary function of building drawings is to depict what will be built graphically. To
eliminate ambiguity and confusion, construction drawings should be concise and
coordinated as much as feasible. By carefully organising the drawings, delays and
misunderstandings can be avoided.
In this guide, we will discuss the interpretation of the plan, drawings and specifications.
The construction drawings or engineering drawings play a vital role in the construction
industry as every aspect that has to be constructed must be on the drawing sheet first.
Therefore, it is very important to learn about the drawings, plans of specification of the
engineering drawings, plan them, prepare them, manage the workplace, and much more.
What will I learn?

This learning guide will provide you the skills and knowledge required to:
1. Plan and prepare.

2. Interpret construction plans, drawings and their features.
3. Locate key features on site plan.
4. Determine project requirements and plan project.

CHAPTER 1: PLAN AND PREPARE

A construction drawing or design depicts what you’ll create and how the end result will
look, however there are several distinct sorts of construction drawings available. The
various forms of drawings, such as blueprints, plans, and diagrams, can be rather
perplexing. Like any other complex document, the various forms of commercial building
drawings necessitate specialised knowledge to read. A construction plan is a written and
visual document that details how you will execute a project or part of one. The following
are typical elements of a document:
• A storey or paper describing how the various components will be tackled.
• Temporary construction and phasing are depicted in drawings and images.
• Images and photographs
• A detailed construction schedules
What will I learn?

In this chapter,you will learn about the following:
1. Locate and access plans, specifications and drawings.

2. Verify currency of plans, specifications and drawings.

1.1 Locate and access plans, specifications and

drawings.
Working drawings:
A working drawing or blueprint is one that is reliant on explanations. It’s finished with a
detailed plan and views (details, notes, and dimensions) to ensure that the product can be
built or replicated without the need for additional information. A technical drawing used to
communicate details about an object is known as an engineering drawing. A detailed
drawing is commonly used to specify the geometry required for the construction of a
piece. Even a simple part usually necessitates a number of drawings to be fully defined.
Estimators, builders, and subcontractors will all perform their jobs with the help of working
drawings. The arrangement of plans, elevations, and detail parts is common in most
working drawings. If you need to access data from plans, this basic layout will assist you.
The specifications will list the materials, standards, and techniques that will be used to
complete the project. Construction drawings provide the graphical depiction of the
components’ organisation, details, proportions, and so on.
Types of construction drawings:
For the building process, various types of drawings are used. Construction drawings are
classified into five categories based on the role they represent.
1. Architectural drawings
2. Structural drawings
3. Electrical drawings
4. Plumbing drawings
5. Finishing drawings
Architectural drawings: The architectural drawing serves as the mother drawing for all
other building drawings. It includes all of the project’s information, including the location
site plan, layout plan, elevations, parts, and other details.

Site plan: This is the primary drawing that will be used to layout the design on the field.
It reflects the site’s topography, landscaping utilities, and site function, as well as its
position and orientation.
Working plan: This drawing depicts the building’s horizontal dimensions, wall width, open
spaces within the structure, and column positions. It also depicts the necessary openings
in the structure, such as doors, windows, and ventilators.
Section drawings: Section sketches show the construction material to be used, the
heights and measurements of various building materials, and the types of structural
components such as slab form, among other things. It depicts the drawing of a house that
has been cut through a vertical plane.
Elevation drawings: The details on openings, the size and shape of the exterior surface,
the height of the building, and the finish of the building after completion are all shown on
an elevation drawing. These sketches are produced by looking at the building from an
architectural standpoint.

Structural drawings: The backbone of a building is represented by structural drawings. It

contains all of the details about the structural changes that will be made to a structure. It
includes a variety of drawings with extremely fine images and descriptions. There is more
like a collection of building codes and regulations. There are no sketches in this, but it
contains information on all of the structural drawings, such as concrete mix, lapping
duration, curing time, abbreviation, codes, and other work procedures.
Electrical drawings: Electrical drawings show the position of switches, fans, lights, and
other electrical fixtures. It also reflects load calculations, power taps, wiring paths, and
other interventions such as air conditioning and UPS systems, as well as their components.
Plumbing drawings: Plumbing drawings show where sanitary, water supply system, and
fixture piping is located, as well as how to link each fixture.
Finishing drawings: The finish form of any part of the building, such as the flooring pattern,
painting colour, false ceiling shape, plastering texture, and elevation design, is represented
by finishing drawings. These particulars are also used in elevation drawings as well. For a
project, there is no set of drawings that must be followed. Different types of drawings are
produced and issued depending on the form of building and the requirements.

1.2 Verifying currency of plans, specifications and

drawings
Verifying currency of plans, specifications and drawings:
Plans, drawings and specifications provide the contractor with all of the details necessary
to tender for and complete a building project. They will also provide details for off-site
trades involved in the fabrication and installation of internal fittings. Architectural Drawing,
AS 1100 Part 301-1985, specifies the marks, abbreviations, graphical representations, and
other elements that should be used on architectural drawings. You learned about the
different views/drawings that make up a collection of plans for a building project in the
first section of this section, SECTION 1, under the heading WORKING DRAWINGS.
The first section includes the following:
• Title block
• Drawing symbols
• Fixture symbols
• Electrical symbols
• Abbreviations
• Specifications
Title block: The title block contains the following information:
1. Client name
2. Project
3. Location
4. Consultant name
5. Drawn by whom
6. Checked by whom
7. Revision codes
8. Scale
9. Date of issue
10. Project number or code
CLIENT:
PROJECT:
LOCATION:
PROJECT CONSULTANTS:
ARCHITECT:
SCALE: DRAWING NUMBER: PROJECT NUMBER:
DRAWN BY: CHECKED BY:
DATE:

Amendments: A modification to a project that is determined after the drawings have

been finalised is known as an amendment. Amendments are also known as revisions.
These adjustments may occur as a result of a client request (for example, the client may
want an extra window in the study) or as a result of the builder recognising that
something would function better if done differently. In any case, they must be displayed
on paper so that everyone is aware of them, formulated properly, and that there are no
disagreements later. As a result, it is important to use the most recent version of the
plans. If this means that the construction will differ from what was shown in the initial
contract papers, the architect/client will issue a written instruction, and the plans will be
revised (changed) and re-issued if appropriate.
On a large project (such as the Sydney Opera House), thousands of drawings are
necessary and ensuring that everyone receives up-to-date plans to work from is a full-time
task for a site clerk. In the event of a later disagreement, old, out-of-date drawings should
be stamped and saved rather than destroyed.

Self-check assessment
QUESTION 1
What are the different types of construction drawings?

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QUESTION 2
What are the elements contained by title box?

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QUESTION 3
What do you mean by amendments in construction drawings?

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CHAPTER 2: INTERPRET CONSTRUCTION

PLANS, DRAWINGS AND THEIR FEATURES

A construction plan should be produced at the very least at the outset of a building
project, but it should not be a static document; it should be maintained and developed as
the project progresses. A construction plan’s purpose at the outset of a construction
project or during the estimate phase is to help the team comprehend the company’s
approach to construction. An estimator could need a project design to figure out how
many feet of fence or plywood are needed.
As a result, the entire project team, including the superintendent, project manager,
estimator, and any other personnel engaged, should prepare a construction plan. Different
people have different perspectives on problems and potential solutions.
In this chapter, we will discuss the key features of plans, specifications and drawings. The
most important aspect of drawing is to know about the legend symbols and abbreviations
that we mostly use in drawings to locate different things. The most important factor in the
construction industry is workplace safety, so we have to check our plans and specifications
against workplace accuracy.
What will I learn?

1. Determine key features of plans, specifications and drawings.

2. Interpret legend symbols and abbreviations.
3. Check plans, specifications and drawings dimensions against
workplace site for accuracy.
4. Check plans and drawing dimensions against specifications for
accuracy and inconsistencies.

2.1 Determine key features of plans, specifications and

drawings.
Site plan: A site plan, often referred to as a plot plan, is a diagram that depicts planned
changes to your land. A site plan is important because it contains details about the
landscape features of a particular parcel.
A site plan usually demonstrates what is already on a piece of property as well as what
you want to build on it. A garage extension, for example, is an example of a building
addition on a particular property. One of the most critical aspects of a site plan is that it
depicts the relationship between what already exists and what you want to build. Site
plans are all unique and will not be built in the same way. This is because different building
authorities would have different requirements.

There are certain guides that a site plan must follow:
NAME AND ADDRESS
LEGAL INFORMATION
SCALE
CARDINAL DIRECTIONS
PROPERTY LINES
LOCATION DETAILS
EXISTING STRUCTURES
PROPOSED STRUCTURES
Foundation plan: A foundation plan is a view of a building from the ground level. It
seems to have been projected onto a horizontal plane and then passed through the
structure. The plane is slightly below the level of the top of the foundation wall in the case
of the foundation plan. The foundation plan’s layout is as follows:
Following the determination of foundation width and depth, a drawing depicting the width
of foundations for different walls is made. The foundation strategy is what it’s called. The
centre line of one of the longest walls is simply marked out by extending a string between
two wooden pegs driven at the ends to begin excavation. The foundation plan shows:
• Width and thickness of all footings

• The thickness of the walls of the foundation
• The thickness of the concrete slab
• Size of columns and slab
• Thickness and with of slab provided at load-bearing walls
Floor plans: A floor plan is a scaled drawing of a space or structure, as seen from above.
A floor plan may show an entire house, a single floor, or a single space. It may also
include measurements, furniture, appliances, or anything else that is relevant to the plan’s
goal. Floor plans are useful for a variety of purposes, including furniture layout, wiring
systems, and more. They’re also helpful to real estate agents and leasing companies when
it comes to selling or renting out space.
This type of plan usually gives information about:
• Overall size and shape of the structure

• Dimensions of the individual rooms, patios and veranda etc.
• The thickness of internal and external walls
• Positions of windows and doors or any other opening provided in the structure
• Outline of roof
• Positions of beams
The measurements are generally given in millimetres, and the floor plans are drawn to a
scale of 1:100.

Elevations: An elevation drawing is a projection drawing that depicts one side of the
house in orthographic projection. An elevation drawing’s intent is to display the finished
appearance of a specific side of the house as well as provide vertical height
measurements. One for each side of the tower, four elevations are usually drawn.
As a part of working drawings, most local authorities require four types of elevations.
These are basically named as the four sides of a dwelling:
• North elevation
• South elevation
• East elevation and
• West elevation
The elevation plan mainly includes the following:
• Grade lines
• Identification of the side of the house the elevation represents
• Degrees of finished floors and ceilings
• Where do the exterior wall corners go?
• Doors and windows
• Features on the roof
• Patios, decks, and porches
• Essential features’ vertical dimensions
• Symbols of the material world
Sectional elevations: A sectional elevation combines a cross-section with elevations of

the building’s other sections seen above the section plane. A cross-section is a geometric
projection of a building’s horizontal orthographic projection onto a vertical plane, with the
vertical plane cutting through the building. Section drawings are a form of drawing used by
architects to depict a building or a section of a building. A part of a building is drawn from
a vertical plane cutting through it. It’s as if you cut vertically into a room and stood
directly in front of it, staring straight at it. For a graphic representation of architecture,
sections are a traditional design drawing and technical architectural or engineering
convention. Part sketches are projections of orthographic figures (with the exception of
section perspectives). This means there is no foreshortening, and they are not drawn in
perspective.


2.2 Interpret legend symbols and abbreviations.

Interpreting legend symbols and abbreviations:
The features of an engineering drawing are communicated and detailed using

abbreviations and symbols. People who deal with engineering drawings in the manufacture
and inspection of parts and assemblies are familiar with a number of abbreviations.
Technical standards aim to provide glossaries of abbreviations and symbols found on
engineering drawings.
Some drawings must convey a great deal of data. Abbreviations and symbols are used to
prevent confusion and save space. These are standardised (used in Australia), and you’ll
quickly learn to interpret what they mean.
Legend:
A. The name of the company, organisation, or design authority that created the drawing.
B. The drawing’s title or name.
C. The number assigned to the drawing.
D. A record of the details pertaining to the drawing’s planning. The names of the
draftsperson, checker, and authorising authority could all be included in this information.
It may also include the name and reference number of a contractor.
E. A code number that identifies the drawing’s liable division or department within the
design authority.
F. The size of the drawing sheet.
G. The drawing’s prevailing scale
H. This section is for supplemental details such as the item’s modification number, sheet
number for multi-sheet drawings, or approximate mass.
I. Additional blocks for other general details, such as notes on dimensions and tolerances,
material notes, or surface finish requirements, should be put here.
Abbreviations:
Abbreviations can be made in a variety of ways. The term is often abbreviated. For
example, ‘ENS’ stands for unsuited and ‘CPBD’ stands for the cupboard. In certain cases,
initials are used instead of full names. WIR stands for walk-in coat, and WC stands for
water closet (toilet). There may be several abbreviations for the same thing. For example,
the term “brickwork” may be abbreviated as BRK, BWK, or simply BK.
Abbreviations are a convenient way to write on a schedule without taking up a lot of

space. When used correctly, they are also simple to read. Examine abbreviation carefully
to see how the abbreviated letters are derived from their names.
CL: Ceiling level
RL: Reduced level
FL: Finishing level
GL: Ground level

Some common abbreviations used in the construction industry are as follows:
AL Aluminium PCC Precast concrete
AS Australian RHT Rail height
AUX Auxiliary RW Rain water
BB Beam bearer WR Weather-resistant
BL Boundary line WP Water pipe
BWK Brickwork WC Water closet
CAB Cabinet SEW Sewer
CI Cast iron SD Sewer drain
CW Cavity wall SHR Shower
CEM Cement mortar S Sink
CL Centre line SF Strip footing
CONC Concrete TR Trench
DW D Washer door down UC Under construction
DP Drainage pipe VER Veranda
FW Floor waste WBD Wallboard
GHW Gas hot water WM Water meter
Symbols: To save space, symbols are used instead of words on sketches, similar to
abbreviations. There are a lot of them, but don’t worry; they’re all standardised (drawn in
the same way) to prevent confusion. Some of them resemble the objects they represent.
Some cross-sections have a ‘filling,’ which represents the material that will be used. This is
known as ‘hatching’ in the drafting world.


2.3 Check plans, specifications and drawings dimensions

against workplace site for accuracy
Specifications, contracts, and building drawings are all included in what is known as
contract papers. These records serve as a reference for the different staff and vendors
involved in the project’s construction. The building plans indicate where a structure will be
constructed, how big it will be, and its look. In writing, the requirements provide the
standards for workmanship and materials. The sketches and specifications are used in
conjunction with one another.
Specifications: Specifications are written documents that explicitly define the necessary
materials, work execution conditions, and planned workmanship. Written specifications
may usually be inserted directly in the drawings for small, simple projects, either typed on
transparent adhesive film or in text form in CAD on a separate drawing sheet.
Construction drawings: Construction drawings (also known as working drawings) are visual
representations of the concept and the details needed to bring it to life for those involved
in the construction process. These drawings usually adhere to a collection of industry-
accepted architectural drawing conventions. However, there is no one-size-fits-all
approach to creating building drawings.
Checking plans and construction drawings for accuracy:
Guidelines for preparing construction drawings are as follows:
Prior to the execution of construction drawings, a significant amount of work must be

completed, such as programming, designing schematic drawings, and constructing the
design. The project’s overall design, general materials, finishes, and other details must
already be determined.
Other experts, such as electrical and acoustical engineers, must provide preliminary details
that can be incorporated into the drawings. To ensure that the project meets standards for
preserving the public’s health, safety, and welfare, a building-code review must be
performed.
A mock-up collection is produced before the building drawings are drafted to provide an
overview of the series of sheets and their individual contents. This method aids in the
organisation of the drawings and reduces the possibility of missing essential details or
relationships between them.

Some important steps for preparing a construction plan for workplace accuracy:
Familiarise yourself with the project
Prepare the construction plan outline
Assign team members section
Compile and prepare the construction plan
Peer review
Dimensions: A dimension is a number remark on a drawing that defines the physical size
of an object. It is normally displayed in millimetres (mm), with the exception of site plans,
when the dimensions are written in metres to two (2) decimal places. It is the job of the
drafter to make the dimensions as clear as feasible. Only the major overall sizes of the
building are usually represented in the first stages of a project. When the working
drawings are completed, all of the dimensions needed to construct the building must be
provided.
• Working drawings are dimensioned, graphical documents that can be utilised by a
contractor to construct the works or by suppliers to fabricate or assemble or instal
components. Architectural drawings, structural drawings, civil drawings, mechanical
drawings, electrical drawings, and so on are examples of these types of drawings.

• Working drawings, such as plans, sections, and elevations, are traditionally two-
dimensional orthogonal projections of the building or component they are
describing. These can be hand-drawn to scale or created with CAD (Computer-
Aided Design) software.
• Building information modelling (BIM), on the other hand, is increasingly being used
to produce three-dimensional representations of structures and their components
for construction. This is known as a virtual construction model (VCM), and it can
include a number of different models created by different project team members.

2.4 Check plans and drawing dimensions against

specifications for accuracy and inconsistencies
Checking Inconsistencies in plans and drawings:
Title blocks, dimensions, notation, and symbols may be included in working drawings. It’s
critical that they adhere to industry standards so that their specific meaning is clear and
understandable. Specification information can be included on working drawings or in a
separate specification, but it should not be duplicated because this can lead to
inconsistency and confusion. The scale at which drawings are created should correspond to
the level of detail required to convey the information. Different line widths can be used to
make particular parts more visible.
The objective of the drawings and the people who will utilise them must be considered.
Working drawings may be created for a variety of reasons, including obtaining statutory
approvals, assisting contractors in planning construction projects, providing on-site
instructions, procuring components, preparing shop drawings, and appointing
subcontractors. Drawings must be properly designed so that they transmit all of the
information needed to complete specific tasks. They may be divided into packages to
provide greater clarity, with information dedicated to certain areas of the works, individual
components, or different suppliers or trades. For items with long manufacturing times,
such as switchgear, chiller units, lifts, escalators, or bespoke cladding systems, or for
front-end construction, such as service diversions, demolition, setting out details,
underground drainage, piling, and groundworks, it may be necessary to produce some
packages earlier than others.
It is critical to have high-quality production data. There may be disagreements and delays
on site unless it is well organised and coordinated, and money will be incurred. The
following are some of the most common issues with working drawings:
Poor coordination and information
Errors and omissions
Information not getting to the right people
poor presentation
• The responsibility for preparing production information will be determined by the

procurement system and contract type chosen. Production information may be
created by a consultant team working for the customer on standard contracts
(including management contracts and construction management contracts).
• Specialised contractors may produce some production information under the
supervision of the principal designer. In other types of contracts, such as design

and build, the principal contractor may prepare and coordinate production
information.
• When the work is finished, the working drawings may be updated to display ‘as
constructed’ information, reflecting any changes to the work that may have
occurred throughout the construction process.
Working drawings that have been meticulously produced can be rather exquisite, and the
best of them have been shown as works of art.
Designers may have in-house habits that other teams or disciplines do not understand in
terms of personal drawing style. This might lead to misunderstandings and errors. As a
result, regular methods and procedures for preparation, symbols, hatching, annotation,
and so on are critical. These should be agreed upon from the start to avoid having to edit
early sketches.This is especially true when utilising computer-aided design (CAD) or
building information modelling (BIM) to create drawings. To build a single model, BIM can
require the federation of information supplied by several teams. Incompatibilities can arise
if the information is not created consistently, which can be costly and time consuming to
resolve.
In technical terms, the common mistakes are:
• Incorrect or inconsistent scales being used across drawings

• Insufficient opening space
• Undersized or impractical spaces
• Poorly detailed junctions or abutments

• Incorrect symbols
• Inconsistent revision numbers
• Missing component
• Inconsistent information
• Illegible writing
• Notes that are not understood

QUESTION 1
What is the difference between elevation and sectional elevation?

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QUESTION 2
What do you mean by legend?

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QUESTION 3
How do you check your plans and drawings for workplace accuracy?
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CHAPTER 3: LOCATE KEY FEATURES ON

SITE PLAN

The site plan is a thorough picture of the building as well as the entire boundary within
which it is located. It’s designed for new and existing structures, whether built from
scratch or renovated. A site plan is a sketch with a huge scale. The site plan is scaled
appropriately. Site plans are usually drawn at a size of 1:500 or 1:200.
Important features of the site plan are discussed below:
1. The site plan depicts the layout of the buildings and parking, driveways, and
landscape details. A site plan depicts all of the crucial aspects that surround and
relate to the development project.
2. A site plan is a collection of building plans that the builder or contractor uses to
improve the land.
3. A site plan is carried out by conducting site analysis.
4. The site plan is a standard document that is examined by legal authorities for
compliance with the region’s legal building construction norms and laws.
5. As a result, a site plan is created based on the region’s building codes’ basic norms
and regulations.
6. A professional engineer, design consultant, land surveyor, or architect is

responsible for creating a site plan.
What will I learn?

1. Orient the plans, specifications and drawings with the site.

2. Locate site services, main features, contours and datum from the
site plan.

3.1 Orient the plans, specifications and drawings with

the site
Orientation: The position of a building regarding seasonal variations in the sun’s course
and prevailing wind patterns is referred to as orientation. Good orientation can improve
your home’s energy efficiency, making it more comfortable to live in and less expensive to
run. Orient your home to take advantage of natural light and breezes.
A site plan is a large-scale design that depicts the entire site for current or future
construction. For planning applications, site plans and location plans may be required. Site
plans are usually built up after a series of desk research and site surveys. Site plans are
usually drawn to a scale of 1: 500 or 1: 200, depending on the size of the project. Larger
scales may be utilised for extremely small projects, while smaller sizes, or even numerous
drawings, may be combined on one extremely tiny scale design for massive projects. The
information represented on a site plan will vary depending on the size and nature of the
project, but the following items are likely to appear on most site plans:
• The project name, drawing type, author, revision number, status, scale utilised,
and so on are all listed in the title block.
• Changes from earlier iterations are highlighted in notes.
• Directional orientation. A compass or a north-pointing arrow could be used.
• Key dimensions
• Key materials
• Site boundaries and delineation of nearby properties, including, if applicable,
neighbouring or adjacent structures, as well as surrounding streets
• The building’s or buildings’ location in respect to their surroundings.
• Trees, tree protection orders, and the landscape’s essential characteristics.
• Dimensions and capacities of parking lots, traffic flows, and signage
Some of this information may be displayed on additional specialty site plans, such as
structural site plans, site histories, site lines, services site plans, landscape drawings,
access and traffic patterns, ground conditions and geology, and so on if the site is
complicated. Site plans may be complemented with location sections, which depict the
site’s topography.

Site plans are anticipated to become an intrinsic element of the project information model
with the adoption of building information modelling (BIM). They may be created in 3D,
potentially based on a point cloud survey or as light detection and ranging (LIDAR, a mix
of the words “light” and “radar”).
Two of the essential passive design principles for decreasing energy consumption and
improving thermal comfort for building occupants are form and orientation. It has an
impact on the amount of sunlight falling on surfaces, daylighting, and wind direction. In
the pursuit of net-zero energy goals, design and orientation have a considerable impact on
a building’s energy efficiency, allowing us to take advantage of the sun and prevailing
winds. As a result, they play a crucial part in the NZEB design approach, as these methods
are one-time interventions with significant potential advantages.
The design of a building varies depending on its location and environment. However, the
essential idea remains the same: maximise sun radiation in the winter and minimise it in
the summer. Buildings in mostly hot regions should be positioned to minimise solar gains,
whereas buildings in mostly cold regions should be orientated to maximise solar gains.
The building form determines the volume of space inside a building that has to be heated
or cooled. As a result, the more compact the design, the less heat is wasted in
gaining/losing heat. In hot and dry areas and cold climates, buildings must be compact to
reduce heat gain and loss, respectively.
Objectives of orientation:
Orientation is done for the following purposes
• To point the building in the proper direction in relation to its surroundings.

• To provide residents with natural light and air.
• To keep the residents safe from dust and smoke.
• To keep the residents from being disturbed by the noise.
• To provide residents with privacy.
• To protect the structure against rain damage.

3.2 Locate site services, main features, contours and

datum from the site plan.
How to understand the elements or main features of site plan:
Find the title block: The title block can be found in the bottom right corner of most layouts.
It contains crucial administrative information on the site plan and the individuals who
worked on it.
Learns the plan scale: The scale at which the site map is depicted in relation to the actual
physical site is shown in both ratio (i.e., 1:300) and block form. The block scale is a visual
representation of how distances and heights in the site plan are portrayed.
Determine the orientation of the plan: The site plan should include a “north point,” a
symbol that shows how the site portrayed in the plan is oriented to true north. The symbol
is usually in the form of a capital letter “N” with an arrow attached, showing which way
north is in the site plan.
Know the datum point: The datum is a reference point on the site map that depicts a
known or presumed height that serves as a base for all other heights and elevations
depicted in site plan specifications.
Note the site’s contours: Contour lines are lines drawn on a plan that depicts the land’s fall
and are usually referenced to the datum point so you may get a sense of how the land’s
elevation may affect what you wish to achieve.
Locate existing structures: The plan will depict the existing structures on the property,
such as buildings and landscape elements, that must be preserved. Buildings are easily
identifiable, but other features may be allocated specific symbols to distinguish between
different sorts of constructions.

Contours and datum from site plans:
Closely spaced contour traces imply a steep slope. Widely spaced contour traces imply a
mild slope. Equally spaced contour traces imply a uniform slope. Closed contour traces
with better elevation toward the centre imply hills.
Most skilled Geographic Information Systems (GIS) experts have to stumble upon
mistakes due to confusion or lack of know-how approximately geodetic datum. In
Australia, mapping mismatches of two hundred meters are not an unusual place and end
result from confusion created by the distinction between the antique Datum (AGD66 ⁄
AGD84 or GDA94) and the Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA2020). Software settings on
GPS receivers being ambiguous. This assists in developing confusion among what a
projection does with what a datum does. Some current software program changes among
unique projections ‘on–the–fly’ without considering variations among datum.
Designers use contour drawings for construction plans to identify the proposed project’s
best horizontal and vertical position. Surveyors on drawings typically prepare detailed
surveys. The objective of the drawing, as the name implies, is to detail the aspects of the
location, such as:
• The direction in which the ground will fall

• Trees and their Location
• Existing structures’ locations
• Availability of services
• The location of any other characteristics that may have an impact on the building’s
design and placement.

QUESTION 1
What do you mean by orientation?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
QUESTION 2
What are the main objectives of orientation?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
QUESTION 3
How do you locate the contours and datum on site plan?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

CHAPTER4: DETERMINE PROJECT

REQUIREMENTS AND PLAN PROJECT

Before beginning a project, project managers use many methods of project scheduling to
predict the time required. Before, during, and after construction, the time spent working
on a project can be split into three categories. The first step, prior to planning, is to plan
and estimate the project’s duration, cost, material, and a number of people. Project
scheduling is critical because once everything is planned, everyone involved in the project,
including engineers, workers, and the project owner, will have a better understanding of
when they must begin and finish construction, how much the project will cost, what
materials and machines will be required, how many workers and engineers will be needed,
and what skills will be required of the workers and engineers. As a result, most difficulties
and activities would be evident and understandable prior to their occurrence throughout
the construction time. Another benefit of project planning is that if we require a sort of
material or equipment that isn’t accessible in the country, we can order it ahead of time
and have it ready to use when we need it for certain project activity.
Otherwise, the project might get delayed. Therefore, proper planning and management
are necessary to run any project in the construction industry. Proper management will
improve inconsistencies in the project and therefore making the project run more
efficiently so that the project may be completed at a proper scheduled time.

What will I learn?

1. Review drawings, plans and specifications to determine construction

details and dimensions for project.
2. Determine location, dimensions and tolerances for ancillary works.
3. Identify environmental controls and locations.
4. Determine specifications for materials, standards of work, finishes
and tolerances.
5. Determine material requirements and processes to be followed.

4.1 Review drawings, plans and specifications to

determine construction details and dimensions for
project
Design review:
Building design translates a client’s needs into a set of instructions for constructing a
structure that meets those needs. It usually follows a fairly regular project definition
procedure, followed by iterative development of a more detailed solution. It’s critical to
conduct regular assessments throughout the design process to ensure that the evolving
design accurately reflects the client’s needs and that the design and budget do not
diverge. The main designer is usually in charge of coordinating design reviews. The
consulting team, the client, independent client advisers, and, when applicable, the
contractor may all be involved. They may also involve external organisations that
specialise in design review.
Why are specifications important?
It is important to review plans and specifications.
Specifics are crucial during construction, and failing to communicate clearly could result in
a slew of change orders, cost overruns, and timetable delays, all of which can hurt your
bottom line. In fact, technicalities are such an important part of building that they have
their own formal process: building specifications. Although drawings and some papers can
visually depict what a structure should look like, a detailed textual description of the
construction process is required. Simply, construction specifications are documents written
ahead of time to outline how contractors and subcontractors should carry out construction.
If you’ve spent any time in the construction sector, you know that the more details you
have, the better. The more specific a description is, the more probable it is to be carried
out correctly. Specifications are similar to data in many ways. Projects can easily fail if
they don’t have access to the appropriate information and a lot of it. As construction
projects become more complicated and budgets become more scrutinised, having access
to a large amount of data is essential for making the best decisions possible. Most
significantly, requirements that are properly written reduce risk. Controlling risk is critical
in the construction industry for managing the entire project lifecycle.

Relation between construction drawing and specifications:
CONSTRUCTION DRAWING SPECIFICATIONS
The design intent is represented The design intent is represented with

graphically words
Quantity is indicated Quality is indicated
Location of elements is established Installation requirements of different

elements are established
Size, shape and relationship elements of Description, properties, characteristics and

the building are provided finishes of building elements are provided
in specifications
Dimensions in construction details are shown as under:

4.2 Determine location, dimensions and tolerances for

ancillary works.
An ancillary area of a building is one that supports the function(s) of the primary areas; it
is not part of the structure’s major purpose, but it is required for the primary purpose to
function. An ancillary room in a shared facility, such as a shared kitchen, meeting rooms,
utility rooms, and so on, may support more than one occupant. Ancillary areas in
residential buildings are rooms that are not immediately connected to the main dwelling
but contribute value, such as a patio area, office, garage, conservatory, porch, utility
room, etc. A construction compound with an office and amenities compound, a
construction compound, a material crusher and screening plant, a materials storage
compound, a maintenance workshop, a testing laboratory, and a material stockpile area
for the project’s construction.
Ancillary areas mainly include:
• Plant rooms
• Cleaners room
• ICT rooms
• Building services room
• Circulation spaces
• Storage room
• Material stockpile area
Ancillary floor area: The total area of all enclosed spaces for lavatories, cloakrooms,
cleaners’ rooms, lifts, plant and tank rooms, and other amenities that are not essential to
the building’s principal function. Partitions, columns, chimney breasts, internal structural
or party walls occupy the floor area of internal divisions.
Tolerances: Tolerances in construction are the allowed deviations from specified or

intended values. They generally safeguard both the “customer” (in construction, the
building owner) and the “seller” (the contractor) of the goods or service. The owner is
protected since the project’s craftsmanship must be within the acceptable range of the
established tolerances. Tolerances in construction are variations in a dimension, a
construction restriction, or a material’s physical characteristics. They are a practical
modification relating to the function of the material or completed job and widely accepted
building industry norms.
The difference between the maximum and minimum limits is the tolerance.” This can be
represented as upper and lower limits (0.2500over0.2498) or a permissible amount above
and below a nominal dimension (0.2500+0.0000over0.0002, 0.2499 0.0001).

Three types of tolerances are mentioned below:
Linear tolerance
Angular tolerance
Geometric tolerance
As depending upon the specifications, the tolerances depend upon the method of
measurement. There are mainly two menthids according to Australian standards, namely:
• Optical method
• Straight edge method
Optical method: optical survey treatments can be used to measure the levelness and
flatness of the position or plumb of an element.
Straight edge method: To determine tolerances, place a straightedge anywhere on a

concrete surface in any direction and measure the surface’s maximum variation from the
straightedge.

4.3 Identify environmental controls and locations

The actions, goods, and services of an organisation that interact with the environment are
known as “aspects,” and they can have a detrimental or good impact on the environment.
Emissions to the air discharge to water and waste arisings are examples of features that
can have environmental and health consequences, such as global warming, water
pollution, and contaminated land. Some tasks, such as those performed by an office-based
service, will have minimal environmental consequences, such as the amount of energy
utilised and the emissions associated with air conditioning.
While some heavy industrial activities, such as those that result in air emissions and water
discharges, may have major environmental consequences. The most significant component
of an environmental management system is managing environmental elements and
repercussions. This section will how to identify environmental features and their associated
implications, as well as practical ways for determining relative importance in terms of
environmental concerns. It also shows how to construct a list of important factors and
consequences.
When determining environmental factors, it’s important to consider whether a certain
activity, product or service causes:
• Emissions into the atmosphere
• releases of wastewater
• emerging wastes
• pollution of the land
• resource utilisation (e.g., water, fuel and natural resources and materials).
Environmental standards are administrative regulations or civil law guidelines that

govern how the environment is treated and maintained. Environmental standards should
safeguard the environment and maintain nature and prevent and restore damage caused
by human activity. Some examples of environmental requirements are as following:
• When working on the Premises, the contractor must follow the authority’s
environmental policy, which is to conserve energy, water, wood, paper, and other
resources, reduce waste, phase out the use of ozone-depleting substances, and
limit the release of greenhouse gases and other harmful substances to human
health and the environment.
• The tenant may conduct business or construction in accordance with industry best
practices as long as the use or presence of Hazardous Materials is carefully and
adequately monitored in accordance with all current Environmental Requirements.
To detect or acquire information on any potentially significant environmental impact that

the construction project may have, the following measures can be taken:
1. Identify environmentally sensitive places or usage that may be impacted by
construction.
2. Determine whether residents living near the building site will be impacted by
pollutants or will experience a reduction in amenity as a result of the work.
3. Observe baseline air and water quality, as well as ambient noise levels, in the
immediate vicinity of the building site.
4. Assess the estimated noise levels from building activities that may have an impact
on the neighbouring community.
5. Before building begins, do a desk study to identify potentially contaminated areas
in the construction area, then sample and analyse soils suspected of being polluted.

Thus, for safe construction practices to be carried out by identifying environment controls,
then an environmental management plan is needed.
Environment management plan:
Before any construction project begins, the contractor should produce an environmental
management plan that covers all areas of the project’s environmental management. The
environmental management system establishes quality systems to ensure that the
project’s overall environmental outcomes are continuously high.
Main key points to be looked after:
• Erosion
• Dust
• Management of contaminated stormwater
• Wastewater coming from the construction industry
• Waste minimisation
• Noise abatement
• Storage of chemicals and fuels
• Air quality
Therefore, proper management should be there, so that safe construction practices are
carried out. Proper monitoring and inspection should be there so that any risks coming the
way can be analysed and solved as soon as possible. One essential thing to keep in mind
is to conduct a safe practice to maintain a safe environment.

4.4 Determine specifications for materials, standards of

work, finishes and tolerances.
Specification: Specifications are highly significant for the execution of the work since
they specify the nature and class of the work, the materials to be used in the job, the
quality, and so on. The specifications heavily influence the cost of a job. Therefore, there
should be no ambiguity in the specifications.
There are two types of specifications that prepared:
Specifications
General
Detailed
Specifications are written documents that explicitly define the necessary materials, work
execution conditions, and planned workmanship. Written specifications may usually be
inserted directly in the drawings for small, simple projects, either typed on transparent
adhesive film or in text form in CAD on a separate drawing sheet.
Specifications of different types of materials used in construction are written in a detailed

specification report. For example:
• Specification for reinforced cement concrete

• Specification for mortar
• Specification for brick masonry
• Specification for steel
The tolerances in this guide apply up to and including the specified length for each
tolerance. Tolerances are not intended to be interpolated or proportional to the length of
the architectural part being measured. Work to correct flaws will match the surrounding
materials, finishes, levels, and other characteristics of the area to be corrected as closely
as possible. Probably, exact matching won’t be achievable in some cases. A structural
engineer may be required to design structural rectification work, which must then be
inspected and approved by a building surveyor or certifier.
Finish to concrete paving: If the colour, texture, and overall appearance of the concrete
paving finish are inconsistent, it is considered faulty. Minor variances in the finish are
common and aren’t always regarded as faulty.

Finish floor levels: When finished floor levels (FFL) or reduced levels (RL) do not meet
specified planning and/or building permit standards, they are considered faulty. FFL or RL
is also faulty in situations where:
• They differ by more than 40 mm from the documented RL or FFL.

• Floors are documented to be on the same plane but are built on distinct planes.
Tolerance management process:
• Identification
• Planning
• Communication
• Control

4.5 Determine material requirements and processes to

be followed.
A good design can only be achieved with high-quality materials; hence materials are the
key to a well-functioning structure. The materials used have a significant impact on the
construction quality. Furthermore, the building materials you choose will determine the
structure’s overall durability, endurance, and character.
As a result, when choosing building materials, one should be cautious and particular.
Analysing the stability, maintenance, beauty, and cost of each material is the most
effective way to choose materials that meet your needs. There is a wide range of
construction materials available, and it can be difficult to choose the best options for our
diverse needs because building material selection requires consideration of a number of
aspects.
The following are some things to think about when choosing construction materials:
Cost
Climate
Durability
Availability
Susainability
Cost:
When browsing for different types of construction materials, one will see that the prices
vary greatly. As a general rule, looking for the cheapest things is not always the best
option. It is necessary to consider the product’s lifespan or utility. When you buy low-
quality materials, you may find yourself having to fix them frequently, which may be
pricey. It will be cost-effective to choose building materials that will last a long time. The
cost of materials is an important consideration when selecting building materials because it
will ultimately protect your structure.
Climate:
The environment is another important consideration when choosing materials. Consider
factors such as the typical degree of heat or cold throughout the year, rain, the amount of
daylight, and the amount of ventilation required. The building material should adapt to the
temperature and surroundings. When climate enters the scene, material properties change
and assist in responding to the climate.
Durability:
Some materials have a longer lifespan and are more resistant to corrosion, moisture, and
other elements. We ensure that they are long-lasting by identifying the most appropriate
material for the climate. When selecting building materials that respond to environmental
conditions, it is critical to get advice from professionals. They will assist us in determining

the materials that are best suited to our needs. The materials should be able to adapt to
changes in weather and climate. Some materials degrade quickly, especially when exposed
to moisture. The materials chosen must be durable and strong enough for the location and
conditions they will use.
Availability:
It is generally a good idea to get readily available products. The availability of building
supplies also determines the cost and time of installation. Certain materials are only
available locally and are difficult to transfer. Not only does shipping become more
expensive, but it also causes the work to be delayed. On the other hand, if the material is
readily available locally, shipping costs are reduced.
Sustainability:
The need for building materials is increasing as the construction industry evolves, which is
also responsible for an increase in carbon footprint, as the usage of cement increases
carbon emissions. As a result, rather than using cement or concrete, eco-friendly and
sustainable construction materials like earth, bamboo, fly ash, metakaolin, silica fume, rice
husk ash, and so on are preferable.
Material management: Materials management is a construction process that involves
planning, executing, and controlling field and office activities. Supplies management’s
purpose is to ensure that construction materials are available when they are needed. The
materials management system aims to ensure that the necessary quality and quantity of
materials are identified, purchased, delivered, and handled on-site in a timely and cost-
effective manner.
Material management is the system for planning and controlling all of the efforts required
to guarantee that the requisite quality and quantity of materials are properly specified on
time, are purchased at a fair cost, and, most importantly, are available at the point of use
when needed. As a result, materials management is a critical component of project
management. Material management can be defined as a process that coordinates the
planning, analysing the needs, sourcing, purchasing, transporting, storing, and controlling
of materials to eliminate waste and increase profitability by lowering material costs.
Building materials account for 60 to 70% of a project’s direct cost, with labour accounting
for the remainder.
Processes to be followed in material requirements planning:

Components of material management are:
• Material estimation and budgeting
• Planning and programming
• Scheduling and purchasing
• Procurement
• Receiving and inspection
• Inventory control, storage and warehousing
• Material handling and transport
• Waste management
MRP is effective because it is based on a well-organised set of processes and calculations.

An MRP system has the potential to revolutionise a company’s operations dramatically. The
MRP process involves many employees in a business, including sales, production,
purchasing, receiving, stockroom, and shipping staff.
MRP is made up of three steps:

• Quantity Requirements Identification: Determine the quantity on hand, planned for

manufacturing, previously committed to existing orders, and predicted in an open
buy order. These needs are unique to each organisation and each location, and
they evolve over time.
• Making MRP Calculations: Make recommendations for materials that are critical,
expedited, or delayed.
• Complete the Orders: Define the materials for manufacturing orders, purchase
orders, and other reporting needs.
Process of material management
1. Material needed is generated from the site
2. Material is ordered on the site
3. Indent is generated
4. Check availability in the store
5. Check for the balance items
6. Vendor selection from the approved list of vendors from the client
7. Material inspection from the received stock
8. Issue of material to the concerned department

QUESTION 1
Why it is important to review specifications?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
QUESTION 2
What do you understand by ancillary works?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
QUESTION 3
What are the processes involved in material management?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

References
1. Stepping Thru Accessibility. 2021. Tolerances - Just how tolerant should you be? -
Stepping Thru Accessibility. [online] Available at:
https://steppingthruaccessibility.com/tolerances-tolerant-be/
2. specifications, M., 2021. Law Insider. [online] Law Insider. Available at:
https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/material-specifications
3. Levelset. 2021. What are Construction Specifications? | Construction Documents.
[online] Available at: https://www.levelset.com/blog/construction-specifications/
4. Civil Engineering Projects. 2021. Purpose of Specifications and types of
Specifications | Civil Engineering Projects. [online] Available at:
http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/civil-projects/purpose-of-specifications-and-
types-of-specifications/
5. Goren, M., 2021. Three Types of Construction Specification. [online]
Pointtopoint.com. Available at: https://www.pointtopoint.com/blog/three-types-of-
construction-specification
6. Sciencedirect.com. 2021. Construction Specification - an overview | ScienceDirect
Topics. [online] Available at:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/construction-specification
7. HSI Services Inc. 2021. 5 Important Environmental Considerations in Construction.
[online] Available at: https://www.hydrologicalsolutions.com/blog/aqua-barrier/5-
important-environmental-considerations-construction/
8. CIVIL SITE VISIT. 2021. Tolerance limits in construction work on site | CIVIL SITE
VISIT. [online] Available at: https://civilsitevisit.com/tolerance-limits-in-
construction-work-on-site/[Accessed 30 May 2021].
9. Smartsheet. 2021. Everything You Need to Know About Material Requirements
Planning (MRP) | Smartsheet. [online] Available at:
https://www.smartsheet.com/guide-to-material-requirements-planning
10. Miller, M. and Miller, R., 2021. CHAPTER PRELIMINARIES. [online]
Accessengineeringlibrary.com.Availableat:
https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/content/book/9781259587429/toc-
chapter/chapter2/section/section1

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LEARNER GUIDE

Unit code Document version Release date Comments/actions

CPCCCA3025 1.0 23.07.2021 First edition

Copyright ©2021 by CAQA Resources.

Copyright protects this material. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

Enquiries should be addressed to:

If you believe that information of any kind in this publication is an infringement of

This remains the property of CAQA Resources, a Career Calling initiative.

Career Calling International (CAQA Resources) Page | 1

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What will I learn?

1. Plan and prepare.

Career Calling International (CAQA Resources) Page | 3

CHAPTER 1: PLAN AND PREPARE

Career Calling International (CAQA Resources) Page | 4

• A storey or paper describing how the various components will be tackled.

• Temporary construction and phasing are depicted in drawings and images.

• Images and photographs

• A detailed construction schedules

What will I learn?

1. Locate and access plans, specifications and drawings.

Career Calling International (CAQA Resources) Page | 5

1.1 Locate and access plans, specifications and

Types of construction drawings:

Career Calling International (CAQA Resources) Page | 6

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Structural drawings: The backbone of a building is represented by structural drawings. It

Career Calling International (CAQA Resources) Page | 8

1.2 Verifying currency of plans, specifications and

The first section includes the following:

Title block: The title block contains the following information:

SCALE: DRAWING NUMBER: PROJECT NUMBER:

DRAWN BY: CHECKED BY:

Career Calling International (CAQA Resources) Page | 9

Amendments: A modification to a project that is determined after the drawings have

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What are the different types of construction drawings?

What are the elements contained by title box?

What do you mean by amendments in construction drawings?

Career Calling International (CAQA Resources) Page | 11

CHAPTER 2: INTERPRET CONSTRUCTION

Career Calling International (CAQA Resources) Page | 12

What will I learn?

1. Determine key features of plans, specifications and drawings.

Career Calling International (CAQA Resources) Page | 13

2.1 Determine key features of plans, specifications and

Career Calling International (CAQA Resources) Page | 14

There are certain guides that a site plan must follow:

NAME AND ADDRESS

• Width and thickness of all footings

This type of plan usually gives information about:

• Overall size and shape of the structure

Career Calling International (CAQA Resources) Page | 16

The elevation plan mainly includes the following:

Sectional elevations: A sectional elevation combines a cross-section with elevations of

Career Calling International (CAQA Resources) Page | 17

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2.2 Interpret legend symbols and abbreviations.

The features of an engineering drawing are communicated and detailed using

B. The drawing’s title or name.

C. The number assigned to the drawing.

F. The size of the drawing sheet.

G. The drawing’s prevailing scale

Abbreviations are a convenient way to write on a schedule without taking up a lot of