CPC CBC 4014

Prepare simple building
sketches and drawings
CPCCBC4014
Prepare simple building sketches and
drawings
Application
This unit of competency specifies the skills and knowledge required to
establish estimated costs associated with the acquisition of materials and
labour for building and construction projects. It includes factoring in relevant
overhead costs and margins.
This unit of competency applies to estimators, builders, managers and trade

contractors within the construction industry responsible for producing
estimated costs on various residential and commercial construction projects
within their scope of work as a trade contractor or builder.
This unit of competency is suitable for those using specialised knowledge to

complete routine and non-routine tasks and using their own judgement to deal
with predictable and sometimes unpredictable problems.
Completion of the general construction induction training program specified by

the model Code of Practice for Construction Work is required for any person
who is to carry out construction work. Achievement of CPCCWHS1001Prepare
to work safely in the construction industry meets this requirement.
Licensing, regulatory or registration requirements apply to this unit of

competency in some jurisdictions. Relevant state and territory regulatory
authorities should be consulted to confirm these requirements.
Pre-requisite Unit
NIL
Competency Field
NIL
Unit Sector
Building and Construction
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Table of Contents
1 Introduction...........................................................................1
1.1 Importance of construction drawings and sketches...............................1
2 Prepare to make sketches and drawings.....................................3
2.1 Identify and select relevant information...............................................5

2.1.1 Key Features of a construction plan........................................................5
2.1.2 Types of construction plans..................................................................16
2.1.3 Identify and select relevant information.................................................18
2.2 Confirm compliance of information present in construction plan.............19

2.2.1 State or Territory Legislation....................................................................20
2.2.2 WHS requirements.............................................................................26
2.2.3 The National Construction Code (NCC)..................................................36
2.2.4 Building and construction standards......................................................38
2.2.5 Confirm compliance of construction plan information...............................38
2.3 Consider purpose and presentation of drawings and sketches and the
intended audience
41
2.3.1 Purpose of drawings and sketches........................................................41
2.3.2 Intended audience.............................................................................41
2.3.3 Presentation of drawings and sketches..................................................42
2.4 Determine format of information and select and inspect equipment for
serviceability
43
2.4.1 Determine format of information...........................................................43
2.4.2 Select equipment..............................................................................46
2.4.3 Inspect equipment for serviceability......................................................51
3 Create simple sketches and drawings.......................................53
3.1 Establish and record measurements, information and details required for
drawing and sketches
55
3.2 Transfer vital information into two-dimensional and three-dimensional
57
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3.3 Create sketches and drawings using standard drawing conventions to
detail vital information
59
3.3.1 Scales.............................................................................................59
3.3.2 Dimensions......................................................................................60
3.3.3 Use scales and dimensions to detail vital information................................61
3.4 Produce sectional drawings to clearly identify and label elements and
components
63
4 Notate and process drawings..................................................66
4.1 Apply essential information to drawings and follow standard drawing

conventions
67
4.1.1 Dimension lines.................................................................................67
4.1.2 Symbols..........................................................................................68
4.1.3 Abbreviations...................................................................................71
4.2 Include drawing, job title, scale and sheet number in the title block........73
4.3 Produce completed drawings in an appropriate form for presentation....75
5 References...........................................................................79
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1 Introduction
Construction plans, drawings and sketches are important parts of the
construction process. Building plans provide technical specifications in a format
that is understandable by professionals working in the building and construction
industry.
Proper plans help building and construction professionals plan construction

projects to reach the desired outcome for clients. Clients can visualise what the
final structure will look like and confirm the layouts, fittings, and dimensions
before commencing the building and construction project. Builders will often
consult with other professionals to create a range of different plans, drawings,
and sketches, with each document serving a purpose or providing details that are
necessary to complete the project.
Without construction plans, drawings, and sketches, it is harder for builders to

manage construction projects as they will need to work out their costs. Once
plans are finalised and signed off by the required stakeholders, a project
manager or builder can start the construction phase. This learner guide will
provide theoretical knowledge on simple technical drawing conventions and
styles by covering the following topics:
Preparing to make sketches and drawings
Creating simple sketches and drawings
Notating and processing drawings
Figure 1: Construction plan and drawing
1.1 Importance of construction drawings and sketches
Document the requirements of client
Helps the workers to identify the requirements of the client
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Provides detailed idea on the different spaces present in the construction

project.
Clearly establishes the dimensions of each and every space present in the
building.
Helps to plan various phases of the project right from installation of footings
to setting up of roofs.
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2 Prepare to make sketches and drawings

Before creating building sketches and drawings for the building and construction
project being undertaken, first know and understand what information needs to
be included in the drawings. This requires examining the contents of the
construction plan and ensure that these plans comply with building regulations,
standards, and codes.
Apart from that, there are other elements that are to be considered in the
preparation phase to help in creating sketches and drawings. These elements
include knowing the purpose of the drawings and how drawings will be
appropriately presented to the intended audience. This requires one to
determine the format of the information to be presented and inspect the
equipment that will be used to create and present the sketches and drawings.
As construction personnel, ensure to perform all tasks during the preparation

stage properly to proceed smoothly throughout the sketching and drawing
stage. The preparation process of construction drawings should be concise and
properly coordinated to avoid ambiguity and confusion wherever possible.
Delays and misunderstandings can be minimised by properly coordinating the
drawings.
Figure 2: Preparing construction sketches
In this chapter, let us learn how to prepare to make sketches and drawings,
including:
Identifying and selecting relevant information from construction plans

required for sketching or drawing Confirming construction plan information
complies with building and construction regulations, standards and codes
Considering purpose and presentation of drawings and sketches and the

intended audience
Determining format of information and select and inspect equipment for

serviceability
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Some of the terminologies and their descriptions essential for this chapter are listed
below:
Key features of a construction plan
Site plan
Floor plan
Elevations
Sectional views
Types of a construction plan
Architectural plan
Structural plan
Mechanical plan
Electrical plan
Plumbing and draining plan
Types of construction plan drawings
Presentation drawing
Isometric drawings
Orthographic drawings
Perspective drawings
Legislation
Acts
Regulations
Standards
The National Construction Code (NCC)
General Requirements
Performance Requirements
Intended audience
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Format of information
Hardcopy prints
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Building Information Modelling (BIM)
Figure 3: Preparing construction drawings
2.1 Identify and select relevant information
A construction plan is a detailed document, or set of documents, that outlines

the details of a construction project. Construction plans generally provide the
following information:
Project schedules
Methodologies
Preliminary drawings and photographs that illustrate the design
It is important to select all the relevant information from construction plans to

prepare to sketch or create a drawing. This will ensure that accurate information
is transferred to the drawings and sketches.
2.1.1 Key Features of a construction plan
Figure 4: Features of construction plan
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Key features refer to drawing elements that are typically included in construction
plans. It is essential for a construction professional to know and understand
them since each key feature functions differently in terms of the information it
provides. Key features of a construction plan include the following:
Site plan
A site plan is a drawing that provides an overview of the entire property. It shows
all site elements to be considered in the construction of a building and gives an
idea of the entire scope of work involved in the project. Additionally, a site plan
is usually drawn at a smaller scale to make sure that all the required information
is placed in the drawing sheet. A sample site plan can be seen on the next page.
Figure 5: Plant specifications
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A site plan can be used for purposes such as identifying adjacent roads,
identifying the location of the project site, determining structures to be retained
or demolished, and determining the building layout and orientation. Below are
the key features of a site plan, according to the Department of Training and
Workforce Development (2016). Note that the numbers below correspond with
the labels in the sample site plan.
1. Block identification – refers to the block number of the land
2. Boundary – refers to an imaginary line that defines the block of land,

wherein corners are marked with wooden pegs
3. Road identification – refers to the names of roads adjacent to the property
4. Verge – refers to the portion of land between the block and the road, which
usually has services running beneath it. Since this is not part of the block, it
must not be built on or modified in any way.
5. North point – shows where the north direction is. This dictates the orientation
of the building and the entire site.
6. Proposed building – shows the outline and location of the building to be

constructed
7. Finished floor level – refers to the finished floor level of the building to be
constructed
8. Adjacent properties – refers to the lot numbers of adjacent blocks of land
9. Existing fences – refers to fences already existing on the block
10. Easement – refers to a portion of land wherein another party exercises a

legal right (e.g. council has the right to use a portion of land solely for
stormwater lines)
11. Existing trees – refers to the trees that exist in the site. They are specified as
site elements to be retained in the sample site plan.
12. Contour lines – refers to imaginary lines, which describe the profile of land.
In the site map sample shown, block is sloping down from north to south.
13. Contour level – refers to the ‘reduced level’ of the contour. In the site map
sample show, the contour lines are in one-metre intervals.
14. Datum – refers to a reference point on or near the block upon which all site
elevations are measured from.
15. Angle of boundary intersection – refers to an angle where boundaries meet
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16. Location of power connection – shows where electrical connections will be

made
17. Boundary length – refers to the length of the boundaries of the block
18. Setback – refers to the distance from the front boundary to the nearest part
of the building
19. Offset – is a distance from side boundaries to the nearest part of the building
20. Driveway – refers to the location and width of the driveway
21. Crossover – refers to the continuation of the driveway across the verge
22. Path – refers to any paving works included in the contract
23. Clothes hoist – refers to the positioning of the clothes hoist in the site
Floor Plan
A floor plan is a graphical representation of a building section’s top view. It

shows the arrangement of elements such as walls, columns, doors, and windows
and defines the limits of the building’s different spaces. The image below shows
a floor plan of a Banksia House.
Figure 6: Technical drawing of a construction
Refer to the floor plan when identifying the different furniture and appliances to
be used for the building. Additionally, use it to identify the function of the
different building spaces and their dimensions. Other types of information that
can be acquired include, but are not limited to, the following:
Location of appliances
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Layout of walls
Width of doors and windows
Width of stairs
Arrangement of furniture
Sub-Floor Plan
In some cases, especially in floor framing construction, a sub-floor is employed.

A sub-floor includes all components that lie underneath the top of the top-floor,
responsible for supporting the flooring and the structure above it. A sub-floor
plan contains all information about the subfloor and its components. Refer to the
image below of a sample sub-floor plan.
Figure 7: Subfloor plan
Elevations and Sections
Elevations are views that show the vertical projection of the building as it can be
seen on the outside. In other words, it shows how the building façade looks like
at the front (front view), back (rear view), and sides (right side and left side view).
This allows one to analyse the relationships of components found only on the
building exterior (e.g. wall finish). Other details that can be obtain from
elevation views include the floor-to-ceiling height and roof height.
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Figure 8: Elevations and sections
On the other hand, sections are views showing how a structure looks like with
respect to an imaginary vertical plane that cuts through it. This imaginary cutting
plane allows one to see through the interior of the structure, which is otherwise
concealed by the exterior walls. Since section views allow one to look at the
building interior, one can analyse the relationships among and integration of
building interior elements. Additionally, section views allow one to identify any
variations in a floor level. Other details, which can be obtained from section
views, include but are not limited to the following:
Floor-to-ceiling height
Dimensions of doors, windows, and other openings
Dimensions of fixtures, furniture, and equipment
Figure 9: Technical drawing
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Details
Figure 10: Construction details
Generally, plans are drawn in the appropriate scale for a drawing sheet to cover
the necessary information. However, there are instances when one needs to look
deeper into a certain part or component of a building for the purpose of
examining it. This is when detail drawings come into play.
Details are drawings that provide large scale views of parts or components of a
building in order to examine and analyse intricate details and any complex
configuration. For example, let us assume that the width and thickness of the
stair tread and the measurement of the stair rise should be identified. To identify
them, look into the stair detail drawings.
Land boundaries and footprint of building
Blueprint or an architectural plan, is created by group of designers, architects,

engineers for ease in specifications of constructions. Applicable for
infrastructures like residential buildings, airports, highways, shopping malls etc., in
terms of method of installation techniques, building materials, dimensions.
Ample details are required for incorporating in blueprints. It is so large that

designers or architects tailors the information in accordance with standardized
abbreviations and symbols for ease in reading and understanding. For example,
architectural drawings include a legend, which have symbols. If the symbol is not
understandable then refer to the legend for its description. A floor plan
(highlighting the land boundaries) give additional context for building, for
instance, notes can clear details information regarding the measurement of
dimensions.
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Figure 11: Footprint of a building
Schematic drawings of wiring and pipe work
Installation of electric wirings constitute power system, electric circuits,

protective relay, wires, fixing elements etc. There are numerous techniques for
installation of electric wiring in construction however; standards need to
maintain in complying with health and safety requirements at construction place.
Electrical hazards are most dangerous and mostly cause immediately major
hazards like fatality.
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Figure 12: Schematic layout of wiring
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Figure 13: Schematic layout of pipework
A process flow diagram (PFD) is a schematic layout describing the process of

transferring material by pipe. A PFD states the materials being conveyed through
piping along with their flow rate, number of pumps required as well as
temperature and pressure details.
Figure 14: Symbolic representation of architectural, electrical and plumbing works
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Ceiling heights and variations
Ceiling height is the clear distance between the top of any floor to the bottom
roof or slab. The standard ceiling height for most houses in Australia is 2.4m.
However, you can pay extra for it to be higher at 2.55m, 2.7m or 3m when
building.
Figure 15: Ceiling height variations
The dimensions shown on drawings for internal walls always refer to the dimensions of
structure. Structure means masonry and timber framing and does not include
finishes such as plasterboard, render and skirtings. The internal room sizes will
be different when thicknesses of internal finish materials taken into account.
Ceiling height dimensions are said to be defective if they do not comply with the
requirements of the BCA. Within the first 12 months from completion of the
work, ceiling height dimensions are defective if the variations in ceiling height
does not comply with the contract and such deviation adversely affects the safe
use of the building.
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Doors and walls
Architectural drawings highlights information about the building specifications

like location of doors, walls, ceiling heights, electrical wirings etc. Moreover, they
have a legend, which clearly highlight the symbols and their purpose.
Wall penetrations
Drawings show that internal walls have a plaster finish, but specification tells the
plasterer how to – ‘bring walls to a reasonable flat surface by the application of a
cement render float coat while the plaster is setting’. Moreover, constructions
shall be immune to all types of penetration within the service life of the structure.
Failure to prevent penetrations will hamper the working as well as aesthetics of a
building.
Light fittings and power supplies
An electrical plan consists of drawing of power supply wirings and light fittings
along with a legend for understanding the purpose of the part or object.
Figure 16: Light fittings and power supplies
Services
Every building and construction drawing must include services like water supply,
power; means of communication etc. For instance, in case of natural calamities
like earthquake, floods, hurricanes etc., occupants of that building should be able
to reach to a point of safety. Along with, secure communication with task
response force for emergency evacuation of the occupants.
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2.1.2 Types of construction plans
In a building project, there are different types of plans that serve different
purposes and contain specific technical details regarding the different areas of
construction. They can be used to visualise how the finished project will look like.
Refer to the table below for a summary of the different types of construction
plans and their corresponding descriptions and information provided.
Type of
Construction Description Information Provided
Plan
Architectural Drawings that can be used to Architectural floor plan

acquire details about the
architectural aspects of a Site plan
building and how architectural
Elevations
elements are integrated into the
building Section view
Perspective view
Detail views of
architectural elements
Schedule of windows and

doors
Structural Drawings that can be used to Structural floor

acquire information about the
structural aspects of the plan
building, such as specifications
Foundation plan
of load- carrying members,
dimensions of structural Elevations
components, and others. While
architectural plans are Section
concerned with information
regarding the aesthetic, function, view
and general feel of the building,
structural plans are concerned Detail views
with elements that make the
Connection details
building strong and stable
against expected external Schedule of materials
forces. (e.g. beams, footing, etc.)
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Mechanical Drawings that contain the Size, and layout of
specifications related to type,
mechanical equipment and ducting
processes, such as heating,
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cooling, ventilation, and HVAC layout

transportation. Examples of
mechanical equipment include Thermostat type and
air-conditioning units, ventilators, location
lifts, escalators, and heaters
Heat-loss and heat-gain
calculations
Electrical Drawings that can be used to Wiring layout for

acquire information about
building elements related to power Wiring layout
electrical systems or circuits,
for lighting
such as power, lighting, and
communication Location of panels and
switches
Schedule of loads
Plumbing Also known as, plumbing and Sizes of water supply
and draining drainage plans, these drawings
provide visual representations of pipes Pump capacity
elements related to plumbing
Quantity of pumps
systems. These plans serve as a
guide in the installation of water
Layout of piping for
supply and drainage
potable and non-potable
components such as pipes,
water
fixtures, valves, sanitary ware, etc.
Manhole schedule
Septic tank layout
Location of sanitary fixtures
Slope of drainage pipes
While the types of construction plans consist of the key features discussed in the
previous section, they are also composed of the different types of construction
plan drawings.
Refer to the table below for the types of construction plan drawings and their
respective description.
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Types of Description Use

construction
plan drawings
Presentation drawings include Presentation drawings are use

tones and/or hatches to represent to explain a scheme and to
different materials. They are highlight its features. They are
Presentation
diagrams and not intended to use to describe the design
drawings
appear realistic. Basic presentation and are generally shown to
drawings typically include people, clients during the design
vehicles, and trees. process.
Isometric An isometric drawing is a type of Isometric drawings are used

drawings three-dimensional (3D) drawing to provide a 3D
that is set out using 30-degree representation of an object,
angles. In an isometric drawing, building, or design on a 2D
the foreshortening of the axes is surface.
equal. Therefore, the final image
produced is not distorted.
Orthographic Orthographic is two-dimensional Orthographic drawings are

drawings (2D) drawings. In each of these used to show an object from
drawings, the object (e.g. house) every angle to help the
is
viewed along parallel lines that are builders/contractors plan the
perpendicular to the plane of the construction.
drawing (e.g. top view, front view,
and side view).
Perspective Perspective drawings are an Perspective drawing is used to

drawings approximate representation of a depict spatial depth or
flat surface of an object (e.g. a perspective and to
house or a building) as perceived accurately depict a 3D object
by the eye. onto a 2D plane.
2.1.3 Identify and select relevant information
As construction personnel tasked with communicating ideas to clients, ensure to

properly identify and select relevant information from construction plans that
need to be captured and relayed to clients and other parties.
In identifying and selecting relevant information from construction plans required

for sketching or drawing, there are three basic steps:
1. Identify and refer to the correct type of plan.
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2. Read the details of the plan at hand.
3. Select the specific information that is required.
To illustrate this further, refer to the different sample situations below.
Situation 1
The client intends to see all the spaces or rooms in the building, including their
corresponding positions and dimensions.
What can be done?
Identify the correct type of plan, which provides information regarding building
spaces and their corresponding positions and dimensions, which in this case is
the architectural plan. Refer to the details in the architectural plan and select the
floor plan. By selecting the floor plan, one can now see and obtain the necessary
information regarding the building spaces and their positions and dimensions.
Situation 2
The client intends to visualise how the building looks like at the front, sides, and
rear. What can be done?
Identify the correct type of plan, which in this case, is the architectural plan. Refer
to the details in the architectural plan and select the elevations view. Now,
through the elevations view, the front, sides, and rear view of the building can
be seen.
Situation 3
The client intends to visualise the position of the building with respect to other
structures or elements that can be found in the property or block.
What can be done?
Identify the correct type of plan, which in this case, is the site plan. Refer to the
details in the site plan and select the drawings which show the outline of the
perimeter of the building. Based on that outline, the building position and
orientation, as well as the location of other site elements such as trees, fences,
shrubs, etc can be seen.
2.2 Confirm compliance of information present in construction

plan
It is essential to confirm that the construction plan complies with build and
construction regulations, standards, and codes. While the next section defines
the meaning of regulation, codes, and standards, the following sentence
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discusses a
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brief overview of the difference between them. Regulations set out the specific
requirements of a particular act, while codes of practice and standards provide
practical information on how to meet these requirements. Failure can cause
delays to the project, safety issues, possible fines and the possibility of the
construction plans rejected by the building authorities.
2.2.1 State or Territory Legislation
It is essential to understand the difference between acts and regulations, defined as:
Figure 17: Definition of an Act and a Regulation
Depending on the state/territory in which the project is being undertaken and

the classification of the building, there are different acts and regulations that
must be followed during the construction phase. In the table below, some of the
acts and regulations in each state/territory relevant to different building
classifications are seen.
Regulations Regulations
Act (Class 2, 3, Act (Class 5, 6,
State/Territory (Class 2, 3, and (Class 5, 6,
and 9) 7, and 8)
9) 7,
and 8)
Building Building
Australian
Building (General) Building (General)
Capital
Act Regulation Act Regulation
Territory
2004 2008 2004 2008
Building Boarding Private Health

Private Health
New South Products Houses Facilities
Facilities Act
Wales (Safety) Regulation Regulation
2007
Act 2017 2013 2017
Building Building
Northern Building Building
Territory Act Act
1993 1993
1993 1993
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Building Building
Building Building
Queensland Regulation Regulation
Act Act
2006 2006
1975 1975
Supported
Supported
Residential Health Care
Residential Health
South Australia Facilities Regulations
Facilities Act Care Act
Regulations 2008
1992 2008
2009
Building Building
Building Building
Tasmania Regulations Regulations
Act Act
2016 2016
2016 2016
Residential
Tenancies
Public Health
Residential (Rooming Public Health
and Wellbeing
Victoria Tenancies Act House and
Regulations
1997 Standards) Wellbeing Act
2019
Regulations 2008
2012
Health Health
Private
(Construction (Aquatic
Western Housing Act Hospitals and
Work) Facilities)
Australia 1980 Health
Services Act
1973 2007
1927
Environmental Requirements
Construction methods that neglect to control pollution can cause lasting and
permanent damage to land, groundwater, and their surrounding environment.
The environmental risk is greater in construction projects that take place near
creeks, waterways, and coastal areas.
Construction in metropolitan and built-up areas can lead to air and noise pollution
in surrounding communities and neighbourhoods. To address these, building and
construction projects must follow the environmental requirements to address
construction-related issues and problems.
Refer to the table below for the environmental acts for each state/territory.
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State/Territory Environmental Acts
Environment Protection Act 1997

Australian Capital
Territory
Water Resources Act 2007
Contaminated Land Management Act 1997
Dangerous Goods (Road and Rail Transport) Act 2008
Environmentally Hazardous Chemicals Act 1985
Forestry Act 2012
National Environment Protection Council (New South Wales)

Act 1995
Ozone Protection Act 1989

New South Wales
Pesticides Act 1999
Protection of the Environment Administration Act 1991
Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997
Radiation Control Act 1990
Recreation Vehicles Act 1983
Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Act 2001
Environment Protection (Beverage Containers and Plastic

Bags) Act 2011
Northern Territory Environment Protection Authority Act 2012
Waste Management and Pollution Control Act 1998

Northern Territory
Environmental Offences and Penalties Act 1996
Litter Act 1972
Marine Pollution Act 1999
National Environment Protection Council (Northern Territory)

Act 1994
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Nuclear Waste Transport, Storage and Disposal

(Prohibition) Act 2004
Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards (National Uniform

Legislation) Act 2014
Water Act 1992
Bio discovery Act 2004
Cape York Peninsula Heritage Act 2007
Coastal Protection and Management Act
1995 Environmental Offsets Act 2014
Environmental Protection Act 1994
Fisheries Act 1994
Forestry Act 1959
Lake Eyre Basin Agreement Act 2001
Marine Parks Act 2004
National Environment Protection Council (Queensland) Act

Queensland 1994
Nature Conservation Act 1992
North Stradbroke Island Protection and Sustainability Act

2011
Queensland Heritage Act 1992
Recreation Areas Management Act
2006
Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project

Agreement Act 1998
Waste Reduction and Recycling Act 2011
Water Act 2000
Wet Tropics World Heritage Protection and Management

Act 1993
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Aquaculture Act 2001
Radiation Protection and Control Act 1982

South Australia
Wingfield Waste Depot Closure Act 1999
Local Nuisance and Litter Control Act 2016
Planning, Development and Infrastructure Act 2016
Environmental Management and Pollution Control Act 1994
Litter Act 2007
Pollution of Waters by Oil and Noxious Substances Act 1987
Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards Act 2013

Tasmania
National Environment Protection Council (Tasmania) Act
1995
Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993
State Policies and Projects Act 1993

Victoria
Pollution of Waters by Oil and Noxious Substances Act 1986
National Environment Protection Council (Victoria) Act 1995
Carbon Rights Act 2003
Contaminated Sites Act 2003
Environmental Protection Act 1986
Environmental Protection (Landfill) Levy Act

Western Australia
1998 Litter Act 1979
National Environment Protection Council (Western Australia)

Act 1996
Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Act 2007
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Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Levy Act 2007
Each state and territory is governed and regulated by an environmental

regulatory authority with enforcement powers to impose sanctions, issue fines,
and cancel licences. The Environment Protection Authority is the regulatory
authority in every state and territory except for Queensland, where it is the
Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, as well as in Western
Australia, where it is the Environmental Protection Authority and the Department
of Water and Environmental Regulation.
Workplace Safety
The building and construction industry is associated with high-risk work, hazards,
and injuries. It is essential for contractors, builders, and all personnel on
construction sites to adhere to workplace health and safety requirements and
legislation. Workplace Health and Safety covers regulations about on-site and
workplace health, safety, and welfare. It covers all workers, including:
Employees
Contractors and subcontractors
Outworkers
Apprentices and trainees
Work experience students and volunteers
Volunteers
Employers who perform work
The WHS legislation per state/territory and its corresponding regulator shown below.
State/Territory WHS Legislation WHS Regulator
Australian Capital Work Health and Safety Act

Worksafe ACT
Territory 2011
Work Health and Safety Act

New South Wales Safe Work NSW
2011
Work Health and Safety

Northern Territory (National Uniform Legislation) NT Worksafe
Act 2011
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Work Health and Safety Act Workplace Health and

Queensland
2011 Safety Queensland

South Australia Safe Work SA
2012

Tasmania Worksafe Tasmania
2012
Occupational Health and

Victoria Worksafe Victoria
Safety Act 2004
Occupational Safety and

Western Australia Worksafe WA
Health Act 1984
Each state/territory also has its own Construction Code of Practice. A Code of
Practice provides practical guidance to principal contractors and other persons
conducting building work on how to meet the WHS legislation and requirements.
The following table shows the relevant codes per state/territory with the links to
their websites.
State/Territory Construction Code of Practice
Australian Capital Territory ACT Construction Work Code of Practice
New South Wales NSW Code of Practice Construction Work
Northern Territory NT Construction Work Code of Practice
Queensland Qld Codes of Practice
South Australia SA Codes of Practice
Tasmania Tasmania Construction work: Code of Practice
Victoria Vic Compliance Codes and Codes of Practice
Western Australia WA Codes of practice
2.2.2 WHS requirements
2.2.2.1 Detailing installation of scaffolding
A scaffold is a temporary structure erected to support access or working platforms.
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drawings
Scaffolds commonly used in construction work so workers have a safe, stable

work platform when work cannot done at ground level or on a finished floor.
Scaffolding in this Guide means the individual components, for example tubes,
couplers or frames and materials that when assembled form a scaffold.
Scaffolding classified as plant under Work Health and Safety (WHS) Act.
Scaffolding work is erecting, altering or dismantling a temporary structure erected

to support a platform and from which a person or object could fall more than 4
metres from the platform or the structure. A person holding the appropriate class of
high-risk work licence must undertake scaffolding work. This definition applies
whenever the term ‘scaffolding work’ used in this guide.
Erecting, dismantling, modifying a scaffold
The sequence of work must be planned and followed for each type of scaffold to
be constructed. The sequence of work should include consideration of the
following unless an alternative process has been developed that provides an
equivalent or higher level of work health and safety. Prior to erect or install a
scaffold, proper base protection has to be provided. Erect a scaffold by
appropriate techniques and use appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPEs).
Figure 18: Placing sole-boards and baseplates
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drawings
Figure 19: Erecting a scaffold
2.2.2.2 Detailing power supplies
All electrical wiring systems selected, installed according to the standards and as
per the requirements of power supply. Proper planning and detailing is necessary
along with utmost care when laying power cables. Any loose electrical
connections can lead to short-circuits and electrocution to the people in contact
with electric field.
Figure 20: Details of power supply
2.2.2.3 Details of all services
All construction sites contain a list of services it is providing and it serves as a

reference document in case of emergencies. Types of services include the following:
Emergency services – Safe exit, first aid, ambulance.

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Health services – Insuring workers, medical infrastructure.
Training services – Internship, work-induction, special training.
Financial services – Bonus, stipends, pension etc.
Social and cultural services – Involve every employee for community services.
For instance, corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives help in creating
awareness among local community by engaging them on a contract basis.
2.2.2.4 Understanding hazards located in the area
Hazards are inevitable but predicted and prevented by following appropriate risk
management methods. Following are few major hazards associated with
construction industry include the following:
Hazard Description
Working at height Unstable working surfaces, and

particularly those off the ground,
can be commonplace on
construction sites. Add to this the
multiple risks from restricted mobility
and accessibility in high up places,
plus the chance of human error,
misuse or failure of safety
equipment
Collapse Construction involves buildings going

up and coming down, as well as
excavations and the building of
trenches. At any given time,
collapses could occur in excavations,
trenches, scaffolding, and walls,
through undermining, dangerous
structures and accidental collapse as
structures installed, erected or
demolished.
Moving vehicles and objects Every construction activity include

movements of materials, vehicle,
tools and equipment highlight busy
nature of construction site. Risk from
cranes, forklifts, volume of traffic etc.,
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form a part of working site. On top of
these factors, it is also significant
that movement usually occurs within
sites, which are uneven and difficult
to manoeuvre around.
Electricity Electrical hazards include shocks

and arc flashes or blasts, are
hazardous for every individual when
present in close proximity to the
source of hazard. Other hazards of
electricity include disorganised
working practices like undertaking
an electrical work in wet conditions
or using non-professionals to
complete electrical work.
Manual handling Many construction site activities
involve manual handling, a hazard
that puts workers at risk of
musculoskeletal disorders. These
activities result in vibration
syndrome of arm, back injury
commonly result from frequent use
of vibrating power tools and ground
working equipment.
Hazardous materials Every construction activities involve

usage of numerous tools and
materials, which are potentially
hazardous if adequate and proper
PPEs are not wear and used.
Harmful materials at construction
include:
Asbestos
Dynamites
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Synthetic minerals fibre
Copper-Chromium-Arsenate
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Lead based paints
Slips, trips, and falls Hazards affecting physical balance

of workers can be due to slips, trips
and falls. Construction sites involve
uneven and unstable terrain causing
many accidents. A good risk
management can prevent these
accidents.
Noise All construction sites is busy and

noisy. Loud sounds are hazardous
for all human beings when exposed.
Sounds from drilling operations,
compressors can cause hearing
impartment. Construction site noise
can also present a distraction, and
may result in accidents.
2.2.2.5 Use of personal protective equipment
A Personal protective equipment (PPE) is protective clothing worn to minimizing

or preventing exposure to hazards leading to accident, illness, and fatality.
Substances involving chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or
other hazards can cause injuries. However, PPEs be judiciously selected based
on correct fittings, application, physical conditions etc. In addition to this, use of
PPEs must comply with rules, regulations and legislations.
Few important PPEs and their associated functions are given:
Personal protective
Purpose
equipment (PPE)
Head protection A hard hat protecting the head from impact with a
variety of features. The outer cover deflects and resists
blows, and internal shell like suspension structure
expands to absorb and distribute the impact shock.
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drawings
Safety goggles Whether operating power tools or trimming with tile

nippers, worker must wear safety glasses or goggles to
protect the eyes from chips, splinters, and other flying
debris.
Sunshade protection Protects its user from harmful UV rays of the sun.
Face or eyes protection Protects the face from physical, electrical, chemical,
biological and wind hazards.
Hearing protection When worn properly, hearing devices reduces the noise
sensitivity and risk of hearing impartment.
Dust masks For protection against toxic, non-toxic, dusts, and

human comfort a flexible dust mask placed over the
nose and mouth by elastic or rubber bands.
Respirators These are apparatus worn over mouth, nose i.e., entire
face for preventing dust, harmful gases, air borne
diseases, smoke from being inhaled. For example,
working in confined spaces, concealed services,
directing visitors and public from dusty workplace.
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drawings
Safety hand gloves They are protective clothing made of leather/cloth for
hands. Sometimes, gloves has sheaths or openings for
each finger and thumb, but this does not guarantee
protection for each finger. However, they may
guarantee for protection from electrocution when
working for concealed sources.
Safety boots A steel-toe boot is a tough boot or shoe with a

reinforced toe for protecting the foot from falling
objects causing compression on toes. This PPE save
worker from lightening or electrocution from the ground.
Knee pads Although not strictly safety equipment but, kneepads

are necessary for reducing risk of knee injuries or
problems. Choose a single or pair of kneepads to wear,
test several times before purchase.
2.2.2.6 Workplace processes, safety and environmental requirements
Workplace processes
The standard process that should be followed in the construction workplace, to

ensure quality and safety are called workplace processes.
For instance, if the foundation of building not constructed properly it may

hamper the entire building being constructed. Therefore, all workplace processes
shall be synchronized and appropriate measures taken for all the activities
especially when operating at the same time.
Workplace safety
The process of minimising the occurrence of accidents and uneventful incidents

in the workplace is called workplace safety. Signs are most important to convey
a message universally, despite of language as the barrier. For example, during
the construction of infrastructure there are maximum chances of uncertainties
leading to hazards. Accidents due to slips, falls at workplace due to poor
management include, injuries such as sprains, muscle tears, bruises, back and
neck injuries, concussions, and broken fingers, bones. Not only health but also,
time is lost due to these injuries, which could have not occurred at the first place
if proper WHS requirements at workplace followed. Failure to abide the safety
norms will attract
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hefty fines and litigation if some individual, material, or machinery is damage.

Therefore, it is very essential for industrial, residential, commercial spaces to have
all the signs and barricades to protect its customers and citizens from injury or
accident. Various categories of sign that Australian Standards have developed
and their intended purpose are as follows:
Prohibition signs - indicate an action, behaviour not permitted.
Mandatory signs - provide specific instructions that needs to be carry out.
Danger signs - communicate a hazard, condition or situation likely to be life

threatening.
Fire safety signs –advises the location of fire alarms and fire fighting equipment.
Warning signs - Warning signs warn of hazards or conditions and designates

a particular area that use to store hazardous material.
Emergency signs - Emergency signs indicate the location of, or directions to

emergency facilities (Exits, First Aid, Safety Equipment, etc.)
General information signs - communicate information of a general nature and

often refer to housekeeping, company practices and logistics
Signs Examples
Emergency signs
Mandatory signs
Danger signs
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drawings
Fire safety signs
Warning signs
Prohibition signs
General information signs
Environmental requirements
The environmental issues that need to be assess and controlled during

construction of infrastructure include the following.
Clean-up management – Do not leave any solvent-based clean-up rags, trash or

chips of tiles in work area. Dispose all unnecessary items in an eco-friendly
manner. Use doormats to keep abrasive dirt and sand off the tiles, and vacuum
before cleaning them. Employ non-abrasive and soap less cleaners for example,
Vinegar and warm water is a proven and cost-saving way to maintain tiles. For
hard stain, spots use a paste of bicarbonate of soda and water.
Dust and noise – Minimise the dust by wetting the surfaces and minimise the
noise by soundproofing the workplace. Do not involve people during cutting or
drilling of tiles keep them away from noisy areas.
Vibration – Vibrations transmitted during tile cutting and drilling operation

affect the operator’s health especially nervous system depending on the
frequency and magnitude of the vibration. Therefore, use only a well balance,
less weight, and capable of being held in either hands.
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drawings
Waste management - Place all waste material in designated bins, if possible,

recycle the waste. Dispose non-recyclable waste in accordance with
legislative requirements.
2.2.3 The National Construction Code (NCC)
NCC refers to National Construction Code. The Australian Building Codes Board
(ABCB) produced and maintained the NCC on behalf of the Commonwealth,
State and Territory Governments. The drawings and sketches should be
developed after understanding the minimum mandatory requirements for safety,
health, amenity, and sustainability. This makes sure that the building to be
constructed is compliant with NCC requirements right from the design stage.
Building work defined broadly in the NCC and includes following activities:
Construction
Alteration
Extension
Restoration
Repair
Demolition
Dismantling
Installation of fittings such as heating, lighting, sanitation, ventilation, power

supply, drainage, etc.
Any operation to prepare for or finish the activities mentioned above,

including site clearance, laying of foundations, provision of access works, etc.
The NCC incorporates all building work requirements into a single code
containing three volumes. The Building Code of Australia (BCA) is divided into
Volumes One and Two, and the Plumbing Code of Australia (PCA) is Volume Three.
The Volumes of the NCC covers different building classifications:
Volume One of the NCC covers the technical design and construction
requirements for all Class 2 to Class 9 buildings (multi-residential, commercial,
industrial, and public assembly buildings) and all their associated structures.
Volume Two of the NCC covers the technical design and construction
requirements for certain residential and non-habitable buildings and structures,
specifically Class 1 and Class 10 buildings. Volume 2 of the NCC contains further
information on the performance requirements that builders are expected to
adhere to during the building process.
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drawings
Volume Three of the NCC (Plumbing Code of Australia) pertains to plumbing and
drainage system of all building classifications.
All aspects of the building, including structural details, must comply with the
NCC requirements, which are:
General Requirements
They contain the rules and instructions for using and complying with the NCC.
They serve as a guide in understanding how the technical requirements applied
to any particular situation. The Governing Requirements are outlined in Section A
of Volume One, Section 1 of Volume Two and Section A of Volume Three. These
provide the rules and instructions for using and complying with the NCC, including
the following:
Interpretation of the NCC
Referenced documents such as Australian Standards
Acceptance of design and construction (such as evidence of suitability and

other related documentation)
Classification of buildings
Performance requirements
These are requirements that state the minimum level of performance for buildings,
as well as plumbing and drainage installations. These requirements can be
achieve through compliance options, such as performance solutions, deemed-to-
satisfy solutions, or a combination of both. The NCC classifies buildings based on
the nature, use and arrangement of buildings. These are define as follows:
Figure 21: Nature, use and arrangement of buildings
The NCC legally applies in all the respective state/territory legislation. Any NCC
provision may be overridden by or subject to the legislation of the state or
territory. As such, they must always be read in conjunction with each other. The
preparation of building drawings and sketches is part of the planning of the
building/structure that will be constructed. As the NCC sets out the technical
provisions for design, construction, and performance of buildings and plumbing
and drainage systems, these requirements must be reflected in the building
drawing and sketches (during the planning stage), i.e. drawings and sketches at
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this stage must show that the
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design, materials, or construction meets the relevant Performance Requirement

or Deemed-to-Satisfy (DTS) Provision.
2.2.4 Building and construction standards
Complying with standards is one way to achieve compliance with government

minimum requirements set out in the NCC. In addition, standards serve as
concrete examples of best practices that can then be used to model what needs
to be done in a building and construction project. They serve as thresholds that
the project must meet not only to achieve safety but also to achieve
sustainability and proper functionality. These standards are going to be used to
assess the completed building as well, so referring to them during the
construction phase means greater chances of passing these assessments. As
construction personnel tasked with preparing simple building sketches and
drawings, it is important to know and understand the following standards:
AS 1100.101-1992 – Technical drawing, Part 101: General principles
This standard covers the basic principles of technical drawing practices.
It covers basic use of abbreviations, materials, sizes, and layout of drawing

sheets, requirements for distinct uniform letters, numerals, and symbols,
recommended scales, and their applications, etc. Additionally, it provides the
standards for technical drawings, diagrams, charts, and tables, as well as the
specifications to use for scaling, ratios, technical drawing principles and
conventions to assist architects, engineers and other building and construction
professionals in creating quality sketches and drawings.
AS ISO 128.20-2005 – Technical drawings - General principles of presentation, Part

20: Basic conventions for lines
This standard contains general rules for the presentation of lines in all kinds of
technical product documentation, including preparation of lines by CAD systems,
basic conventions, and applications for leader lines and reference lines, lines on
construction drawings, etc.
2.2.5 Confirm compliance of construction plan information
To confirm compliance of construction plan information with building and

construction regulations, standards, and codes:
1. Access and review the building and construction plans of the project being
undertaken.
2. Note down all building and construction requirements which are:
The building regulations applicable in the state/territory
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The Australian standards related to building and construction drawings
The requirements of the NCC, including requirements relating to:
Fire safety
Health and amenity
Safe movement and access
Energy efficiency
3. Assess the building and construction plans against the requirements

mentioned in Step 2. This can be done by checking/marking items that are
compliant with the requirements and noting down those items which are
non-compliant.
4. Provide supporting statements or explanations as to why the construction

plans comply or did not comply with the requirements indicated.
To illustrate the steps further, refer to the format below. One can use this type
of format or modify it as necessary. Note that the requirements stated on the
first columns of the tables are only a few of the applicable building and
construction requirements. In the workplace, first list down all requirements that
apply to the building and construction project being undertaken.
Building regulations
Construction plan complies

Building regulations
with these requirements
Smoke alarms  Yes  No
Plumbing and Drainage

 Yes  No
Regulations 2017
Building standards

Building standards
AS/NZS ISO 717 - Building acoustics  Yes  No
AS/NZS 1170 Part 0 - General principles of

 Yes  No
structural design
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NCC Requirements
Fire safety

Requirements
P2.3.1 Spread of fire  Yes  No
Part 3.7.1 Fire properties for materials and

 Yes  No
construction
Health and amenity
Construction plan complies with

Requirements
these requirements
Part 2.2.2 Weatherproofing  Yes  No
Part 2.4.1 Wet areas  Yes  No
Safe movement access
Construction plan complies with

Requirements
these requirements
Part 2.5.1 Movement to and

 Yes  No
within a building
Part 2.5.2 Fall prevention

 Yes  No
barriers of the NCC
Energy efficiency
Construction plan
Requirements Explanation
complies with these
requirements
Part 2.6.1 Building of the NCC  Yes  No
Part 2.6.2 Services  Yes  No
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2.3 Consider purpose and presentation of drawings and

sketches and the intended audience
Three essential considerations before making the sketches and drawings are
presented in this section. Refer to the figure below for these considerations.
2.3.1 Purpose of drawings and sketches
The purpose of drawings and sketches vary from project to project, and it highly
depends on the many building and construction factors such as the nature of the
project, the parties involved, etc.
Figure 22: Purpose, presentation of drawings
While considering the purpose of drawings and sketches, identify the importance
of having a particular building and construction component sketched and drawn.
In other words, establish the reasons why the selected building and construction
components need to be drawn. Below are some examples:
The building exterior needs to be drawn in order to give prospective clients

an idea of how the building façade is going to look like once the building is
finished.
The entire site property needs to be sketched in order for the property owner
to see the adjacent streets surrounding the property.
The details for the stairs need to be drawn in order for the structural engineer
to have an idea of the thickness of stringer beams intended by the architect.
Note that the examples above are not exhaustive. These serve only to guide the
purpose of making drawings and sketches.
2.3.2 Intended audience
While the previous section focused on the purpose of drawings and sketches, it
indirectly tackles the topic on the intended audience. Refer back to the three
examples in the previous section. One can see that a person/personnel is
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involved
46
drawings
when considering the purpose of drawings and sketches (refer to the text in bold):
The building exterior needs to be drawn in order to give prospective clients

an idea of how the building façade is going to look like once the building is
finished.
These persons/personnel involved are considered as the intended audience, as

they will be the one to receive the information that is contained in the drawings
and sketches that is being created. The list below identifies just a few of the
possible interested parties but is not exhaustive:
the local council
the client
builders and sub-contractors
roads and traffic authority
surveyors
engineers
supply authorities such as water, electrical, gas, sewerage, and drainage
landscapers
environmental agencies
tradespersons (e.g. carpenters, bricklayers, concreters, plasterers, electricians,

plumbers, painters etc.).
service installers (e.g. fire alarms, air conditioning, security etc.)
In summary, while considering the intended audience, ask questions such as:
Who is asking for the drawings and sketches?
Who needs to see the drawings and sketches?
2.3.3 Presentation of drawings and sketches
In this section we will learn how to present the drawings and sketches to the
intended audience. In considering the presentation, ask these questions:
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drawings
What is the most appropriate way to present the drawings and sketches in
order for the intended audience to properly understand the information?
Does the intended audience have a preferred mode of presentation?
Proper way of presentation
The building exterior needs to be drawn in order to give prospective clients an

idea of how the building façade is going to look like once the building is
finished.
Since the building façade is to be presented to the clients, it is more appropriate

to have a presentation that features rendered drawings and sketches of the
building exterior or any other method that yields a realistic view of the building
façade. It is not necessary to attach technical information to the drawings and
sketches since, in most cases; these cannot be understood by the prospective
clients and will occupy unnecessary drawing space, which will make the
presentation appear disorganised and untidy. Provide a brief walkthrough which
serves as supplementary information to the drawings and sketches.
The drawings and sketches related to the site property can be presented through
blueprints, wherein lines, symbols and abbreviations are utilised. This will allow
the property owner to get the information needed through the labels.
There are several approaches to this situation. One way is to present the detail
drawings through blueprints. This will allow the structural engineer to see all the
necessary details related to the thickness of stringer beams. Alternatively, present
the detail drawings through CAD formatting, which allows the structural engineer
to manipulate the view as necessary and easily incorporate revisions or
comments. In some cases, structural engineers and other specialist personnel
prefer this type of presentation.
2.4 Determine format of information and select and inspect

equipment for serviceability
Be more specific as to the format of the information that is being presented to

the intended audience. Additionally, inspect and ensure that the equipment used
for presentation is fully functional and operational to relay information.
2.4.1 Determine format of information
The topic of the presentation of drawings and sketches in Section 2.3.3 is somehow
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related to the discussion on the format of information. Format of information refers

to the method through which information is arranged or organised. In building
and construction projects, the typical format of information includes the following:
Hardcopy print (i.e. construction plans printed on paper)
Computer-aided design drawings (e.g. AutoCAD, Revit, SketchUp)
Building information modelling (BIM)
Hardcopy Prints
Hardcopy prints are traditional formats for presenting drawings and sketches.
These are also referred to as printouts as they exist as physical objects. Although
hardcopy prints are being replaced with softcopy or digital information formats,
they are still highly used, especially on construction sites where it is difficult or
impracticable to use equipment (i.e. computers) to access and read softcopy
formats. Hardcopy prints can be produced with the use of technical drawing by
hand or computer- aided design.
Computer-Aided Design Drawings (CAD)
CAD or computer-aided design drawings are drawings created and modified with
the use of computer software (e.g. AutoCAD, Revit, SketchUp). These drawings
may be two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) illustrations or models
created and used by engineers, architects, and construction managers to create,
modify, analyse or enhance precise drawings of the building and its components.
CAD drawings can be presented in either hardcopy prints or digital format
(e.g. .cad,
.pdf, etc.). Hardcopies of CAD drawings can be used for on-site jobs or tasks,
while digital CAD drawings are more convenient for office works since they do not
occupy additional storage space and can be easily sent, accessed, and modified
through a database or cloud storage. Accurate drawings with precise
measurements can be drawn with the help of these software. Hence, they are
preferred in a construction project. Additionally, digital drawings allow for more
precise viewing of construction components which is more convenient for use
than hardcopy prints.
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drawings
Figure 23: Computer aided design (CAD)
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drawings
Building Information Modelling (BIM)
Building Information Modelling (BIM) refers to a computer modelling process

designed for the building and construction industry to allow professionals to
collaborate during a building project's lifecycle. BIM is a process used by the
following types of building and construction professionals:
Engineers
Consultants
Clients
Architects
Surveyors
Contractors
Builders
Each professional will contribute to the process with their tools, plans, and
knowledge to coordinate the project and ensure its completion. BIM generally
includes a full 3D view or digital model of a building project. BIM is used across
the world for a wide range of commercial, residential, and civil construction
projects and is an effective way to solve problems and simulate the construction
process before commencement. This process allows professionals to identify issues
and solve them in the early stages of the construction project.
What makes it different from CAD is that BIM is used more for real-time
collaboration among different construction personnel. BIM allows construction
personnel from different areas of the construction (e.g. structural, architectural,
plumbing, etc.) to point out areas of conflict and any discrepancies present in
the model. Using the BIM model, they can easily brainstorm and make the
necessary changes to resolve identified conflicts before the construction of the
building project.
In determining the format of the information, ask the following questions:
What is the most appropriate format of information to be able to relay

information more effectively?
For example, if the drawings are presented to industry specialists (e.g. structural
engineers, consultants), it is more appropriate to use CAD format for the purpose
of allowing the specialist to quickly incorporate changes and comments into the
CAD drawing. However, if it is presented to builders and other site personnel, it is
better to present the drawings in hardcopy prints.
For clients, present the drawings in the form of PDF files or a video animation and
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incorporate additional information through presentation software such as Microsoft

PowerPoint, etc.
Do the organisation’s policies and procedures provide any statements regarding

the format of information to be used?
In some cases, organisation’s policies and procedures dictate the format of

information that will be used for presenting drawings and sketches.
The policies and procedures may state that for internal use, digital construction
blueprints must be strictly used in order to reduce costs and waste. Therefore, it
is best to take note of the organisation’s ‘Do’s and Don’ts’ in relation to the
format of information.
2.4.2 Select equipment
An essential part of determining the appropriate format of the information is the

selection of equipment. Simply, the format of information dictates the type of
equipment that will be used to create and present the drawings and sketches.
Therefore, in selecting equipment, one needs to ask, ‘what tools and equipment
are needed to produce the appropriate format of information required?’
Necessary tools and equipment selected include:
Figure 24: Technical drawing by hand
Tools used for technical drawing by hand
Technical drawing by hand, also known as manual drafting, is the practice of

creating drawings by hand. A low-cost but creative process allows a drafter or
draftsperson to create a technical drawing manually using manual drafting tools
and drawing boards. Although technical drawing by hand is not anymore as
practised as using advanced drawing software, it is still important, especially in
situations that require to quickly present preliminary ideas or incorporate ideas
into the drawing immediately during a brainstorming session. Necessary tools
and equipment for technical drawing by hand include, but are not limited to:
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drawings
Hand held tools for

Description
drawing
Specialised pencils
Acid free, water based pigment ink in the specialised

technical drawing pen is water resistant and fade proof.
The metal furrele is ideal for template and ruling work,
general writing and technical drawing.
Drawing board or flat

drafting table
Drafting table provide a comfortable workplace to view
plans for estimating, reviewing technical drawings.
By setting, the height and angle of the board as per the
convenience of the user and technical drawings made.
Drafting tape
These tapes are design to hold blueprints, tracings,

drawings to drawing/drafting board. They adhere and
remove with ease and without damaging the sheet or
paper.
Dividers
This is a proportional divider having adjustable points,

which is most versatile of modern aids for range of
applications. In addition, they can be used copying
drawings on a reduced or enlarged scale in dividing the
lines and circles into equal parts.
Protractors are used to measuring angles. They come in

Protractors varying materials but mostly in transparent shapes for
ease in measuring the angles.
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drawings
Rules
A ruler, sometimes called a rule or line gauge, is a

device used in geometry and technical drawing, as well
as the engineering and construction industries, to
measure distances or draw straight lines
Erasers
Eraser is made of rubber material for removing wrong

aspect of drawings by pencil, pen etc. However, a
modern eraser is usually mixture of fine rubber matrix
and other ingredients.
Vellum paper
Vellum is a unique type of paper used for arts and crafts.
Though it used to refer only to a type of paper made
from calfskin, modern vellum made from cotton and
wood pulp. It can be used to make greeting cards or
scrapbooking, as well as for tracing designs.
Sketch pads
Sketchpads are helpful for initiating basic or rough plan of

a building or structure. Moreover, it is handy or easy to
carry a sketchpad instead a laptop or a PC during the
stage of generating a broad idea/plan of construction.
A compass, more accurately known as a pair of

Compass sets compasses, is a technical drawing instrument used for
inscribing circles or arcs. Like dividers, it can be useful
tool
to step out distances, in particular, on maps. Compasses
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drawings
can be used to drafting, technical drawings, and
orthographic, isometric and perspective drawings.
Drafting scales
Drafting scales come in many forms like mechanical or civil

engineers scale, architects scale and metric scale.
A cutting mat protects the work surface so that it does

Cutting mat not receive any marks from the rotary cutter's blade. It
also prolongs the life of the blade by keeping it from
becoming dull. Many cutting mats also have grid lines or
rulers, which helps to measure as the layout is being cut.
For protecting work surface from receiving any marks or

dust from external sources, a cutting mat is very helpful.
Some cutting mats come in grid lines, that help in
measuring a cut
Tools and equipment Description

for using CAD
Computer A computer is an electronic device having multi-purposes

for instance creating a technical orthographic as well as
isometric CAD drawing. It is robust, accurate and fast on
comparison with conventional drawings.
CAD software In this modern era, drawing complex orthographic or

isometric drawings has become owing to the availability
of various computer-aided design (CAD) tools.
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drawings
Printers They provide a hardcopy of drawing or images by taking

the input in the form of soft copy or hardcopy.
Presentation software A presentation software helps in displaying or presenting

program a developed plan or technical drawing for suggestions or
approval by the board or higher management.
Tools and equipment Description

for using BIM
Computer A computer is a digital electronic machine programmed

for performing sequences of computations. For instance,
developing a building drawing for construction in a short
instant of time.
BIM software BIM software is 3D design and modelling software that

can help optimize the work of designing for architecture,
construction, plant, civil, and MEP projects. It does this by: ...
Managing the design and construction of piping,
structures, and processes. Improving predictability,
productivity, and profitability of workflows.
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drawings
Printer A printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output

from a computer and transfers the information to paper;
They are very useful for getting plan/detail drawing in
the form of hardcopy.
Tools and equipment for surveillance
Recording devices Description
Camera High clarity cameras during construction helps in

recording various activities as well as surveillance
to prevent any undesirable activities and pilferage.
Computer Computers or tables are now days widely used in

construction for confirming design and structures
constructed. They record and store building
designs for future purposes
Pen and paper Pen and paper based record management systems
is now a traditional method of storing construction
records and other documents. Now days this type
of technique is not recommended and replaced by
cloud-based recording and storing.
2.4.3 Inspect equipment for serviceability
Ensure to consider the serviceability of the tools and equipment that will be used.
Inspecting for serviceability means checking that the equipment or tool to make
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drawings
sure it fits the purpose and has no faults or issues. Apply the processes below in
inspecting the serviceability of equipment:
Check for faults or jams in manual tools, such as cracks, dents, chips, etc.
Check maintenance logs on equipment (e.g. computer, printers) to determine

the last time it was serviced.
Check if all software used is up to date.
Conduct a test or pre-start check on the tools or equipment. This simply

means having the tools or equipment go through a trial or test run to ensure
that they function as expected.
Document identified faults and issues.
For checking the equipment for faults and serviceability, follow the organisation's
processes for reporting faulty equipment. This may include filling out a form for
maintenance requests or replacement requests.
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drawings
3 Create simple sketches and drawings

Once the preparation stage is over, proceed with the creation of simple sketches
and drawings. As construction personnel, it is essential to create simple sketches
and drawings. This allows construction information to be read and interpreted
more clearly and conveniently for all involved personnel in the building and
construction project.
In creating simple sketches and drawings, one should establish measurements

and relevant information and details and transfer these elements into two-
dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) drawings. When creating these 2D
and 3D drawings, observe drawing conventions such as line types, scales, and
dimensions.
Figure 25: Simple sketches and drawings
To provide with a more detailed study, this chapter will thoroughly discuss creating
simple sketches and drawings, including:
Establishing and recording measurements, information and details required for

Transferring vital information into two-dimensional and three-dimensional

Creating sketches and drawings using standard drawing conventions to detail

vital information
Producing sectional drawings to clearly identify and label elements and

components
The terminologies associated with creating of drawings are:
Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) drawings
Line-types
Scales
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drawings
Dimensions
Sectional drawings
Workplace Processes
Take note that the drawings and sketches that will be created depend highly on
the work processes of the organisation. Some of these aspects include:
a) Types of plans based on organisation’s workplace produces
For example, in an architectural firm, the construction plans available are most
likely architectural plans and specifications. This means that the plans for other
areas of construction (e.g. structural, mechanical, plumbing) will be sourced
from other industry designers such as structural designers, plumbing engineers,
electrical engineers, etc.
b) Process for creating building construction plans
The process for creating building and construction plans highly affect the
currency of the plans. For example, when incorporating changes in the design,
check whether those changes are reflected in the plans. Ensure to be aware of
the process for doing any rectification works so as to account for any possible
delays.
c) Software used in creating building construction plans
Especially in the age of technology, there will be times paper blueprints will not
be preferred for a particular project. Instead, computers and drawing software’s
will be utilised in reading and interpreting plans. Some examples of construction
drawing software include AutoCAD, Revit, ArchiCAD, and Sketchup. The function
and interface vary, depending on the software used. Therefore, take note of
what software is being used in the workplace and get familiarised with the same.
Construction Methods
When referring to information from construction plans for the purpose of

creating simple sketches and drawings, several construction methods will be
encountered. Since methods of construction refer to the different construction
activities or jobs necessary for the completion of a building, these methods of
construction vary from project to project. Below are methods of construction
encountered when reading and interpreting plans:
Paintworks or coating works – refer to the application of paint or coating to

materials
Solid brick construction – refers to masonry construction that utilises layers,

referred to as wythes, of brick with header bricks to hold them together
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Brick veneer construction – refers to the method wherein either a wooden or

steel frame is concealed with a single layer of bricks as the exterior layer
Concrete works – refer to methods related to the construction of concrete

building elements (e.g. post-tensioning, concrete pouring, installation of
forms, etc.)
Steelworks or reinforcement works – refer to the methods related to the

construction of steel building elements (e.g. welding, tie-down installation,
rebar cutting, etc.)
Framing – refers to the methods of fitting together separate structural pieces

or components to give a structure support and shape
Tile/brick/block work – refers to the application of elements such as tiles,

bricks and other masonry units
Timber post and beam construction – refers to the method of using heavy
timbers instead of dimensional lumber. Connections in this method are made
usually with plates or bolts.
3.1 Establish and record measurements, information and details

required for drawing and sketches
It is important to establish and record measurements and other relevant

information required for drawing and sketches to ensure the accuracy of
information. The initial client brief will contain all the relevant information that is
required to make a drawing or sketch. Essential information includes, but is not
limited to, the following:
Dimensions of walls, windows, fixtures, and doors
Positions of doors, windows
Wall thickness
Room size and measurements
Elevation
Roof measurements, including sloping and dimensions
Floor surface
Section sizing
To record the measurements, information, and details discussed in the initial

client brief, use a meeting minutes template. The same can be utilised to
establishe the required measurements, information, and details.
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Apart from meeting minutes template the formal document or template used by
the organisation can also be used for recording purpose. Apart from the meeting
minutes during the client brief, ensure to refer to the construction plans and
record the necessary information that supplements the details during the initial
client brief. For example, during the initial client brief, the client requires the
following:
Structural component – Walls
Details of the wall bracing adjacent to ceiling joists
Plywood sheet bracing details
Non-structural component – Building exterior (front façade view)
Wall finishes
Height of building
Record and reflect the client requirements in the meeting minutes. Next, refer to
the construction plans and look for additional information that supplements that
has been noted down. Finally, note down the combined information using the
organisation’s formal document. The output would somehow look like the below:
Figure 26: Structural and non-structural components
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drawings
3.2 Transfer vital information into two-dimensional and three-

dimensional drawing and sketches
An important element to consider in transferring information into two-

dimensional and three-dimensional drawing and sketches are line types. If all lines
on a sketch or drawing use the same thickness, it would be hard to interpret
their function and what they refer to.
Line types further describe the relationships between space and the objects
represented, as well as hidden conditions. While there are conventions that serve
as a basis for the use of line types, take note that in some cases, the use of line
types may slightly vary from organisation to organisation. However, the
Australian and International Standards provide clear guidelines on how lines are
to be used on drawings.
Below are the usual line types one can encounter:
Solid lines – represent the outline of components such as furniture, windows,

door, and others that are visible or ‘real’
Dotted Lines – represent components that are ‘hidden’ from view. Hence
these are also called hidden lines
Solid lines with a shaded fill or hatch – represent walls and other components
wherein thickness is to be emphasised (usually used in floor plan)
Dashed lines – Dashed lines are used to indicate concealed lines and edges
Curved lines – represent the opening of doors (in a floor plan)
Another important element is the use of labels. Simply put, these are texts to
describe parts of the drawing and sketches. Remember that two-dimensional
drawings are also called orthographic drawings produced from projecting the
many sides of 3D objects. In contrast, 3D drawings are drawings that provide the
depth of the object and can be isometric, oblique or perspective views. To
illustrate this workplace task, the examples in the previous subchapter will be
used.
Structural Component
For wall bracings, specifically wall bracing adjacent to ceiling joists, use solid lines
to outline wall studs, ceiling joists, and the truss bottom. Project these
orthographically, although it is much better to use isometric projection since it
gives a better grasp of the details.
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drawings
Figure 27: Structural component
From the image above, it can be seen that labels are affixed in the drawing to
provide a textual description of important parts of the drawing, such as the
measurement for long blocks. Additionally, the label specifies the ceiling joist or
truss bottom chord's layout or position against the wall bracing top plate. For the
details regarding plywood sheet bracing, the output would look like something
below.
Figure 28: Details of plywood sheet bracing
In the image above, solid lines and dashed lines employed in this orthographic
drawing. Measurements for the nominal washer, sheet ply thickness, and spacing
of wall studs, all of which are required based on the initial client brief, specified
here and labelled accordingly.
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drawings
Non-Structural Component
Since the requirement is to see the front building façade, it is best to project the
building orthographically for a full front view. Use solid lines to outline the form of
the building and attach labels corresponding to the client requirements. Output
should look like the image below. As seen in the image below, elements such as
windows, doors, and others visible on the front façade can be seen. Additionally,
walls labelled according to the type of finish to be employed, as well as the
height of the building can be seen.
Figure 29: Front elevation of a building
3.3 Create sketches and drawings using standard drawing

conventions to detail vital information
To incorporate drawing conventions into 2D and 3D drawings, the following factors

are essential:
Scales
Dimensions
3.3.1 Scales
Scaling is a drawing method used to enlarge or reduce a drawing in size while

keeping the proportions of the drawing the same. These scale drawings can be
measure with a scale rule to determine their actual size. Scales are especially
significant in illustrating the drawing so that the details of the object captured
and ensuring that the object fits in the drawing sheet.
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drawings
When objects scaled up, one can see and examine the intricate details of a
component better. Refer to the table below for some examples of the ratio of
standard scale ranges and their corresponding description.
Ratio Description
For one unit of the drawing, the real size of the object is 100 times bigger;
1:100
Given the real size of the object, the drawing is 100 times smaller.
For one unit of the drawing, the real size of the object is two times
1:2 bigger;
Given the real size of the object, the drawing is two times smaller.
3.3.2 Dimensions
Dimensions are numerical values expressed in units of measurement, which are

important in defining the size and other measurements of an object, including
length, width, height, thickness. In construction drawings, the metric system is usually
used (unless otherwise indicated) since Australia uses the metric system. Thus, in
the plan it can be seen that, typically, the units metres (m) and millimetres
(mm) are used to define the dimensions.
However, there are cases when these units of measurement are not indicated in
the plans. Still, this should not be a cause for confusion since the presence of
decimal points or commas, or the numerical values themselves, imply what unit
of measurement (i.e. whether millimetre or metre) is being used. Dimensions
and dimension lines play a crucial role in technical drawings by highlighting the
measurements of the object. Dimension and dimension lines are drawn with a
specific notation for ease in understanding even complex drawings.
Below are ways of how dimensions displayed in construction drawings:
Using decimal points. In some cases, decimal points may be used in

displaying the dimensions of certain objects. Values may be rounded off to
either two or three decimal places. (e.g. 2500.00 or 2500.000)
Using comma or space as a thousand separator (e.g. 2 500 or 2,500).

However, one may opt not to use this, as there are many cases wherein
values are displayed without a comma or space.
Using dimension terminators such as dots, arrowheads, or slash to indicate

which point the measurement starts or ends.
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In some cases, building components are not drawn with dimension lines and
terminators but are displayed in the ‘length x width x height’ format. For
example, one unit of CHB may be displayed as 230 x 110 x 76.
3.3.3 Use scales and dimensions to detail vital information
With the knowledge gained from the previous sections regarding scales and
dimensions, one can now apply them to detail vital information in the 2D and 3D
drawings that are created.
Structural component
On examining the drawing output in the previous subchapter closely, it can be

seen that the drawing conventions of scale and dimensions are already
incorporated. The drawing is created with a scale of 1:25 (refer to the red box).
Remember that the appropriate scale depends on the level of detail that the
drawing needs to have. Therefore, one enlarge the drawing using a scale that
magnifies the drawing better, say 1:10, when necessary. However, take note
that a larger scale takes up more drawing space. Dimensions, on the other hand,
are displayed in the format ‘length x width x height’ (refer to green boxes). This
type of formatting is applicable when the space needs to be saved or when the
object can be described sufficiently using the format. However, there are those
that require the use of dimensions lines.
Figure 30: Scales and dimensions for a structural joint
On the plywood wall bracing drawing below, it can be seen that that the scale
employed is 1:40 (refer to the red box). For this drawing, some dimensions are
incorporated in the labels (green boxes), similar to the drawing above, and
others use dimension lines and terminators.
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drawings
Figure 31: Plywood sheet bracing detail-using Method-A
Non-structural component
Based on the drawing of the front building façade below, it can be seen that the
drawing is scaled 1:100 (refer to the red box). Additionally, the dimension of the
height of the building from ground floor level to roof level parapet (refer to the
green box) can also be inferred. The dimensioning for this drawing involves the
use of dimension lines and terminators (i.e. slash).
Figure 32: Front elevation of a non-structural joint
To summarise, incorporate scales and dimensions to further detail the drawings.

Make sure those labels for scales and dimensions written clearly without any lines
or drawing elements distorting the scale and dimension labels.
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3.4 Produce sectional drawings to clearly identify and label

elements and components
As discussed previously in Section 2.1.1, sections are views showing how a

structure looks with respect to an imaginary vertical plane that cuts through it.
This imaginary cutting plane allows one to see through the interior of the
structure, which is otherwise concealed by the exterior walls. In simpler terms, it
illustrates the ‘sliced’ view of the building or building component. Details
obtained from section views include but are not limited to the following:
Variations in the elevations of a single floor level
Floor-to-ceiling height
Building height
Roof height
Dimensions of doors, windows, and other openings
Dimensions of fixtures, furniture, and equipment
Figure 33: Identifying sectional drawings
Figure 34: Identifying sectional drawings
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drawings
To produce sectional drawings, adhere to the following guidelines:
Use hidden lines (characterised by dashes and short, broken lines) to convey
hidden edges and surfaces. These can also be used as dimension terminators,
if applicable.
Label each part of the section clearly.
Use the standard conventions for shading/hatching to represent the type of

material required in the sectional drawing.
To create the sectional view, use the building front view — the main drawing
produced in the previous section — as the reference. After this make a vertical
‘slice’ on the portion of the building whose elements and components need to be
identified and labelled. Use thick solid lines to outline elements and components
(e.g., floors, walls, etc.) that are included in the vertical slice. The walls and floor
of the different spaces or rooms in the building are outline with solid lines and
hatched or filled appropriately (refer to the scaled-up image below).
Figure 35: Scaled-up view of wall and floor
The legend below further explains the image:
Red circles – this type of fill or hatch indicates soil
Blue circles – this type of fill or hatch indicates floors made of concrete
Green circle – this type of fill or hatch indicates posts or columns
After outlining all ‘sliced’ elements and components with solid lines, outline the
elements and components that are not directly ‘sliced’ (i.e. elements behind the
‘sliced’ portion) with lighter solid lines. In the section view drawing discussed
earlier, some elements and components (e.g. ser, rails, the car in the parking
area and the photo-voltaic panels and wind turbines on the roof level) are all
outlined with lighter solid lines to indicate that these are found behind the
vertical slice. Next, label the building spaces or rooms appropriately. Labels to
indicate the space function such as guest suite, private outdoor living, parking,
basement parking, etc., attached. Make sure that the labels formatted in a
manner that they can be read easily and
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clearly (i.e. no obstructions). Lastly, attach the necessary dimensions. As in the

section view drawing discussed earlier, the measurements of the floor elevations
are attached on the left side. Opt to place it on the right side, as long as the text
and values can be read easily and clearly. Additionally, use dashed lines (as in
the section view drawing) to indicate the start and end of a particular
measurement (e.g. use dashed lines to indicate where the ground floor starts and
ends).
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4 Notate and process drawings

In this chapter, we will discuss about adding relevant information to the
drawings and sketches, which include dimension lines, symbols, abbreviations,
title block and all elements related to the drawing sheet layout. As construction
personnel, ensure to apply essential information and process properly the
drawings and sketches created. Note that a drawing without the necessary
notations and information can cause a lot of issues down the track for builders
who wish to apply for permits. While symbols and abbreviations may vary slightly
from one region to another, builders can refer to the Australian Standards for
information on conventional symbols and the process for notation. Where
applicable, builders can use their own abbreviations and symbols and include an
explanation to the stakeholders to ensure they are aware of their definitions. To
provide a more detailed study, this chapter will thoroughly discuss notating and
processing drawings, including:
Applying essential information to the drawing using dimension lines, symbols

and abbreviations following standard drawing conventions
Including drawing and job title, date, scale and sheet number in the title block
Producing completed drawings in an appropriate form for presentation
Figure 36: Drawings and sketches
The terminologies essential to understand about notations are:
Dimension Lines
Symbols
Abbreviations
Sheet layout
Title block
Job title
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drawings
Date
Scale
Sheet number
4.1 Apply essential information to drawings and follow standard

drawing conventions
In this subchapter, we will see how to apply the drawing conventions of

dimension lines, symbols, and abbreviations to the drawings produced in the
previous chapter. The three elements mentioned are necessary since they further
detail the drawings, making it easier for the intended audience to read and
interpret them.
4.1.1 Dimension lines

Dimension lines indicate the main object's measurements and are often
characterised by light, fine solid lines with terminators on each end, which can
be arrows, slash, thick dots, etc. Refer to the image below for examples of
dimension lines.
Figure 37: Dimension lines
It is significant to take note that dimensions and dimension lines go together to

provide further detail for the elements and components included in the drawing.
The image attached in the next page (Figure 38) shows the plywood sheet
bracing detail in Section 2.3.3 but attached with the necessary dimension lines.
As seen in the drawing, dimension lines used to indicate the spacing of flat-head
nails screwed to the plywood wall brace. For dimension lines employed, arrows
used as the dimension terminators, and the dimension values are mostly placed
at the left side of the dimension lines. In applying dimension lines to the
drawings, ensure that dimension lines cover the full extent of the element or
component that is being measured. Use the same rule of using arrowheads as
dimension terminators, or if applicable, place the dimension values at the centre
of the dimension line instead of placing the dimensions on the left side of the
dimension lines. Additionally, make sure that the dimension lines do not overlap
with the dimension values, as this will make the dimension values or numbers
difficult to read.
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drawings
Figure 38: Detailed bracing of plywood sheet

4.1.2 Symbols
Symbols refer to icons commonly used in building and construction to convey
information, such as the location of components and others to the end-users.
They often refer to fixtures, placements, and important elements such as
electrical and gas outlets. Most symbols are universal, so it is easy for builders to
recognise where fixtures are located by referring to the symbol legend on the
drawings. Below are common symbols encountered in construction plans that
can be applied in the drawings.
Standard design symbol What it means
Water closet (plan view)
Tree (plan view)
Right-hinged door (elevation view)
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drawings
North Arrow
90-degrees single-swing door

(plan view)
Other symbols can be found in the ‘Legends’ portion of a particular sheet. Refer to
the image below for examples of symbols contained in the legend.
Figure 39: Legend
One may not encounter exactly the same symbols in different construction plans
since the elements and components vary from project to project. When applying
symbols in the drawings:
Ensure that the symbol is appropriate to the element or component that is

being described. In other words, double-check if the symbol used to describe
a door is a door symbol and not a window symbol.
Avoid placing symbols where they overlap with other drawing elements such
as lines, shading, etc. Symbols must be place where to read easily avoid
confusion or ambiguity.
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drawings
Provide a ‘Legends’ portion where less known symbols are briefly described.
Putting a ‘Legends’ portion in the drawing simplifies drawings and makes
them more organised since the textual description is fixed in one place and
not all over the drawing sheet.
For making a ‘Legends’ portion, refer to the sample plan below and observe how
the legend is organised on the lower right quadrant of the sheet.
Figure 40: Sectional views
Say, for example, a site plan is being drawn (refer to the figure 41) of a building
and construction, project and the aim is to:
Establish the position of trees
Show the orientation of the building property
To establish the position of trees, use the tree symbol and place it near the label
‘exiting trees to remain’. On the other hand, place the north arrow symbol in a
space where it can be accommodated adequately. The output will look like the
figure 41 in next page. Refer to the red and blue circles for the tree symbol and
north arrow, respectively.
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drawings
Figure 41: Read and interpret plans and specifications
4.1.3 Abbreviations
Like symbols, abbreviations are shortened forms of common construction
terminologies used to represent key information in the drawings. Abbreviations
are an important part of any drawing as they keep drawings clear and make
them easier to read. By simplifying notations using abbreviations, drawings will
not be cluttered with information that would otherwise make them hard to read
and may even cause issues locating important information.. Some abbreviations
that can be used in the drawing include the following:
Abbreviation Meaning Abbreviation Meaning
AL Aluminium HBD Hardboard
AO Access opening HTR Heater
AS Australian Standard HW Hot Water Unit
B Basin HWD Hardwood
B/I Built-In INSUL Insulation
BK Brick KIT Kitchen
BTH Bath LIN Linen Cupboard
BV Brick Veneer NGL Natural Ground Level
BWK Brickwork O Oven
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drawings
CAB Cabinet REFRIG Refrigerator
CF Concrete Floor RS Roller Shutter
CJ Ceiling Joist RSJ Rolled Steel Joist
D Door SD Sewer Drain
DG Double Glazing SD Sliding Door
DW Dishwasher SHR Shower Recess
SWD Stormwater Drain VENT Ventilator
TC Terra Cotta WM Washing Machine
TEL Telephone VB Vanity Basin
UTIL Utility WC Water closet
When applying abbreviations, the same principles in applying symbols (discussed

in the previous section) will be used. One must:
Ensure that the abbreviation is appropriate to the element or component

being described. For example, when describing a dishwasher, use ‘DW’ and
not ‘D’, as ‘D’ stands for Door.
Avoid placing abbreviations where they overlap with other drawing elements
such as lines, shading, symbols, etc. Abbreviations placed appropriately for
easy location.
Figure 42: Ensuite
Include the abbreviations used, especially the lesser-known ones, in the

‘Legends’ portion where they are briefly described. This simplifies drawings and
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drawings
makes them more organised since the textual description fixed in one place and
not all over the drawing sheet.
For example, say, while drawing the floor plan of a residential building,
specifically the ‘Ensuite’ (refer to the figure above), the components should be
clearly labelled as follows:
Vanity basin
Water closet
Floor waste
Shower Recess
To label them appropriately, use the corresponding abbreviations for vanity

basin, water closet, floor waste, and shower recess. Use the table discussed
earlier in this section. Ensure that the abbreviations are placed near the
component being described.
4.2 Include drawing, job title, scale and sheet number in the
title block
A list of essential drawing components and their corresponding description are

given below
Job Title – refers to the project name and project details, including client
information and site address.
Date – refers to the actual date the drawing in the sheet drawn initially.
Scale – refers to the scale the drawing plotted or printed to convey size. Note
that on some sheets, drawings presented in different scales. Thus, the
corresponding scales for each drawing observed.
Sheet or drawing number – refers to the unique number applied to a drawing

for identification and reference.
Sheet layout
Sheet layout refers to the arrangement of all drawings, including the title block
(covered in the succeeding discussions), in the drawing sheet. The sheet layout
for all types of plans (i.e. house plans, floor plans, site plans, elevations, etc.),
when drawn, should be compliant with the Australian Standard AS 1100, Part 3
Architectural Drawing. The standard outlines where things should be located on
the page and how different elements of the design should be drawn,
abbreviated, and annotated.
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Title Block
A title block is an important element of any drawing or plan and provides vital
information to assist in reading and understanding the document. Every drawing
sheet will have a title block. Usually, title block is located on the bottom right-
hand corner of the drawing sheet or, sometimes, at the top right corner,
depending on the architect or building designer. The title block will show
important administrative details, including:
Figure 43: Title block
What type of drawing it is (i.e. site plan, floor plan)
Details of architect or building designer, such as name and contact details, as

well as the name of the person who drafted the drawing
The address or the location of the site
The name of the client
The date the plan was drawn
The drawing or revision/amendment number
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drawings
Signatures, initials, and dates
Scale of the drawing
Total floor area in square metres (m2)
Glossary of terms
While different builders might present their designs slightly differently depending
on their preference and the software they use, it is still essential that the
information is presented clearly and accurately.
4.3 Produce completed drawings in an appropriate form for

presentation
On completing the sketches and adding all the relevant information, produce the
completed drawings in the appropriate form. The illustrations below demonstrate
the type of sketches in their final form.
Cover Sheets
Figure 44: Coversheet sample
Generally, cover sheets feature the exterior of the house by displaying the
perspective view of the building. Usually, each organisation follows a template or
format for presenting completed drawings. For this reason, cover sheets from
different building organisations differ. In some cases, cover sheets provide a
brief overview of the project plan, including placements, information and
layouts. Additionally, builders will also include general notes which apply to the
entire build and contains information such as:
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drawings
Material requirements and properties
Bushfire protection requirements
Structural notes
Notes for other contractors
Floor Plans
Floor plans show the layout of a structure or property from above. The
illustration below demonstrates the type of information that needs to be included
in the floor plan.
Figure 45: Floor plan sample
Ensure that measurements are accurate and precise before signing off the final
floor plan. A wide range of stakeholders and contractors will be relying on the
floor plans to determine positions, fixtures, material costs and labour costs.
Mistakes found after construction commencement may lead to change orders,
extended deadlines, require a new set of drawings produced. The final
presentation of a floor plan will include the following information:
Notes and legend
Title block
Measurements and dimensions
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Elevations and Sections
Final elevation and section drawings presented in the following format, as

illustrated in the image below. Elevation drawings must illustrate all sides of a
building to give a complete and final picture of the building structure. They must
also contain all the necessary information submitted to the local council for
approval. The information must be clearly labelled and include precise and
accurate measurements of the building structure. Builders must check the final
elevation drawings for mistakes prior to presenting them to the next stakeholders.
These include:
Incorrect labels
Inaccurate measurements
Wrong scale
Incomplete drawing
Figure 46: Elevations and sections
For every sheet, information such as the following should be included:
Dimensions
Scale
Title block
Notes
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Section number
Type of view
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5 References
Approved codes of practice. (10680, August 25). Government of Western
Australia. https://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/worksafe/approved-codes-practice
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Prepare simple building

sketches and drawings

This unit of competency applies to estimators, builders, managers and trade

This unit of competency is suitable for those using specialised knowledge to

Completion of the general construction induction training program specified by

Licensing, regulatory or registration requirements apply to this unit of

1.1 Importance of construction drawings and sketches...............................1

2 Prepare to make sketches and drawings.....................................3

2.1 Identify and select relevant information...............................................5

2.1.2 Types of construction plans..................................................................16

2.1.3 Identify and select relevant information.................................................18

2.2 Confirm compliance of information present in construction plan.............19

2.2.2 WHS requirements.............................................................................26

2.2.3 The National Construction Code (NCC)..................................................36

2.2.4 Building and construction standards......................................................38

2.2.5 Confirm compliance of construction plan information...............................38

2.3.2 Intended audience.............................................................................41

2.3.3 Presentation of drawings and sketches..................................................42

2.4.2 Select equipment..............................................................................46

2.4.3 Inspect equipment for serviceability......................................................51

3 Create simple sketches and drawings.......................................53

4 Notate and process drawings..................................................66

4.1 Apply essential information to drawings and follow standard drawing

Proper plans help building and construction professionals plan construction

Without construction plans, drawings, and sketches, it is harder for builders to

Preparing to make sketches and drawings

Creating simple sketches and drawings

Notating and processing drawings

Figure 1: Construction plan and drawing

1.1 Importance of construction drawings and sketches

Document the requirements of client

Helps the workers to identify the requirements of the client

Provides detailed idea on the different spaces present in the construction

2 Prepare to make sketches and drawings

As construction personnel, ensure to perform all tasks during the preparation

Figure 2: Preparing construction sketches

Identifying and selecting relevant information from construction plans

Considering purpose and presentation of drawings and sketches and the

Determining format of information and select and inspect equipment for

Key features of a construction plan

Types of a construction plan

Plumbing and draining plan

Types of construction plan drawings

The National Construction Code (NCC)

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

Building Information Modelling (BIM)

Figure 3: Preparing construction drawings

2.1 Identify and select relevant information

A construction plan is a detailed document, or set of documents, that outlines

Preliminary drawings and photographs that illustrate the design

It is important to select all the relevant information from construction plans to

2.1.1 Key Features of a construction plan

Figure 4: Features of construction plan

Figure 5: Plant specifications

1. Block identification – refers to the block number of the land

2. Boundary – refers to an imaginary line that defines the block of land,

3. Road identification – refers to the names of roads adjacent to the property

6. Proposed building – shows the outline and location of the building to be

8. Adjacent properties – refers to the lot numbers of adjacent blocks of land

9. Existing fences – refers to fences already existing on the block

10. Easement – refers to a portion of land wherein another party exercises a

15. Angle of boundary intersection – refers to an angle where boundaries meet

16. Location of power connection – shows where electrical connections will be