1 Esteem Dandan

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SARAWAK
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY BACHELOR OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING (HONS)
SOFTWARE-AIDED STRUCTURAL DESIGN (EEC 3853)
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 1
STUDENT NAME : WILDANI BINTI A. RAHMAN
STUDENT ID : BCE20090001
LECTURER NAME : IR. WONG CHEE SWEE
DATE OF SUBMISSION : NOVEMBER 2023/ (WEEK 7)

EEC 3853 SOFTWARE-AIDED STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1.0 Background of study ........................................................................................... 3
2.0 Design Parameters .............................................................................................. 4
3.0 Design stages ...................................................................................................4-6
4.0 Deaign Drawings ................................................................................................ 7
5.0 Design Calculations ........................................................................................ 45
5.1 Detail Calculations for Beam ......................................................................... 45
BEAM GB9(150x450) SPAN NO. 1 ...................................................................... 45
BEAM SUPPORT REACTION TABLE ............................................................... 54
5.2 Detail Calculations for Column ...................................................................... 55
FLOOR GB COLUMN C1:(1,A) ............................................................................ 55
Loading Cases ......................................................................................................... 55
Column Nominal Moment From Top Part Beam End Release For Column
C1:(1,A) .................................................................................................................. 55
Braced/Unbraced Condition Table ......................................................................... 56
Design / Analysis Result ......................................................................................... 56
Shear & Torsion Design / Checking ....................................................................... 62
Column Buckling Check ......................................................................................... 65
5.3 Detail Calculations for Slab ............................................................................ 66
SLAB MARK: GB - FS1 ........................................................................................ 66
FS1:1 ....................................................................................................................... 66
Deflection Check .................................................................................................... 68
SLAB SUPPORT MARK: 1 ................................................................................... 68
On Slab / Sub-Slab Mark: FS1:1 ............................................................................ 68
5.4 Design Calculations for Pile ........................................................................... 70
DESIGN RESULT .................................................................................................. 71
Equivalent loadings imposed .................................................................................. 71
Pile Group Result .................................................................................................... 71
Pile Cap Cross Section Information ........................................................................ 72
The Detailed Calculations for Footing Thickness and Reinforcement Bars........... 72
6.0 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 81
7.0 References ...................................................................................................... 82
1.0 Background of Study
Reinforced concrete has been used in many engineering applications, such as

bridges, buildings, dams and etc. Reinforced concrete is a composite material
which consists of steel bars incorporated in a hardened concrete mixture; the
concrete distributes compressive stresses while the steel resists tensile forces.
Concrete is a composite material in and of itself. The dry mix is made up of
cement and coarse and fine aggregates. Water is added and combined with the
cement, hardening and binding the materials into the concrete mixture; the
concrete mix binds to the reinforcing bars.
Deterioration and collapse of concrete structures are now a significant

problem. This is mirrored in the greater emphasis placed on the sustainability of
concrete buildings in concrete specifications. The many kinds of failure in
concrete constructions are need to be identified and discussed. Therefore, the
Eurocode 2 standards for the sustainability of concrete structures and the
requirements for cover to prevent reinforcement corrosion and provide fire
protection are outlined.
To simplify the frame analysis calculation for complex frame structures,

many structural engineers invented computer software to aid engineers to perform
calculation and integrate design solutions. There are many software-aided created
for Structural Engineers such as Esteem, ABAQUS, PROKON, and so on. By
utilizing this software to analyze building structures, it can help in reducing
computational errors and saving time in completing the building design as well.
Esteem is especially developed to give structural engineers with

comprehensive solutions for designing reinforced concrete structures. The user
interface of the Esteem software is pretty straightforward, and the majority of
toolbar icons are simple to decipher and provide quick access to the help context.
In addition, the Esteem software can input and evaluate almost any structure and
enables the user to enter any floor plan that the architect could possibly envision.
The following input is provided by the Esteem software:
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Modelling
⚫ Floor key plan input with fully intergrated project management and status
control of analysis and design.
⚫ Archictectural import of grids, columns, beams, and slab.
Analysis
⚫ Integration of all important floor layouts for 3D analysis.
⚫ Complete integration of whole input of beam, column, and wall
enabling autonomous 3D modelling, including wall opening and beam and
column offsets.
⚫ Automated data input from floor plan analysis to 3D analysis and vice versa
for beam and column floor plan design.
2.0 Design Parameters
There are a number of customizable variables for the project parameters,

including material properties, main rebar, shear rebar, and design specifications
for each structural component, such as beams, slabs and columns. Customizable
variables include the material grade, the minimum and maximum diameters of the
main rebar the cover layer, and etc.
Eurocode 2 - Design of Concrete Structures (BS EN 1992-1-1:2004) acts as

the applicable standard code and guidance reference for this assignment. This
project's concrete grade is 25 N/mm2 and its unit weight is 25 kN/m3. In addition,
the minimum rebar size for a slab is T10, whereas the minimum and maximum
rebar sizes for the shear link are T8 and T10. The minimum rebar size for the
column and beam is T12.
3.0 Design Stages
When the designing the project parameters are complete, begin designing the
building's structure. The design structure consists of two phases: the input stage
and the analysis stage. Start a new project and add a bottom layer to serve as the
"ground beam". There are 5 main categories for the input stage: grid line, beams,
columns, slabs, and brick walls.
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Input stage
⚫ Grid
Beams, columns, and the slab's placement and alignment are determined mostly
by gridlines. In fact, it may act as a reference for locating structural components.
As columns, beams, and slabs cannot be added without gridlines, the gridlines
will be the first element added to a new project. Follow these steps to insert
gridline:
1) Click the grid input icon and then enter the desired dimension.
2) Add further gridlines by clicking the existing gridline and entering the
desired dimension.
3) Adjust and relocate the end length of the gridline by clicking the move
gridline button.
⚫ Beam
Following the gridline, the beam must be entered. The length of the beam cannot
exceed 7 meters. Otherwise, there will be deflection. Follow these steps to insert
beam:
1) Select the beam input icon and click the gridline intersection point to indicate
the beam's starting and ending points.
2) The beam size and drop value may be configured by clicking the inputted
beam and entering the corresponding value in the table
3) Beams can be auto-generated by clicking the “Auto Generate Beam” icon.
4) Align the location of the beams with the gridlines according to the
architecture drawing.
5) After completing all beams, click the “Rearrange Beam Marks” icon to
rearrange the beam markings in a mannerly order.
⚫ Column
Ensure that the column's position corresponds to the architectural design.
Follow these steps to insert column:
1) Select the column input icon and click on the intersection of the gridlines.
2) Dimension can be set by clicking the inputted column and type value in the table.
3) Columns can be auto-generated by clicking the “Generate Column at
Intersection” icon.
4) Align the location of the columns with the gridlines according to the
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architecture drawing.
5) After completing all beams, click the “Column Rearrange” icon to rearrange
the column markings in a mannerly order.
⚫ Slab
After the column input is complete, the slab will be placed. Make sure that the
drop value of the slab is the same as the architectural drawing. Follow these steps
to insert slab:
1) Select the slab input icon and click on the bounded areas.
2) Slab thickness and drop value can be set by clicking the inputted slab and
type value in the table.
3) Slab can be auto-generated by clicking the “Add to Bounded Areas” icon.
4) After completing all beams, click the “Rearrange Slab Marks” icon to
rearrange the slab markings in a mannerly order.
5) Cut section of the slab can be added by selecting the cut section icon and
click on the gridline and drag the cut section line.
⚫ Brickwall
The input of the brickwall is the last step to be included to the design. Ensure that
the brickwall is positioned under the beams and in accord with the architectural
drawing. Follow these steps to insert brickwall:
1) Select the brick wall input icon and click on the selected beam.
2) Input the brick wall by specifying the starting point and endpoint of the
brickwall location.
3) Brickwall can be inputted on the whole beam without specifying start and end point by
clicking on “On Whole Beam Section” icon.
Analysis Stage
⚫ 3D Analysis
Click on the building icon to run a 3D Analysis that will show the 3D design of
the entire building structure such as the beams, columns, slabs, brickwall, and pad
or pile foundation.
⚫ Batch Analysis
The batch process is used to evaluate the success of the overall project's design. If
the design fails, a report will provide information on the failed component and the
cause for its failure. Adjustments must be made until it shows batch process
complete, indicating that the structure's design is successful.
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4.0 Design
Drawings
Page 7
5.0Design Calculations
5.1 Detail Calculations for Beam
MATERIAL AND DESIGN DATA

Code of fck, Ecd, fyw
fyk (N/mm²) γc γs
Practice (N/mm²) (N/mm²) (N/mm²)
EC2 : 2004 30 27364 460 460 1.5 1.15
Conc. Unit Weight Steel Unit Weight

Cover (mm) Side Cover (mm)
(kN/m³) (kg/m³)
25 25 25 7860
DETAIL CALCULATION FOR BEAM GB9(150x450)

Beam Located along grid 2C/A-B
Number of Span within beam = 1
Number of Section defined by user = 1
Number of Supports = 2
Beam Cantilever End = Nil.
Section Dimension Data

Length Width Begin Depth End Depth
Span Section
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
1 1 2950 150 450 450
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Maximum Concrete Strain, Ecc = 0.0035
Average Concrete Stress above Neutral Axis, k1 = 13.76 N/mm²
Concrete Lever Arm Factor, k2 = 0.4160
Limiting Effective Depth Factor, cb = 0.45
k2 / k1 Factor, kkk = 0.0302
Limiting Concrete Moment Capacity Factor, kk1 = cb × k1 × (1 - cb * k2) = 0.45 × 13.76 ×
(1 - 0.45 × 0.4160) = 5.0336 N/mm²
BEAM GB9(150x450) SPAN NO. 1
FLEXURAL DESIGN CALCULATION
LOCATION : SPAN (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design Bending Moment = 31.1 kNm Width, b = 150.0 mm Effective Depth, d = 409.0
mm
Mu / bd² = 31.1 × 1000000 / (150.0 × 409.0²) = 1.239 N/mm²
Singly Reinforced Design, limit Mu / bd² < kk1
Mu / bd² = 1.239 <= 5.034
Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Neutral Axis, x = 38.304 mm
Concrete Compression Force, Fc = k1 × b × x / 1000 = 13.76 × 150 × 38.304 / 1000 = 79.07
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kN
Steel Area Required, AsReq = Fc × 1000 / (fyk / γs) = 79.07 × 1000 / (460 / 1.15) = 198
mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 79.07 × (409.0 - 0.4160 × 38.304) / 1000 =
31.1 kNm
Minimum tension steel percentage specified by code,
EC2 : 04 Part 1 Clause 9.2.1.1
fctm = 0.3 × fck2/3 = 0.3 × 302/3 = 2.9 N/mm²
AsMin (%) = 26 × (fctm/fyk) = 26 × (2.9/460) = 0.16% ≥ 0.13% (User defined)
Hence, minimum tension steel percentage = 0.16%
Maximum Effective Depth of Section = 409.0 mm

Minimum Tension Steel Area Required = 0.16% × 150.0 × 409.0 = 101 mm²
Top Compression Steel Area Required = 101 mm²

Bottom Tension Steel Area Required = 198 mm²
LOCATION : SPAN (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

mm
Mu / bd² = 30.5 × 1000000 / (150.0 × 409.0²) = 1.214 N/mm²
Mu / bd² = 1.214 <= 5.034

kN
mm²
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 77.43 × (409.0 - 0.4160 × 37.511) / 1000 =
30.5 kNm
fctm = 0.3 × fck2/3 = 0.3 × 302/3 = 2.9 N/mm²

Top Compression Steel Area Required = 101 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T10 (157 mm²)

Bottom Reinforcement Provided = 2T12 (226 mm²)
LOCATION : LEFT SUPPORT (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)
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mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (150.0 × 410.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
Design to minimum tension steel percentage specified by code,
fctm = 0.3 × fck2/3 = 0.3 × 302/3 = 2.9 N/mm²

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 101 mm²
LOCATION : LEFT SUPPORT (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (150.0 × 410.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
fctm = 0.3 × fck2/3 = 0.3 × 302/3 = 2.9 N/mm²


LOCATION : RIGHT SUPPORT (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (150.0 × 410.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
fctm = 0.3 × fck2/3 = 0.3 × 302/3 = 2.9 N/mm²

Page 47
LOCATION : RIGHT SUPPORT (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (150.0 × 410.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
fctm = 0.3 × fck2/3 = 0.3 × 302/3 = 2.9 N/mm²


LOCATION : 1/4 SPAN (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (150.0 × 410.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
fctm = 0.3 × fck2/3 = 0.3 × 302/3 = 2.9 N/mm²

LOCATION : 1/4 SPAN (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

mm
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (150.0 × 410.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
fctm = 0.3 × fck2/3 = 0.3 × 302/3 = 2.9 N/mm²

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TENSILE FORCE WITHIN SPAN

Tension Force (Max) From 3D Analysis, P3D = 0.4 kN
Additional Tension Steel Required along span (Axial Load), Ast = Ft / (fyy × fy) = 0.4 ×
10³ / (0.8696 × 460) = 1 mm²
* Steel area required by tensile force applied to top and bottom reinforcement only
SHEAR & TORSION DESIGN CALCULATION
LOCATION : SECTION 1 LEFT SUPPORT

(B:50 mm E:788 mm from left grid of span)
Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm

Shear at Location of Maximum Torsion, V = 29.4 kN
EC2 : 04 Part 1 Clause 6.3.1 and Clause 6.3.2
Convert the rectangular section to an equivalent hollow box section
Beam area, A = b × h = 150 × 450 = 67500 mm²
Beam perimeter, u = 2 × (b + h) = 2 × (150 + 450) = 1200 mm
Thickness of box section, t = A / u = 67500 / 1200 = 56.3 mm
Area within centerline, Ak = (b - t) × (h - t) = (150.0 - 56.3) × (450.0 - 56.3) = 36914 mm²
Perimeter of centerline, uk = 2 × (b + h - 2 × t) = 2 × (150.0 + 450.0 - 2 × 56.3) = 975 mm
Section Width, b = 150.0 mm

Effective depth, d = 409.0 mm
Inner Lever Arm, z = 0.9 × 409.0 = 368.1 mm
Shear Stress due to Loading, νss = V × 1000 / (b × z) = 29.4 × 1000 / (150.0 × 368.1) = 0.53
N/mm²
EC2 : 04 Part 1 Expression 6.6
Strength Reduction Factor for Torsion and Shear, v = 0.6 × (1 - fck / 250)
= 0.6 × (1 - 30.0 / 250)
= 0.528
fcd = fck / 1.5 = 30.0 / 1.5 = 20.0 N/mm²
Use θ = 22.0º
Maximum Torsion Moment Resistance, TRd,max
= 2 × v × fcd × Ak × t × sin θ × cos θ / 106
= 2 × 0.528 × 20.0 × 36914 × 56.3 × sin 22.0º × cos 22.0º / 106
= 15.23 kNm/m ≥ 0.00 kNm/m
Checking for Maximum Torsion Resistance Pass

Maximum Shear Resistance, VRd,max
= b × z × v × fcd / (cot θ + tan θ) / 1000
= 150.0 × 368.1 × 0.528 × 20.0 / (cot 22.0º + tan 22.0º) / 1000
Page 49
= 202.52 kN ≥ 29.40 kN
Checking for Maximum Shear Resistance Pass
EC2 : 04 Part 1 Clause 6.3.2(4), Expression 6.29

Check ratio of Combined Torsion and Shear Force to Maximum Torsion and Shear
Resistance
TEd / TRd,max + VEd / VRd,max = 0.00 / 15.23 + 29.40 / 202.52 = 0.15 ≤ 1
Checking for Combined Torsion and Shear Ratio Pass
Since TEd = 0 kNm, hence no torsion reinforcement is needed

Maximum Shear within Zone, V = 28.4 kN
N/mm²
fcd = fck / 1.5 = 30.0 / 1.5 = 20.0 N/mm²
Use θ = 22.0º
Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, vRd,max = v × fcd / (cot θ + tan θ)
= 0.528 × 20.0 / (cot 22.0º + tan 22.0º)
= 3.67 N/mm²
νRd,max ≥ νss
Checking for Maximum Shear Stress Allowed Pass
EC2 : 04 Part 1 Clause 9.2.2(5)

Minimum Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv,min
= 0.08 × √fck × b / fyk
= 0.08 × √30.0 × 150.0 / 460.0
= 0.143 mm²/mm
Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio, SAsv_Sv = V × 1000 / (z × fyy × fyk × cot θ)
= 28.37 × 1000 / (0.9 × 409.0 × 0.87 × 460.0 × cot 22.0º)
= 0.078 mm²/mm
Design for SAsv_Sv = 0.143 mm²/mm
Shear Reinforcement Provided : T8-250 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

Shear Link Area / Spacing Ratio Provided = 0.402 mm²/mm > 0.143 mm²/mm
LOCATION : SECTION 1 MIDDLE ZONE


Beam area, A = b × h = 150 × 450 = 67500 mm²
Page 50

N/mm²
= 0.6 × (1 - 30.0 / 250)
= 0.528
fcd = fck / 1.5 = 30.0 / 1.5 = 20.0 N/mm²
Use θ = 22.0º
= 2 × 0.528 × 20.0 × 36914 × 56.3 × sin 22.0º × cos 22.0º / 106
= 15.23 kNm/m ≥ 0.00 kNm/m

= b × z × v × fcd / (cot θ + tan θ) / 1000
= 150.0 × 368.1 × 0.528 × 20.0 / (cot 22.0º + tan 22.0º) / 1000
= 202.52 kN ≥ 17.45 kN

Resistance

N/mm²
fcd = fck / 1.5 = 30.0 / 1.5 = 20.0 N/mm²
Use θ = 22.0º
= 0.528 × 20.0 / (cot 22.0º + tan 22.0º)
= 3.67 N/mm²
νRd,max ≥ νss
EC2 : 04 Part 1 Clause 9.2.2(5)

= 0.08 × √fck × b / fyk
= 0.08 × √30.0 × 150.0 / 460.0
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= 0.143 mm²/mm
= 17.45 × 1000 / (0.9 × 409.0 × 0.87 × 460.0 × cot 22.0º)
= 0.048 mm²/mm

LOCATION : SECTION 1 RIGHT SUPPORT


Beam area, A = b × h = 150 × 450 = 67500 mm²

N/mm²
= 0.6 × (1 - 30.0 / 250)
= 0.528
fcd = fck / 1.5 = 30.0 / 1.5 = 20.0 N/mm²
Use θ = 22.0º
= 2 × 0.528 × 20.0 × 36914 × 56.3 × sin 22.0º × cos 22.0º / 106
= 15.23 kNm/m ≥ 0.00 kNm/m

= b × z × v × fcd / (cot θ + tan θ) / 1000
= 150.0 × 368.1 × 0.528 × 20.0 / (cot 22.0º + tan 22.0º) / 1000
= 202.52 kN ≥ 33.81 kN
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Resistance

N/mm²
fcd = fck / 1.5 = 30.0 / 1.5 = 20.0 N/mm²
Use θ = 22.0º
= 0.528 × 20.0 / (cot 22.0º + tan 22.0º)
= 3.67 N/mm²
νRd,max ≥ νss
EC2 : 04 Part 1 Clause 9.2.2(5)

= 0.08 × √fck × b / fyk
= 0.08 × √30.0 × 150.0 / 460.0
= 0.143 mm²/mm
= 32.46 × 1000 / (0.9 × 409.0 × 0.87 × 460.0 × cot 22.0º)
= 0.089 mm²/mm

DEFLECTION CHECKING FOR SPAN

Span Length, l = 2950.0 mm
Effective Depth, d = 409.0 mm
Actual Span / Depth Ratio, Ar = 7.2
Design Steel Strength, fyk = 460.0 N/mm²
Area of Tension Steel Required, AsReq (Ten.) = 198 mm²
Area of Tension Steel Provided, AsProv (Ten.) = 226 mm²
Area of Compression Steel Required, AsReq (Comp.) = 0 mm²
- Checking for deflection is based on EC2 : 04 Part 1 Clause 7.4.2(2)

- Expression 7.16.a or Expression 7.16.b and Table 7.4N: Basic span / effective depth ratio
for rectangular or flange beams
- Expression 7.17: Modification factor for steel area provided
Structural System, K = 1.0 (simply supported)

Required Tension Reinforcement Ratio, ρ = AsTenReq / (b × d)
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= 198 / (150.0 × 409.0)

= 0.322 × 10-2
Reference Reinforcement Ratio, ρo = √fck × 0.001 = √30.0 × 0.001 = 0.548 × 10-2
ρ ≤ ρo => Use Expression (7.16.a)
ρo / ρ = 1.700
Basic Span Depth Ratio, BR = K × [11 + 1.5 × √fck × ρo / ρ + 3.2 × √fck × (ρo / ρ - 1)3/2]
= 1.0 × [11 + 1.5 × √30.0 × 1.700 + 3.2 × √30.0 × (1.700 - 1)3/2] = 35.2
Modification Factor for Steel Area Provided,

MFs = (500 / fyk) × (AsTenProv / AsTenReq)
= (500 / 460.0) × (226 / 198)
= 1.24
Deflection Ratio = (Br × MFs × MFF) / Ar = (35.2 × 1.24× 1.0) / 7.2 = 43.8 / 7.2 = 6.08
Ratio >= 1.0 : Deflection Checked PASSED
BEAM SUPPORT REACTION TABLE

Current Beam Grid Mark: 2C/A-B
Beam Support Reactions

Support Support Reaction, kN
Support No. Grid Mark
Type Dead Load Live Load
1 A Column 15.3 5.7
2 B Beam 17.6 6.7
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5.2 Detail Calculations for Column

Load Allowance = 10 %
Code of Ecd,
fck, (N/mm²) fyk (N/mm²) fyw (N/mm²) γc γs
Practice (N/mm²)
EC2 : 2004 30 27364 460 460 1.5 1.15
Cover (mm) Conc. Unit Weight (kN/m³) Steel Unit Weight (kg/m³)
25 25 7860
FLOOR GB COLUMN C1:(1,A)
Loading Cases
Total Selected Loading Cases = 4
Selected Loading Cases Table
No Sourc Load Load Analysis
P My Mz T Vy Vz Myi Mzi
. e Case Comb. Type
1 G.L. Full LC1 Top 74.7 -17.7 -20.7 0.0 -0.7 -2.3 1.4 -0.8
2 G.L. Min LC1 Top 46.2 -17.7 -20.7 0.0 -0.7 -2.3 1.4 -0.8
3 G.L. Full LC1 Bot 78.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.7 -2.3 1.4 -0.8
4 G.L. Min LC1 Bot 49.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.7 -2.3 1.4 -0.8
Source - Source of Loading (G.L. for Gravity)
Load Case - Load Case Number of Wind/Notional Load (Full or Minimum for Gravity),
Load Comb. - Load Combination Number
Analysis Type - Type of Analysis (Top or Bottom Column Part for 2D, 3D for 3D Analysis,
P-D for P-Delta Analysis)
P - Axial Force (kN), My / Mz - Bending Moment About Y-Y / Z-Z Axis (kNm)
T - Torsion Force (kN), Vy / Vz - Shear Force in Y-Y / Z-Z Axis (kN)
Myi / Mzi - Initial Bending Moment in Mid Length of Column About Y-Y / Z-Z Axis (kNm)
Load Allowance of 10% has been added to the loading for design purpose
My and Mz above are calculated using Load Allowance x M (from analysis) + M (nominal
moment from beams)
Column Nominal Moment From Top Part Beam End Release For Column C1:(1,A)
Number of Beam with Beam End Moment Released = 2
Eff.
No. Beam Mark Width Release Angle As Prov Mu Muy Muz
Depth
GB:GB1(150x450
1 150 410.0 Yes -90.00 157 19.1 0.0 -19.1
)
GB:GB21(150x45
2 150 410.0 Yes 0.00 157 17.7 -17.7 0.0
0)
Total : -17.7 -19.1
Width, Eff. Depth - Beam Width, Effective Depth for Top Bar (mm), Angle - Angle
(Orientation) of beam to the local Z Axis of Column (°)
AsProv - Top Steel Area Provided of Beam (mm²), Mu - Total Moment distributed from the
Beam Top Bar (kNm)
Muz | Muy - Component of Derived Moment distributed to the local Z-Z | Y-Y Axis from the
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Beam Top Bar (kNm)
Sample Calculation for Nominal Moment using Beam GB1(150x450)

Back Calculate Beam End Moment from the Top Rebar of Beam
Mu / bd² = p × fyd (1 - k2 × p × fyd / k1)
fyd = 400 N/mm²

Steel Ratio Provided, p = As / (b × d) = 157 / (150 × 410.0) = 0.0026
Mu / bd² = p × fyd × (1 - k2 × p × fyd / k1)
= 0.0026 × 400 × (1 - 0.4160 × 0.0026 × 400 / 13.76)
= 0.9901 Nmm / mm³
Design Moment due to Beam Top Bar, Mu = 0.9901 × 150 × 410² / 1000000 = 25.0 kNm
Moment Muy = -25.0 × Cos(-90.00°) = 0.0 kNm
Moment Muz = 25.0 × Sin(-90.00°) = -25.0 kNm
Beam Relative Stiffness, kBeam = 0.00018m³

Angle of Beam to Column Local Axis, θ1 = -90.00°
Current Column Stiffness = |kzz × Sin(θ1)| + |kyy × Cos(θ1)| = |0.00153 × Sin(-90.00°)| +
|0.00113 × Cos(-90.00°)| = 0.00153
Angle of Beam to Top Column Local Axis, θ2 = -90.00°
Top Column Stiffness = |kzz × Sin(θ2)| + |kyy × Cos(θ2)| = |0.00029 × Sin(-90.00°)| +
|0.00021 × Cos(-90.00°)| = 0.00029
Moment Muy Transferred to Column/Columns = 0.0 × (0.00153 + 0.00029) / (0.00153 +

0.00029 + 0.00018) = 0.0 kNm
Moment Muz Transferred to Column/Columns = -25.0 × (0.00153 + 0.00029) / (0.00153 +
0.00029 + 0.00018) = -22.7 kNm
Moment Muy Transferred to Column C1:(1,A) = 0.0 × 0.00153 / (0.00153 + 0.00029) = 0.0
kNm
Moment Muz Transferred to Column C1:(1,A) = -22.7 × 0.00153 / (0.00153 + 0.00029) = -
19.1 kNm
Braced/Unbraced Condition Table

Column Clear Height, h = 700 mm
No. P Vy Vz ∆y ∆z Qy Qz Cond.Y Cond.Z
1 - - - - - - - Braced Braced
P - Axial Force (kN), Vy / Vz - Shear Force in Y-Y / Z-Z Axis (kN), ∆y / ∆z - Column Drift
in Y-Y / Z-Z Axis (mm)
Qy / Qz - Column Stability Index in Y-Y / Z-Z Axis (mm) (Q = P × ∆ / V × h)
Cond.Y / Cond.Z - Column Braced/Unbraced Condition in Y-Y / Z-Z Axis (mm), Limit
Value = 0.05
All Gravity Load Cases Assigned as Braced regardless the Stability Index
Design / Analysis Result
Page 56
Selection of Moment for Design and Analysis

My Mz
No 2D/3 Selecte Slend 2D/3 Selecte Slend
N·ei N·e0 Mi Madd N·ei N·e0 Mi Madd
D d er D d er
1 -17.7 -0.1 -0.7 - - -17.7 No -20.7 0.1 -0.9 - - -20.7 No
2 -17.7 -0.1 -0.5 - - -17.7 No -20.7 0.1 -0.5 - - -20.7 No
3 0.0 -0.1 0.8 - - 0.8 No 0.0 0.1 0.9 - - 0.9 No
4 0.0 -0.1 0.5 - - 0.5 No 0.0 0.1 0.6 - - 0.6 No
2D/3D - Moment values obtained from 2D/3D analysis process, kNm
N·ei - Moment due to additional eccentricity which covering the effects of geometrical
imperfection, kNm
N·e0 - Minimum eccentricity moment, kNm
Mi - Column mid node moment, kNm, Madd - Additional Moment induced by deflection,
kNm
Selected - Selected moment based on greater of 2D/3D + N·ei, Ne0 and Mi + Madd + N·ei,
kNm
Design / Analysis Result and Status

No Process FCap FApplied MyApplied MzApplied Status Fail Mode
1 Design 163.2 74.7 -17.7 -20.7 Pass None
2 Analysis 89.7 46.2 -17.7 -20.7 Pass None
3 Analysis 1815.1 78.6 0.8 0.9 Pass None
4 Analysis 1815.1 49.0 0.5 0.6 Pass None
Process - Indicated whether the load case is run through design / analysis process
F Cap - Maximum axial load capacity of the section (kN), F Applied - Applied axial load on
the section (kN)
Status - Indicate the section Passed/Failed the process, Fail Mode - Mode of failure if the
section failed
SLENDERNESS RESULT
EC2: 04 Clause 5.8.3.1 : Slenderness criterion for isolated members
EC2: 04 Clause 5.8.3.2 : Slenderness and effective length of isolated members
Column Dimension in Plane of Bending (About Y-Y Axis), Hyy = 300.0 mm
Column Dimension in Plane of Bending (About Z-Z Axis), Hzz = 350.0 mm
Slenderness Calculation About Y-Y Axis

Clear Length, lo = 700.0 mmLateral Force, V = 0, Use Stability Index Q = 0 for Gravity
Load, The Element is Braced
Total Column Stiffness at Top, I/L = 989423 mm3

Total Column Stiffness at Bottom, I/L = 787500 mm3
Floor Element Type Mark b, mm h, mm L, mm K, mm^3
RB Column (1,A) 300 350 3900 201923
GB Column (1,A) 300 350 1000 787500
Total stiffness of restraint elements (beams) at top part of column, KbTop = 253125.0 mm3
No Element
Mark b, mm h, mm L, mm Angle, ° K, mm^3 Cantilever
. Type
Page 57
1 Beam GB21 150 450 4500 0.0 253125 No
Total stiffness of restraint elements (beams) at bottom part of column, KbBot = 0.0 mm3
Relative Stiffness at Top of Element, k1 = 3.909
Relative Stiffness at Bottom of Element, k2 = 5.000
β = 0.5 × [(1 + k1 / (0.45 + k1)) × (1 + k2 / (0.45 + k2))]0.5 = 0.95 < 1.0
Effective Length, leff = 0.95 × lo = 665.0 mm
Slenderness Limit, λlim = 20 × A × B × C / √n
A = 1 / (1 + 0.2 × φef) = 1 / (1 + 0.2 × 2.14) = 0.700
w = (As × fyd) / (Ac × fcd) = (679 × 460 / 1.15) / (105000 × 0.85 × 30 / 1.5) = 0.15
B = (1 + 2w)0.5 = (1 + 2 × 0.15)0.5 = 1.14
rm = 0.04 / -17.68 = 0.00
C = 1.7 – rm = 1.7 + 0.00 = 1.70
n = N / (Ac * fcd) = 75 × 1000 / (105000 × 0.85 × 30.0 / 1.5) = 0.042
√n = 0.205
λlim = 20 × 0.700 × 1.142 × 1.70 / 0.205 = 133.05
Radius of Gyration, iyy = √(Iyy / Ac) = √(787500000 / 105000) = 86.60 mm
Slenderness Ratio, λ = leff / iyy = 665 / 86.60 = 7.68 ≤ 133.05
The Column Is Short About Y-Y Axis
Slenderness Calculation About Z-Z Axis

Member Clear Length, lo = 700.0 mmLateral Force, V = 0, Use Stability Index Q = 0 for
Gravity Load, The Element is Braced
Total Column Stiffness at Top, I/L = 1346715 mm3

Total Column Stiffness at Bottom, I/L = 1071875 mm3
Floor Element Type Mark b, mm h, mm L, mm K, mm^3
RB Column (1,A) 300 350 3900 274840
GB Column (1,A) 300 350 1000 1071875
Total stiffness of restraint elements (beams) at top part of column, KbTop = 176598.8 mm3
No Element
Mark b, mm h, mm L, mm Angle, ° K, mm^3 Cantilever
. Type
1 Beam GB1 150 450 6450 270.0 176599 No
Total stiffness of restraint elements (beams) at bottom part of column, KbBot = 0.0 mm3
Relative Stiffness at Top of Element, k1 = 7.626
Relative Stiffness at Bottom of Element, k2 = 5.000
β = 0.5 × [(1 + k1 / (0.45 + k1)) × (1 + k2 / (0.45 + k2))]0.5 = 0.97 < 1.0
Effective Length, leff = 0.97 × lo = 679.0 mm
Slenderness Limit, λlim = 20 × A × B × C / √n
A = 1 / (1 + 0.2 × φef) = 1 / (1 + 0.2 × 2.14) = 0.700
w = (As × fyd) / (Ac × fcd) = (679 × 460 / 1.15) / (105000 × 0.85 × 30 / 1.5) = 0.15
B = (1 + 2w)0.5 = (1 + 2 × 0.15)0.5 = 1.14
rm = 0.03 / -20.72 = 0.00
C = 1.7 – rm = 1.7 + 0.00 = 1.70
n = N / (Ac * fcd) = 75 × 1000 / (105000 × 0.85 × 30.0 / 1.5) = 0.042
Page 58
√n = 0.205
λlim = 20 × 0.700 × 1.142 × 1.70 / 0.205 = 133.01
Radius of Gyration, ixx = √(Ixx / Ac) = √(1071875000 / 105000) = 101.04 mm
Slenderness Ratio, λ = leff / ixx = 679 / 101.04 = 6.72 ≤ 133.01
The Column Is Short About Z-Z Axis
Section Data
Code of Practice used : EC2 : 2004
Type of Section Selected : Rectangular Shape

Reinforcement provided : 6T12 (0.65%)
• General Data
Concrete Area = 105000.0 mm²
Steel Bar Area = 678.6 mm²
Steel Ratio = 0.6463 %
Concrete Cover = 25.0 mm

Link Diameter = 10 mm
Figure 1 : Section Dimension
Length of Edges: a = 300.0 mm, b = 350.0 mm, c = 300.0 mm, d = 350.0 mm

Angle of Rotation = 0.0 °
Material Data
Concrete Test Specimen Type : Cylinder
Concrete Cylinder Strength, fck = 30.0 N/mm²
Steel Yield Strength, fy = 460.0 N/mm²
Ultimate Strain of Concrete, εcu = 0.0035
Page 59
Elastic Modulus of Concrete, Ecd = 27364.0 N/mm²

Elastic Modulus of Steel, Es = 200000.0 N/mm ²
Partial Safety Factor of Material for Concrete, γc = 1.50

Partial Safety Factor of Material for Steel, γs = 1.15
Loading Data
Mx and My is taken with respect to the geometrical centroid of the section
Applied Axial Load = 74.7 kN
Applied Bending Moment about X-X Axis = -20.7 kNm
Applied Bending Moment about Y-Y Axis = 17.7 kNm
Display Outer Vertex For Section Profile Polygon

Points x (mm) y (mm)
0 -50.0 -175.0
1 250.0 -175.0
2 250.0 175.0
3 -50.0 175.0
Design Status
Moment is taken at the plastic centroid
Axial Force(F) Applied = 74.72 kN
Axial Force(F) Capacity = 163.22 kN
Applied Bending Moment about X-X Axis = -20.72 kNm

Bending Moment Capacity about X-X Axis = -45.26 kNm
Applied Bending Moment about Y-Y Axis = 17.68 kNm

Bending Moment Capacity about Y-Y Axis = 38.63 kNm
Design Passed
Reinforcement provided: 6T12 (0.65%)
k value = 0.566
Note:
k value = √ ((AsReq) / (AsProv))
AsReq = Area of steel required (mm²)
AsProv = Area of steel provided (mm²)
Concrete contribution
Page 60
Figure 2 : Neutral Axis Diagram

Equivalent compressive stress block area = 17051.16 mm²
Centroid of equivalent compression Area, X = 89.93mm
Centroid of equivalent compression Area, Y = -111.92mm
Reinforcement Result
Figure 3 : Steel Bar Arrangement Diagram
Reinforcement Bar Result

Stress,N/mm Mx,kN My,kN
Bar X,mm Y,mm A,mm² NA,mm Strain,1e-3 P,kN
² m m
1 -9.0 -134.0 113.1 59.0 -1.32 -263.2 -29.76 3.99 3.24
2 209.0 -134.0 113.1 -98.9 2.21 400.0 45.24 -6.06 4.93
3 209.0 0.0 113.1 -6.5 0.14 29.0 3.28 0.00 0.36
4 209.0 134.0 113.1 85.9 -1.92 -383.4 -43.36 -5.81 -4.73
5 -9.0 134.0 113.1 243.8 -5.44 -400.0 -45.24 -6.06 4.93
6 -9.0 0.0 113.1 151.4 -3.38 -400.0 -45.24 0.00 4.93
Total -115.08 -13.95 13.67
Percentage of steel bar = 0.65 %
Verification
Verification of the output results for the Axial Load Capacity
Contribution from concrete = 17051.16*0.551*30.0/1000 = 282.1 kN
Contribution from displaced concrete force = (113.1)*0.551*30.00/1000 = 1.87kN
Contribution from reinforcement bars = -115.08kN
Contribution from composite steel = 0.00kN
Total Axial load = 1.00*(282.06-1.87-115.08+0.00) = 165.11kN
Page 61
Verification of output results for moment X

The extra moment due to offset in plastic centroid = 0.00kNm
Contribution from concrete = 17051.16*0.551*30.00*(-111.92)*/10^6 = -31.57kNm
Contribution from displaced concrete = (113.1*(-134.0))*0.551*30.00/106 = -0.25kNm
Contribution from reinforcement bar = -13.95kNm
Contribution from composite steel = 0.00kNm
Total Moment X(Plastic Centroid) =1.00*(-31.57+0.25-13.95+0.00) = -45.26kNm
Verification of output results for moment Y

The extra moment due to offset in plastic centroid = 0.00kNm
Contribution from concrete = 17051.16*0.551*30.00*(89.93)*/10^6 = 25.37kNm
Contribution from displaced concrete = (113.1*(109.0))*0.551*30.00/106 = 0.20kNm
Contribution from reinforcement bar = 13.67kNm
Contribution from composite steel = 0.00kNm
Total Moment Y(Plastic Centroid) =1.00*(25.37-0.20+13.67+0.00) = 38.83kNm
Note for Verification Calculation:

Concrete Moment Capacity, Fcd = Fcc*Lever Arm
Concrete Axial Load Capacity, Fcc = Ac*σc,max
Ac = Equivalent compressive stress block area or concrete area
Maximum concrete stress, σc,max = k1/(2*k2) = 0.459*fck/(2*0.416) = 0.551*fck
k1 = Average Concrete Stress above Neutral Axis
k2 = Concrete Lever Arm Factor
Shear & Torsion Design / Checking

Main Bar Diameter, diaMain = 12.0 mm, Link Diameter, diaLink = 10.0 mm, Link Spacing,
SvLink = 125.0 mm
Cover for Shear and Torsion Design from Concrete Surface to Main Bar Surface = 35 mm
Shear And Torsion Calculation in X-X Axis

Section Width, Bx = 350.0 mm, Section Height, Hx = 300.0 mm
Section Effective Depth, dx = Hx - Cover(including link) - diaMain / 2 = 259.0 mm

Beam area, A = b × h = 350 × 300 = 105000 mm²

= 0.6 × (1 - 30.0 / 250)
= 0.528
fcd = fck / 1.5 = 30.0 / 1.5 = 20.0 N/mm²
Use θ = 22.0º
Page 62

= 2 × 0.528 × 20.0 × 59024 × 80.8 × sin 22.0º × cos 22.0º / 106
= 34.97 kNm/m ≥ 0.00 kNm/m

= b × z × v × fcd / (cot θ + tan θ) / 1000
= 350.0 × 233.1 × 0.528 × 20.0 / (cot 22.0º + tan 22.0º) / 1000
= 299.24 kN ≥ 2.32 kN

Resistance

N/mm²
Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, vRd,max = VRd,max / (b × z)
= 299.24 × 1000 / (350.0 × 233.1)
= 3.67 N/mm²
νRd,max ≥ νss
EC2 : 04 Part 1 Clause 9.2.2(5)

= 0.08 × √fck × b / fyk
= 0.08 × √30.0 × 350.0 / 460.0
= 0.333 mm²/mm
= 2.32 × 1000 / (0.9 × 259.0 × 0.87 × 460.0 × cot 22.0º)
= 0.010 mm²/mm

Torsion Steel Area Provided, TAsProv = 2 × Pi * diaLink² / 4 = 157.1 mm²
TAs_Sv Provided, C = TAsProv / Sv = 157.1 / 125.0 = 1.26 mm²/mm
Shear Torsion Combined Ratio, K = (LinkLoop × C - TAs_SvReq) / SAs_SvReq
= (1 × 1.26 - 0.00) / 0.33
= 3.769 >= 1
Checking for Shear & Torsion Combined Passed
Shear And Torsion Calculation in Y-Y Axis

Section Width, By = 300.0 mm, Section Height, Hy = 350.0 mm
Section Effective Depth, dy = Hy - Cover(including link) - diaMain / 2 = 309.0 mm
Page 63

Beam area, A = b × h = 300 × 350 = 105000 mm²

= 0.6 × (1 - 30.0 / 250)
= 0.528
fcd = fck / 1.5 = 30.0 / 1.5 = 20.0 N/mm²
Use θ = 22.0º
= 2 × 0.528 × 20.0 × 59024 × 80.8 × sin 22.0º × cos 22.0º / 106
= 34.97 kNm/m ≥ 0.00 kNm/m

= b × z × v × fcd / (cot θ + tan θ) / 1000
= 300.0 × 278.1 × 0.528 × 20.0 / (cot 22.0º + tan 22.0º) / 1000
= 306.00 kN ≥ 0.67 kN

Resistance

N/mm²
Maximum Shear Stress Allowed, vRd,max = VRd,max / (b × z)
= 306.00 × 1000 / (300.0 × 278.1)
= 3.67 N/mm²
νRd,max ≥ νss
EC2 : 04 Part 1 Clause 9.2.2(5)

= 0.08 × √fck × b / fyk
= 0.08 × √30.0 × 300.0 / 460.0
= 0.286 mm²/mm
Page 64
= 0.67 × 1000 / (0.9 × 309.0 × 0.87 × 460.0 × cot 22.0º)

= 0.002 mm²/mm

Torsion Steel Area Provided, TAsProv = 2 × Pi * diaLink² / 4 = 157.1 mm²
TAs_Sv Provided, C = TAsProv / Sv = 157.1 / 125.0 = 1.26 mm²/mm
Shear Torsion Combined Ratio, K = (LinkLoop × C - TAs_SvReq) / SAs_SvReq
= (1 × 1.26 - 0.00) / 0.29
= 4.397 >= 1
Checking for Shear & Torsion Combined Passed
Column Buckling Check
Minimum dimension within member = 300 mm

Link spacing allowed = 12 × Compression bar diameter = 12 × 12 = 144 mm or 300 mm
whichever lesser
Maximum link spacing allowed = 125 mm
Minimum column dimension to have minimum link diameter = 225 mm

Smallest column sectional dimension (or equivalent) = 300 mm > 225 mm
Smallest link diameter allowed by user due to minimum member dimension = 10 mm
Minimum link diameter required corresponding to main bar = 0.25 × 12 = 3.0 mm
Link diameter selected = 10 mm >= 3.0 mm
Link Provided T10 - 125
Page 65
5.3 Detail Calculations for Slab

Code of
fck, (N/mm²) Ecd, (N/mm²) fyk (N/mm²) γc γs
Practice
EC2 : 2004 30 27364 460 1.5 1.15
25 25 7860
SLAB MARK: GB - FS1

Slab Location : - 1/A - 1/B - 2/B - 2/A
Slab Shape : Rectangular
FS1:1
Location : - 1/A - 1/B - 2/B - 2/A
SubSlab Shape : Rectangular
Dimension: X = 3000 mm, Y = 4575 mm

Sub-Slab Thickness, h = 115 mm, Sub-Slab Drop = 300 mm
FEM Slab Analysis ResultDesign Bending Moment from FEM Analysis (X) = 5.4 kNm/m
Design Bending Moment from FEM Analysis (Y) = 2.5 kNm/m
Unfactored Displacement from FEM Analysis = 76.50 mm
Design Calculation (Base on F.E.M. Analysis Result)
Bottom Bar Spanning in Direction(X) Parallel to Sub-Slab Local Axis

Ultimate Design Moment, Mx = 5.4 kNm
Fabric Diameter in this direction, diaX = 7 mm
Fabric steel strength, fy = 485 N/mm²
Effective Depth, dx = 86.5 mm
Average Concrete Stress above Neutral Axis, k1 = 0.46 × 30.0 = 13.76 N/mm²
Limiting Concrete Moment Capacity Factor, kk1 = cb × k1 × (1 - cb × k2)
= 0.45 × 13.76 × (1 - 0.45 × 0.4160) = 5.034N/mm²
k2 / k1 Factor, kkk = 0.030
Mu / bd² = 5.4 × 1000000 / (1000.0 × 86.5²) = 0.721 N/mm²

Mu / bd² = 0.721 <= 5.034

kN
mm²
Page 66
Moment Capacity = Fc × (d - k2 × x) / 1000 = 63.83 × (86.5 - 0.4160 × 4.638) / 1000 = 5.4

kNm
fctm = 0.3 × fck2/3 = 0.3 × 302/3 = 2.9 N/mm²


Use Fabric BRC A7 (192 mm²)
Steel Percentage Provided = 0.17 %
Bottom Bar Spanning in Direction(Y) Perpendicular to Sub-Slab Local AxisUltimate Design

Moment, My = 2.5 kNm
Fabric Diameter in this direction, diaY = 7 mm
Fabric steel strength, fy = 485 N/mm²
Effective Depth, dy = 79.5 mm
= 0.45 × 13.76 × (1 - 0.45 × 0.4160) = 5.034N/mm²
Mu / bd² = 2.5 × 1000000 / (1000.0 × 79.5²) = 0.388 N/mm²

Mu / bd² = 0.388 <= 5.034

kN
mm²
kNm
fctm = 0.3 × fck2/3 = 0.3 × 302/3 = 2.9 N/mm²

Page 67
Use Fabric BRC A7 (192 mm²)

Steel Percentage Provided = 0.17 %
Deflection Check
Shorter span in X Direction (3000.0 mm)
Span Length, l = 3000.0 mm

Effective Depth, d = 86.5 mm
Actual Span / Depth Ratio, Ar = 34.7
Design Steel Strength, fyk = 485.0 N/mm²
Area of Tension Steel Required, AsReq (Ten.) = 152 mm²
Area of Tension Steel Provided, AsProv (Ten.) = 192 mm²
- Checking for deflection is based on EC2 : 04 Part 1 Clause 7.4.2(2)
- Expression 7.16.a or Expression 7.16.b and Table 7.4N: Basic span / effective depth ratio
for rectangular or flange beams
- Expression 7.17: Modification factor for steel area provided
Structural System, K = 1.3 (end span)

Required Tension Reinforcement Ratio, ρ = AsTenReq / (b × d)
= 152 / (1000.0 × 86.5) = 0.175 × 10-2
Reference Reinforcement Ratio, ρo = √fck × 0.001 = √30.0 × 0.001 = 0.548 × 10-2
ρ ≤ ρo => Use Expression (7.16.a)
ρo / ρ = 3.130
Basic Span Depth Ratio, BR = K × [11 + 1.5 × √fck × ρo / ρ + 3.2 × √fck × (ρo / ρ - 1)3/2]
= 1.3 × [11 + 1.5 × √30.0 × 3.130 + 3.2 × √30.0 × (3.130 - 1)3/2] = 118.6
Modification Factor for Steel Area Provided,

MFs = (500 / fyk) × (AsTenProv / AsTenReq)
= (500 / 485.0) × (192 / 151)
= 1.31
Deflection Ratio = (Br × MFs) / Ar = (118.6 × 1.31) / 34.7 = 155.4 / 34.7 = 4.48
Ratio >= 1.0 : Deflection Checked PASSED
SLAB SUPPORT MARK: 1

Beam Mark = 1: GB1(150x450) - 1
On Slab / Sub-Slab Mark: FS1:1

Thickness of Slab = 115 mm
Design Bending Moment = 1.26 kNm
= 0.45 × 13.76 × (1 - 0.45 × 0.4160) = 5.034N/mm²
Page 68
Mu / bd² = 1.3 × 1000000 / (1000.0 × 84.0²) = 0.178 N/mm²

Mu / bd² = 0.178 <= 5.034

kN
mm²
kNm
fctm = 0.3 × fck2/3 = 0.3 × 302/3 = 2.9 N/mm²


Use T12 - 250 mm (c/c) - TT (452 mm² / m)
Page 69
5.4 Design Calculations for Pile
Load Allowance = 10.0 %
Minimum Steel Percentage Permitted = 0.30 %

Maximum Steel Percentage Permitted = 4.00 %
Minimum Rebar Spacing Allowed = 100 mm
Maximum Rebar Spacing Allowed = 250 mm
Enhanced Shear Multiplier = 1.5
Lean
Code of Ecd,
fck, (N/mm²) Concrete fck, fyk (N/mm²) γc γs
Practice (N/mm²)
(N/mm²)
EC2 : 2004 30 10 27364 460 1.5 1.15
50 25 7860
DESIGN REPORT FOR PILE FOUNDATION P1 C12:(2,B)
Element/Elements Supported = Column C12:(2,B)
FOOTING DESIGN LOADING TABLE
Loading Number Selected for Foundation Design = 1
Load Service Load

No Sourc Load
Comb P LLR. P Ult. γF
. e Case P (D.L.) P (L.L.) Mx My
. (W.L.)
G.(2D
1 G.L. LC1 111.6 20.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 132.2 1.37
)
G.(3D
2 G.L. LC1 111.6 20.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 132.2 1.37
)
Note
Source - Source of Loading (G.L. for Gravity, W.L. for Wind Load, N.L. for Notional Load,
S.L. for Seismic Load)
Load Case - Load Case Number of Wind/Notional Load (G. for Gravity)
Load Comb. - Load Combination Number
Service Load - Foundation Service Load from Column/Wall (kN)
LLR. - Live Load Reduction from Stump and above (kN)
P Ult. - Ultimate Axial Force after multiply by Foundation Load Combination (kN)
γF - Load Factor use in foundation design
Moment value automatically set to 0 when M / P ratio less than 5.0 mm
Foundation live load reduction only can be carried out after running 3D Analysis together
with Column/Wall live load reduction set to True
Page 70
Check the pile load based on the 1 pile provided

P = 145.37 kN; Mx = 0 kNm; My = 0 kNm
Pile capacity = 20 ton
Pile load due to axial load
= P / n = 145.37 / 1 = 145.37 kN
= 14.82 ton ≤ 20 ton
DESIGN RESULT
Equivalent loadings imposed

Equivalent Column Load = 145.37kN
Equivalent Column moment X = 0.00kNm
Equivalent Column moment Y = 0.00kNm
Load Allowance = 10%
Pile Cap
Pile Cap self-weight Load =1.86kN
Pile Cap self-weight moment X =0.00kNm
Pile Cap self-weight moment Y=0.00kNm
Total Loadings
Total load applied = 147.23kN
Total moment X applied =0.00kNm
Total moment Y applied =0.00kNm
Pile Group Result

Pile Group Centroid : {3000.00,4540.00}mm
Coordina Coordina
Pile Capacity
te X te Y Applied Load Mx(kNm) My(kNm) Pile Type
No (kN)
(mm) (mm)
1 3000 4540 196.20 147.23(pass) 0.00 0.00 Original
Su
196.20 147.23 0.00 0.00
m
Each pile with their respective load, the pile cap self-weight is taken into account
Sample Calculation for Pile No.1

Applied Load = P / n = 147.23 / 1 = 147.23 kN
Ultimate
Applied load Applied load
Number of applied load
with self without self
Pile without self
weight (kN) weight (kN)
weight (kN)
1 147.23(pass) 145.37 203.52
Sum 147.23 145.37 203.52
Note: The lump safety factor for load is 1.40
Page 71
Dimension
Pile Number Type
(mm)
1 Rectangular 150X150
Status:
Design Passed
Number of piles required = 1

Footing slab thickness = 300.00mm
Steel percentage for footing slab X = 100*314/(550*300.0) = 0.36 %
Steel percentage for footing slab Y = 100*236/(450*300.0) = 0.31 %
Pile Cap Cross Section Information

Point 0:{2775,4265} mm
Point 1:{3225,4265} mm
Point 2:{3225,4815} mm
Point 3:{2775,4815} mm
Pile Cap center = {3000.00,4540.00} mm
B = 450
L = 550
Thickness =300mm
Pile Cap Density = 25kN/m^3
Pile Cap weight = 2kN
The depth of the footing slab = 300mm

The effective depth for reinforcement in x direction = 159mm
The effective depth for reinforcement in y direction = 167mm
Total depth = Effective depth of rebar + rebar radius + distance from rebar to pile + pile
penetration
Total depth = 167+5+25+100=297≈300mm
The Detailed Calculations for Footing Thickness and Reinforcement Bars
Detailed Moment Calculation

The moment is taken at 1 times of the column face to the column center
The calculation of service state moment about Axis

Load density = service state pile capacity/area
Area mx is the effective area of the pile in consideration of moment X
Area my is the effective area of the pile in consideration of moment Y
Moment Moment
lever arm about lever arm about
Pile load density Area mx Area my
Moment X X(ld*laX*A Moment Y Y(ld*laY*A
No. (ld, kN/m²) (Ax, m²) (Ay, m²)
(laX, mm) x/10^3, (laY, mm) y/10^3,
kNm) kNm)
1 8720.00 0.0 0.00000 0.00 0.0 0.000000 0.00
0.00 0.00
Page 72
The calculation of ultimate moment (the magnitude)

The absolute ultimate moment X = 1.40*0.00=0.00kNm
The absolute ultimate moment Y = 1.40*0.00=0.00kNm
Check Thickness Constraint

300mm is a multiple of 50mm
Footing thickness constraint checking pass!!
Check Footing Depth

Footing slab depth ≥ minimum thickness
300mm ≥ 300mm
Footing depth checking pass!!
Moment Checking in X direction

= 0.45 × 13.76 × (1 - 0.45 × 0.4160) = 5.034N/mm²
Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (550.0 × 159.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²

fctm = 0.3 × fck2/3 = 0.3 × 302/3 = 2.9 N/mm²
AsMin (%) = 26 × (fctm/fyk) = 26 × (2.9/460) = 0.16% < 0.30% (User defined)

Check for the sufficiency of steel area provided in x direction

4T10 is used
The total bar area is = 3.142*4*10^2/4 = 314mm²
The steel area provided 314 mm²
262<314 mm²
Area provided is sufficient!!
Check for bar spacing:

Bar spacing in x = 125
Bar diameter in x = 10mm
The bar spacing is ok
Check for bar diameter:

Bar diameter in x = 10mm
The bar diameter is ok
Page 73
Moment Checking in Y direction

Mu / bd² = 0.0 × 1000000 / (450.0 × 167.0²) = 0.000 N/mm²
fctm = 0.3 × fck2/3 = 0.3 × 302/3 = 2.9 N/mm²
AsMin (%) = 26 × (fctm/fyk) = 26 × (2.9/460) = 0.16% < 0.30% (User defined)

Check for the sufficiency of steel area provided in y direction

3T10 is used
The total bar area is = 3.142*3*10^2/4 = 236mm²
The steel area provided 236 mm²
225<236 mm²
Area provided is sufficient!!
Check for bar spacing:

Bar spacing in y = 150
Bar diameter in y = 10mm
The bar spacing is ok
Check for bar diameter:

Bar diameter in y = 10mm
The bar diameter is ok
Check for Punching Shear

EC2 : 04 Part 1 Clause 6.2.2, Expression 6.2.a & 6.2.b
Average d = (159.0 + 167.0) / 2 = 163.0 mm
k = 1 + √(200 / d) = 1 + √(200 / 163.0) = 2.00 ≤ 2
Minimum shear stress capacity, vRd,c min = 0.035 × k3/2 × fck1/2
= 0.035 × 2.003/2 × 301/2
= 0.54 N/mm²
CRd,c = 0.18 / γc = 0.18 / 1.5 = 0.12
ρ = As / (b × d) ≤ 0.02
Cut Area X = 550 × 159.0 = 87450.0 mm²
Cut Area Y = 450 × 167.0 = 75150.0 mm²
ρx = 314 / (87450) = 0.0036
ρy = 236 / (75150) = 0.0031
Average ρ = √(ρx × ρy) = √(0.0036 × 0.0031) = 0.0034
Shear stress capacity, vRd,c = CRd,c × k × (100 × ρ × fck)1/3
= 0.12 × 2.00 × (100 × 0.0034 × 30)1/3
= 0.52 N/mm² < vRd,c min (0.54 N/mm²)
Use vRd,c = 0.54 N/mm²
Check for the case if the critical section occurs at 0.5d from column face
Page 74
Enhancement shear multiplier, esm = 1.5

Enhanced shear factor = Max(esm/k, 1)= Max(1.5/0.50,1) = 3.00
Enhanced shear capacity, vc' = vc × enchanced shear factor = 0.54 × 3.00 = 1.63 N/mm²
Ultimate Pile
Ultimate Load Inside
Coordinate X Coordinate Y
Pile Number Design Load the Critical
(mm) (mm)
(kN) Diagonal
Zone (kN)
1 0 0 274.7 274.7
Sum 274.7 274.7
k = 0.5
The dimension of the critical section
B' = B + 2 × k × d
B' = 150 + 2 × 0.5 × 163.0 = 313 mm
L' = L + 2 × k × d
L' = 230 + 2 × 0.5 × 163.0 = 393 mm
Column perimeter, u = 760 mm
Critical perimeter = u + 2 × π × k × d = 760 + 2 × π × 0.5 × 163.0 = 1272 mm
Punching Shear Force = 274.68 - 274.68 = 0.00 kN
Punching Shear Stress = 0.00 × 1000 / (1272 × 163.0) = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ vc' = 1.63 N/mm²
Punching Shear Checking Pass!
Check for Ultimate Shear

Maximum shear stress allowed, vRd,max = 0.5 × 0.6 × (1 - fck / 250) × fck / 1.5
= 0.5 × 0.6 × (1 - 30 / 250) × 30 / 1.5 = 5.28 N/mm²
Ultimate shear stress = Ultimate axial load / (Column Perimeter × Average d)
= 274.68 × 1000 / (760 × 163.0) = 2.22 N/mm² ≤ vRd,max = 5.28 N/mm²
Page 75
Ultimate Shear Checking Pass!
Check for Flexural Shear

EC2 : 04 Part 1 Clause 6.2.2, Expression 6.2.a & 6.2.b
Minimum shear stress capacity, vRd,c min = 0.035 × k3/2 × fck1/2
Shear stress capacity, vRd,c = CRd,c × k × (100 × ρ × fck)1/3
CRd,c = 0.18 / γc = 0.18 / 1.5 = 0.12
k = 1 + √(200 / d) ≤ 2
ρ = As / (b × d) ≤ 0.02
Un-enhance Shear Stress Capacity in X direction

ρx = 314 / (550 × 159.0) = 0.0036
k = 1 + √(200 / d) = 1 + √(200 / 159.0) = 2.12 > 2
Use k = 2
Minimum shear stress capacity, vRd,c min = 0.035 × 2.003/2 × 301/2 = 0.54 N/mm²
Shear stress capacity X, vRd,c X = 0.12 × 2.00 × (100 × 0.0036 × 30)1/3 = 0.53 N/mm² <
vRd,c min
Un-enhance Shear Stress Capacity in Y direction

ρy = 314 / (550 × 159.0) = 0.0036
k = 1 + √(200 / d) = 1 + √(200 / 159.0) = 2.12 > 2
Use k = 2
Minimum shear stress capacity, vRd,c min = 0.035 × 2.003/2 × 301/2 = 0.54 N/mm²
Shear stress capacity Y, vRd,c Y = 0.12 × 2.00 × (100 × 0.0036 × 30)1/3 = 0.53 N/mm² <
vRd,c min
The flexural shear is checked at section, av =0.90d at left portion of the cap
Ultimate pile
Ultimate
Coordinate X Coordinate Y load at one
Pile Number Design Load
(mm) (mm) side of the
(kN)
slab (kN)
1 0 0 274.7 0.0
Sum 274.7 0.0
Enhanced shear factor = Max(1.5/k,1) = Max(1.5/0.90,1)=1.67

Enhanced shear capacity, vc' = 0.54 × 1.67 = 0.90 N/mm²
Flexural shear stress = 0.00 × 1000 / (550 × 159) = 0.00 N/mm² ≤ vc = 0.90 N/mm²
Flexure Shear Checking Pass!
Page 76
The flexural shear is checked at section, av =0.90d at right portion of the cap
Ultimate pile
Ultimate
(kN)
slab (kN)
1 0 0 274.7 0.0
Sum 274.7 0.0

Page 77
The flexural shear is checked at section, av =0.95d at upper portion of the cap
Ultimate pile
Ultimate
(kN)
slab (kN)
1 0 0 274.7 0.0
Sum 274.7 0.0

Page 78
The flexural shear is checked at section, av =0.95d at lower portion of the cap
Ultimate pile
Ultimate
(kN)
slab (kN)
1 0 0 274.7 0.0
Sum 274.7 0.0

Page 79
Page 80
6.0 Conclusion
For this assignment, I have learnt the fundamentals of the Esteem software,
including the input and analysis stages of the building structure design process.
Esteem is a highly functional program that facilitates the design of reinforced
concrete buildings and streamlines the job of structural engineers. Esteem is a
software that differs from AUTOCAD in that it can provide structural diagrams
more quickly and efficiently as well as give precise design calculations to evaluate
if the design will actually be successful.
There are a many advantage to use Esteem software, which will assist you to
refresh and actively recall what you have learnt in previous semester. The
knowledge gained in Reinforced Concrete Design and Structural Steel Design are
used to the design of structural components. When you are required to construct
the building structure for the Integrated Design Project I, having an understanding
of esteem will also be beneficial. Moreover, Esteem saves time and simplifies
difficult computations in contrast to human computations.
Page 81
7.0 References
TeamCivil. (2022, November 24). Uses and Applications of Reinforced Concrete

(RC). Civil Engineering Forum.
https://www.civilengineeringforum.me/uses-applications-of-reinforced-concrete/
wemodelforyou: What is Esteem Structural Software? : a brief introduction. (n.d.).

Wemodelforyou.
http://wemodelforyou.blogspot.com/2013/08/what-is-esteem-structural-
software. html
What is Reinforced Concrete? It’s Uses, Benefits & Advantages.

(n.d.). https://qgreentech.com/reinforced-concrete/
Page 82

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UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SARAWAK

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY BACHELOR OF CIVIL

SOFTWARE-AIDED STRUCTURAL DESIGN (EEC 3853)

STUDENT NAME : WILDANI BINTI A. RAHMAN

LECTURER NAME : IR. WONG CHEE SWEE

DATE OF SUBMISSION : NOVEMBER 2023/ (WEEK 7)

1.0 Background of Study

Reinforced concrete has been used in many engineering applications, such as

Deterioration and collapse of concrete structures are now a significant

To simplify the frame analysis calculation for complex frame structures,

Esteem is especially developed to give structural engineers with

2.0 Design Parameters

There are a number of customizable variables for the project parameters,

Eurocode 2 - Design of Concrete Structures (BS EN 1992-1-1:2004) acts as

3.0 Design Stages

MATERIAL AND DESIGN DATA

Conc. Unit Weight Steel Unit Weight

DETAIL CALCULATION FOR BEAM GB9(150x450)

Section Dimension Data

BEAM GB9(150x450) SPAN NO. 1

FLEXURAL DESIGN CALCULATION

LOCATION : SPAN (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Maximum Effective Depth of Section = 409.0 mm

Top Compression Steel Area Required = 101 mm²

LOCATION : SPAN (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Design as Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Maximum Effective Depth of Section = 409.0 mm

Top Compression Steel Area Required = 101 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T10 (157 mm²)

LOCATION : LEFT SUPPORT (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Maximum Effective Depth of Section = 410.0 mm

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 101 mm²

LOCATION : LEFT SUPPORT (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Maximum Effective Depth of Section = 410.0 mm

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 101 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T10 (157 mm²)

LOCATION : RIGHT SUPPORT (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Maximum Effective Depth of Section = 410.0 mm

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 101 mm²

LOCATION : RIGHT SUPPORT (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Maximum Effective Depth of Section = 410.0 mm

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 101 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T10 (157 mm²)

LOCATION : 1/4 SPAN (2-D PLAN ANALYSIS RESULT)

Maximum Effective Depth of Section = 410.0 mm

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 101 mm²

LOCATION : 1/4 SPAN (3-D ANALYSIS RESULT)

Maximum Effective Depth of Section = 410.0 mm

Top Tension Steel Area Required = 101 mm²

Top Reinforcement Provided = 2T10 (157 mm²)

TENSILE FORCE WITHIN SPAN

SHEAR & TORSION DESIGN CALCULATION

LOCATION : SECTION 1 LEFT SUPPORT

Maximum Torsion within Zone, T = 0.0 kNm

Section Width, b = 150.0 mm

EC2 : 04 Part 1 Expression 6.9

EC2 : 04 Part 1 Clause 6.3.2(4), Expression 6.29

Since TEd = 0 kNm, hence no torsion reinforcement is needed

EC2 : 04 Part 1 Clause 9.2.2(5)

Design for SAsv_Sv = 0.143 mm²/mm

Shear Reinforcement Provided : T8-250 (Link spacing is governed by user setting)

LOCATION : SECTION 1 MIDDLE ZONE