Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FIRE
- a rapid, self-sustaining oxidation process accompanied by the evolution of heat and light of varying
intensity
- an active chemical reaction that takes place between fuel, heat and oxygen in the form of light and
noticeable heat
- a chemical reaction; the rapid oxidation of a fuel producing heat and light
- an oxidation taking place with a rate rapid enough to produce heat and light
TECHNOLOGY
- the branch of knowledge that deals with industrial arts and sciences
- the application of such knowledge that is used to produce the material necessity of society
FUEL
- anything that will burn when heated with sufficient oxygen
OXYGEN
- aids in combustion; comes from the atmosphere we breath; the atmosphere contains: 21% oxygen, 78%
nitrogen and 1% impurities
HEAT
- source of ignition
TRIANGLE OF FIRE
For many years, the fire triangle (oxygen, fuel and heat) was taught as the components of fire. While this
simple example is useful, it is NOT technically correct.
TETRAHEDRON OF FIRE
- a geometric representation of what is required for fire to exist, namely, fuel, an oxidizing agent, heat, and
an uninhibited chemical reaction
FIRE TETRAHEDRON
Each component of the tetrahedron must be in place for combustion to occur. Remove one of the four
components and combustion will not occur. If ignition has already occurred, the fire is extinguished when
one of the components is removed from the reaction.
FUEL
- the material or substance being oxidized or burned in the combustion process.
Fuel sources
1. Solid - molecules are closely packed together
2. Liquid - molecules are loosely packed
3. Gas - molecules are free to move
HEAT
- the energy component of the fire tetrahedron
- when heat comes into contact with a fuel, the energy supports the combustion reaction
- heat energy is measured in units of Joules (J), however it can also be measured in Calories (1 Calorie =
4.184 J) and BTU's (1 BTU = 1055 J)
TEMPERATURE
- a measure of the degree of molecular activity of a material compared to a reference point
- a measure of the degree of molecular activity of a material compared to a reference point
- measured in degrees Farenheit or degrees Celsius
ºCºF Response
37 98.6 Normal human oral/body temperature
44 111 Human skin begins to feel pain
48 118 Human skin receives a first degree burn injury
55 131 Human skin receives a second degree burn injury
62 140 A phase where burned human tissue becomes numb
72 162 Human skin is instantly destroyed
100 212 Water boils and produces steam
140 284 Glass transition temperature of polycarbonate
230 446 Melting temperature of polycarbonate
250 482 Charring of natural cotton begins
300 572 Charring of modern protective clothing fabrics begins
600 1112 Temperatures inside a post-flashover room fire
CHEMICAL ENERGY
- the most common source of heat in combustion reactions
When any combustible is in contact with oxygen, oxidation occurs. The reaction of this process results in
the production of heat.
ex. Heat generated from burning match, self heating (spontaneous heating)
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ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- can generate temperature high enough to ignite any combustible material near the heated area
Examples:
1. over current or overload
2. arcing
3. sparking
4. static
5. lightning
NUCLEAR ENERGY
- generated when atoms either split apart (fission) or combine (fusion)
Ex.
1. fission heats water to drive steam turbines and produce electricity
2. solar energy is a product of a fusion reaction
MECHANICAL ENERGY
- an energy created by friction and compression
1) Heat of friction - the movement of two surfaces against each other, thus producing sparks
2) Heat of compression - heat is generated when a gas is compressed in a container or cylinder
FIRE DEVELOPMENT
When the four components of the fire tetrahedron come together, ignition occurs. For a fire to grow beyond
the first material ignited, heat must be transmitted beyond the first material to additional fuel packages.
Stages of Fire
- Ignition
- Growth
- Flashover
- Fully-developed
- Decay
IGNITION
- describes the period when the four elements of the fire tetrahedron come together and combustion begins
GROWTH
- shortly after ignition, a fire plume begins to form above the burning fuel. As the plume develops, it begins
to draw or entrain air from the surrounding space into the column.
FLASHOVER
- the transition between the growth and the fully developed fire stages and is not a specific event such as
ignition. During flashover, conditions in the compartment change very rapidly as the fire changes from one
that is dominated by the burning of the materials first ignited to one that involves all of the exposed
combustible surfaces within the compartment.
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FULLY-DEVELOPED
- occurs when all combustible materials in the compartment are involved in the fire
DECAY
- as the fire consumes the available fuel in the compartment, the rate of heat released begins to decline.
THREE (3) STAGES OF FIRE
1. Incipient phase
2. Free burning phase
3. Smoldering
1. INCIPIENT STAGE
- initial stage of fire
Characteristics
- normal room temperature
- oxygen plentiful
- thermal updraft rise accumulates at higher point
- temperature at 1000 F
- Producing C02, CO, SO2, water and other gases
Characteristics
- fire has involved more fuel
- oxygen supply has depleted
- heat accumulates at upper area
- temperature exceeds 1,330 F
- area is fully involved
3. SMOLDERING PHASE
- final phase of burning wherein flame ceases but dense smoke and heat completely fill the confined room
CONDUCTION
- heat transfer within solids or between contacting solids
When a hot object transfers its heat, conduction has taken place. The transfer could be to another object or
to another portion of the same object. As we have discovered and will be constantly reinforced about,
combustion occurs on the molecular level. When an object heats up, the atoms become agitated and begin
to collide with one another. A chain reaction of molecules and atoms, like wave energy, occurs and causes
the agitated molecules to pass the heat energy to areas of non-heat.
CONVECTION
- heat transfer by the movement of liquids or gasses
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Air that is hotter than its surroundings rises. Air that is cooler than its surroundings sinks. Air is made up of
many molecules floating about freely. Even so, it still has weight. Some molecules are made up of the
same element. For example, oxygen in its natural state will combine with another oxygen atom to form a
stable oxygen molecule. In a given volume, air at a given temperature will have the same density. When
heated, as in conduction theory, the molecules become agitated and begin to collide with one another. In
the process, the molecules are demanding more space to accommodate the vibrations and they push into
one another as they seek that space. When that happens, the density of a given volume is reduced and it
weighs less. Because it weighs less, it rises until it reaches equilibrium-the level at which the weight is the
same as the surrounding atmosphere.
RADIATION
- heat transfer by electromagnetic waves
The last form of heat transfer occurs by radiation. As we have already seen, heat energy can be transmitted
directly when molecules collide with one another and cause the waves of heat energy to travel.
FLAME CONTACT
- heat may be conducted from one body to another by direct flame contact
PROPERTIES OF FIRE
1. Physical properties
2. Chemical Properties
1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
a. Specific gravity
- the ratio of the weight of a solid or substance to the weight of an equal volume of water
b. Vapor density
- the weight of volume of pure gas compared to weight of a volume of dry air at the same temperature and
pressure
c. Vapor pressure
- the force exerted by the molecules on the surface of the liquid at the equilibrium
d. Temperature
- the measure of the thermal degree of the agitation of molecules of a given substance; the measure of the
molecular activity within the substance
e. Boiling Point
- the constant temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure
f. Ignition temperature
- the minimum temperature to which the substance in the air must be heated in order to initiate or cause
self-contained combustion without addition of heat from outside sources
g. Fire point
- the temperature at which the material will give off ample vapors to keep burning
h. Flash point
- the temperature at which the material is not hot enough to keep burning, but still gives off enough vapors
to cause a flame across the surface
2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
a. Endothermic reaction
- are changes whereby energy is absorbed or is added before the reaction takes place
b. Exothermic reaction
- reactions or changes that releases or give off energy
c. Oxidation
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRE
I. BASED ON CAUSE
a. Natural fire/ providential
b. Accidental fire
c. Intentional Fire/Incendiary
d. Undetermined
C. INCENDIARY FIRE - is one deliberately set under circumstances in which the person knows that the fire
should not be set
D. UNDETERMINED FIRE CAUSE- whenever the cause cannot be proven, the proper classification is
undetermined
CLASS A
- ordinary solid materials such as wood, paper, fabrics, etc.
- this will be indicated by deep cited fire, leaves ashes and embers (glowing coals) after burning
CLASS B
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- flammable liquids such as gasoline, lube oil, kerosene, paint thinner, etc.
CLASS C
- electrical appliances; causes electric shock
CLASS D
- metal fire such as magnesium (white element burning with dazzling light), sodium (a silver white metallic
element), etc.; creates violent reaction
CLASS E
- flammable gases such as LPG, LNG, etc.; also creates violent reaction
FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT
EXTINGUISHING AGENT
1. Class A – water (all agents)
2. Class B – foam/carbon dioxide (all agents)
3. Class C – carbon dioxide/powder (never use water, soda acid and foam)
4. Class D – special powder
5. Class E – all agents
METHODS OF EXTINGUISHMENT
1. COOLING – heat absorption.
2. SEPARATION – the removal of the fuel.
3. SMOTHERING – by expelling oxygen
4. Inhibition or the interruption of chemical chain reaction
Types of ladder
1. Ground ladders (10 to 55 ft. long)
2. Aerial ladders
Purposes of ladders
a. for rescue
b. to stretch line into a fire building
c. to provide ventilation by giving access to places that are hard to reach
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LADDER TERMINOLOGY
1. Bed ladder - the lowest section of an extension ladder
2. Fly ladder - the top section of an extension ladder
3. Butt - the bottom end of a ladder
4. Heel - the part of the ladder that touches the ground
5. Halyard - a rope or cable used to raised the fly ladder
6. Pawl or dog - the mechanism located at the end of the fly ladder that locks to the bed ladder
7. Rung - the cross member of the ladder that is used for climbing
8. Top or tip - it is the top part of the ladder
9. Hooks - part of a ladder that is used to hook over a roof peak, sills, or walls where the heel does not rest
on a foundation. (roof type ladders)
10. Stops - made of metal or wood blocks used to prevent the fly of an extension ladder from extending out
further from the ladder
11. Guides - light metal strips of an extension ladder that guides the fly ladder while it is being raised or
lowered
ARSON
- the willful and malicious burning of all kinds of buildings and structures including personal properties
INVESTIGATION
- an art that deals with the identity and location of the offender and provides evidence of his guilt in criminal
proceedings
ELEMENTS OF ARSON
1. Actual burning took place
2. Actual burning is done with malicious intent
3. The actual burning is done by person(s) legally and criminally liable
LAWS ON ARSON
1. Article 320 – 326 of the Revised Penal Code
- defines arson, its forms and penalties
2. PD 1613 – the law amending the law on arson
- defining the prima facie evidence of arson
3. RA 7659
- An Act to Impose Death Penalty on Certain Heinous Crimes, amending for that purpose the Revised
Penal Code as amended, other special laws, and for other purposes
4. RA 6975 Sec. 54
- provides that the Fire Bureau shall have the power to investigate all causes of fires and if necessary file
the proper complaint with the City/Provincial Prosecutor who has jurisdiction over the case
1. Burning
2. Willfulness – means intentional and implies that the act was done purposely and intentionally
3. Malice – denotes hatred or ill will or a desire for revenge; deliberate intention of doing unjustified harm for
the satisfaction of doing it
4. Motive – the moving cause which induces the commission of a crime; something that leads or influences
a person to do something
5. Intent – the purpose or design with which the act is done and involves the will; an essential element of
crime, motive is not
Arson is one of the most difficult offenses to investigate because the arsonist can be able to set a fire and
escape undetected. The fire can consume the scene and destroy much physical evidence of the offense.
Harder forms of evidence are often buried in debris and grossly altered in appearance.
wasted, there is no burning, yet the wood need not be in flame or blaze, and the burning of any part,
however, small is sufficient to constitute arson, and if the house is charred in a single place so as to destroy
the fibers of the wood, it is sufficient to constitute arson.
fast rule is laid down by the law as to the requirements for attempted arson. The peculiar facts and
circumstances of a particular case should carry more weight in the decision of the case. Thus, a person
intending to burn a wooden structure, collects some rags, soaks them in gasoline and places them beside
the wooden wall of the building. When he is about to light a match to set fire to the rags, he is discovered
by another who chases him away.
directly by overacts (placing the rags soaked in gasoline beside the wooden wall of the building and lighting
a match) but he does not perform all the acts of execution (the setting of the fire to the rags) due to the
timely intervention of another who chases away) the offender.
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Motives of Arson
Motive
person to commit a crime.
2. Disposing of Merchandise
– the stocks on hand may have lost value by reason of the seasonal nature of the business, obsolesce,
scarcity of materials necessary to complete the contracts, overstock in the absence of expected order or a
changing market.
3. Property Transaction
– the business itself may no longer be desirable because of impending liquidation, settlement of an estate
of which it is a part, the need for cash, prospective failure, the comparatively greater value of the land, or
the comparatively greater value of the insurance benefits.
B. Profit by the Perpetrator other than the assured:
1. Insurance agents wishing business
2. Insurance adjusters desiring to adjust a loss by securing a contract
3. Business competitors
4. Persons seeking jobs as protection personnel
5. Salvagers
6. Contractors wishing to rebuild or wreck
Concealment of Crime:
divert attention in order to loot the burning premises or steal in other places. The burning may be for the
purpose of destroying evidences.
Punitive Measure:
- An arsonists may use fire as a means of punishing another person for reason of jealousy, hatred or
revenge.
Pyromania
– is the uncontrollable impulse of a person to burn anything without motivation. Pyromaniacs usually do not
run away from the scene of the crime, usually alone and feel satisfied watching the flame
Types of Pyromaniacs:
1. Abnormal Youth – Epileptics, imbeciles and morons may set fire without knowing the seriousness of the
act.
2. The Hero Type – a person may set fire on a building, subsequently pretends to discover it and turn in the
alarm so that he will appear a hero to the public. A person may burn a building and endeavor to achieve
spectacular rescue in order to attract the attention of spectators.
3. Alcoholics and Drug Addicts – persons who subject themselves to intense artificial stimulants such as
narcotics sometimes develop a strong urge toward incendiaries.
4. Sexual Deviates – some sex perverts derive sexual stimulation from setting a fire and watching the flame.
Frequently, he is chronic masturbator who stimulates and enhances his sexual gratification by means of
arson.
Public Disturbance
- an offender may resort to arson as a means of a public disturbance because a fire attracts people and
destruction causes confusion that gives rise to attendant problems that divert police attention.
Vandalism
– is a general term denoting intentional burning to destroy properties.
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Incendiary Materials
- materials used to start a fire; combustible fuels
1. Arson Chemicals (liquids) – are incendiary materials often used by arsonists as accelerants. Possess
excellent properties. Examples: alcohol, benzene, petroleum ether, gasoline, kerosene, naptha, turpentine.
2. Gases as acetylene, butane, CO, ethylene, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, these are common gases
resulting in fires from explosion. These when mix with air possess excellent in ignition properties and when
present in an enclosed area can lead to explosion.
3. Solids as chlorates, perchlorates, chromates, bichromates, nitrates, permanganates – are typical families
of oxidizing agents which give off oxygen on decomposition thus aiding in combustion.
Definition of terms
Abatement - Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard.
Administrator - Any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages the use of a building for him.
Blasting Agent - Any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and oxidizer used to set off explosives.
Cellulose Nitrate Or Nitro Cellulose - A highly combustible and explosive compound produced by the
reaction of nitric acid with a cellulose material.
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin) - Any plastic substance, materials or compound having cellulose
nitrate (nitro cellulose) as base.
Combustible, Flammable or Inflammable - Descriptive of materials that are easily set on fire.
Combustible Fiber - Any readily ignitable and free burning fiber such as cotton, oakum, rags, waste cloth,
waste paper, kapok, hay, straw, Spanish moss, excelsior and other similar materials commonly used in
commerce.
Combustible Liquid - Any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8_C (100_F).
Corrosive Liquid - Any liquid which causes fire when in contact with organic matter or with certain
chemicals.
Curtain Board - A vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive materials attached to and extending
below the bottom chord of the roof trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into separate compartments
so that heat and smoke will be directed upwards to a roof vent.
Cryogenic - Descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a result of its reaction with other elements
produces a rapid drop in temperature of the immediate surroundings.
Damper - A normally open device installed inside an air duct system which automatically closes to restrict
the passage of smoke or fire.
Distillation - The process of first raising the temperature in separate the more volatile from the less volatile
parts and then cooling and condensing the resulting vapor so as to produce a nearly purified substance.
Duct System - A continuous passageway for the transmission of air.
Dust - A finely powdered substance which, when mixed with air in the proper proportion and ignited will
cause an explosion.
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Electrical Arc - An extremely hot luminous bridge formed by passage of an electric current across a space
between two conductors or terminals due to the incandescence of the conducting vapor.
Ember - A hot piece or lump that remains after a material has partially burned, and is still oxidizing without
the manifestation of flames.
Finishes - Materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental or protective purposes.
Fire - The active principle of burning, characterized by the heat and light of combustion.
Fire Trap - A building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn easily or because it lacks adequate exits or
fire escapes.
Fire Alarm - Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warm the occupants of the
building or fire fighting elements of the presence or danger of fire to enable them to undertake immediate
action to save life and property and to suppress the fire.
Fire Door - A fire resistive door prescribed for openings in fire separation walls or partitions.
Fire Hazard - Any condition or act which increases or may cause an increase in the probability of the
occurrence of fire, or which may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with fire fighting operations and the
safeguarding of life and property.
Fire Lane - The portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept opened and unobstructed at all
times for the expedient operation of fire fighting units.
Fire Protective And Fire Safety Device - Any device intended for the protection of buildings or persons to
include but not limited to built-in protection system such as sprinklers and other automatic extinguishing
system, detectors for heat, smoke and combustion products and other warning system components,
personal protective equipment such as fire blankets, helmets, fire suits, gloves and other garments that
may be put on or worn by persons to protect themselves during fire.
Fire Safety Constructions - Refers to design and installation of walls, barriers, doors, windows, vents,
means of egress, etc. integral to and incorporated into a building or structure in order to minimize danger to
life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before the building is evacuated. These features are also designed to
achieve, among others, safe and rapid evacuation of people through means of egress sealed from smoke
or fire, the confinement of fire or smoke in the room or floor of origin and delay their spread to other parts of
the building by means of smoke sealed and fire resistant doors, walls and floors. It shall also mean to
include the treatment of buildings components or contents with flame retardant chemicals.
Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which any material gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to
form an ignitable mixture with air.
Forcing -A process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its shape or dimensions.
Fulminate - A kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by percussion.
Hazardous Operation/Process - Any act of manufacturing, fabrication, conversion, etc., that uses or
produces materials which are likely to cause fires or explosions.
Horizontal Exit - Passageway from one building to another or through or around a wall in approximately
the same floor level.
Hose Box - A box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other equipment are stored and arranged for fire
fighting.
Hose Reel - A cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a fire hose is wound and connected.
Hypergolic Fuel - A rocket or liquid propellant which consists of combinations of fuels and oxidizers which
ignite spontaneously on contact with each other.
Industrial Baking And Drying - The industrial process of subjecting materials to heat for the purpose of
removing solvents or moisture from the same, and/or to fuse certain chemical salts to form a uniform
glazing the surface of materials being treated.
Jumper - A piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a safety device in an electrical system.
Occupancy - The purpose for which a building or portion thereof is used or intended to be used.
Occupant - Any person actually occupying and using a building or portions thereof by virtue of a lease
contract with the owner or administrator or by permission or sufferance of the latter.
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Organic Peroxide - A strong oxidizing organic compound which releases oxygen readily. It causes fire
when in contact with combustible materials especially under conditions of high temperature.
Overloading - The use of one or more electrical appliances or devices which draw or consume electrical
current beyond the designed capacity of the existing electrical system.
Owner - The person who holds the legal right of possession or title to a building or real property.
Oxidizing Material - A material that readily yields oxygen in quantities sufficient to stimulate or support
combustion.
Pressurized Or Forced Draft Burning Equipment - Type or burner where the fuel is subjected to
pressure prior to discharge into the combustion chamber and/or which includes fans or other provisions for
the introduction of air at above normal atmosphere pressure into the same combustion chamber.
Public Assembly Building - Any building or structure where fifty (50) or more people congregate, gather,
or assemble for any purpose.
Public Way - Any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed from the ground to the sky, deeded,
dedicated or otherwise permanently appropriated for public use.
Pyrophoric - Descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously when exposed to air.
Refining - A process where impurities and/or deleterious materials are removed from a mixture in order to
produce a pure element of compound. It shall also refer to partial distillation and electrolysis.
Self-Closing Doors - Automatic closing doors that are designed to confine smoke and heat and delay the
spread of fire.
Smelting - Melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds so as to separate impurities from pure metals.
Sprinkler System - An integrated network of hydraulically designed piping installed in a building, structure
or area with outlets arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically discharges water when activated
by heat or combustion products from a fire.
Standpipe System - A system of vertical pipes in a building to which fire hoses can be attached on each
floor, including a system by which water is made available to the outlets as needed.
Vestibule - A passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors and the interior parts of a house or
building.
Vertical Shaft - An enclosed vertical space of passage that extends from floor to floor, as well as from the
base to the top of the building.
Where liquid accelerants are believed to have become trapped in porous materials such as concrete floor:
a. Lime
b. Diatomaceous earth
c. flour
Collection of liquid evidence absorbed by solid materials including soils and sand:
a. Scooping
b. Sawing
c. Scraping
d. Core drilling
Collecting of Solid samples for accelerant testing
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Solid accelerant may be common household materials and compounds or dangerous chemicals. When
collecting solid accelerants:
a. The fire investigator must ensure that the solid accelerant is maintained in physical state in which is
found
b. Some incendiary materials remain Corrosive and Reactive
c. Ensure the corrosive nature of these residue does not attack the packaging container
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