FME 15- COMBUSTION ENGINEERING

HYDROCARBON
FUELS
Baris, Hazel Ann
Catapang, James Martin
Hipe, Johnres
Jamero, Nathaniel
ENERGY
Ability to do work.
Can be converted to one another.

Two Categories:
1. Renewable Energy
energy from sources that are naturally
replenishing but flow-limited.
2. Non-renewable Energy
source of energy that will eventually run
out.
FUEL
Energy-dense repositories that supply
energy services like heating,
transportation, and electricity generation.
Energy Conservation means less usage of
Fuel.

Types of Fuel
1. Primary Fuel
Is a fuel without energy conversion or
transformation process.
2. Secondary Fuel
fuels that are derived from some primary
fuel or fuels through chemical or physical
processes.
HYDROCARBON
an organic chemical compound that is
composed exclusively of hydrogen and
carbon atoms.
naturally occurring and form the basis of
crude oil, natural gas, coal, and other
important energy sources.
Highly effective as a source of fuel.
 Constituents in Petroleum and Gas

Lubricants

Industrial Chemicals

Explosives

APPLICATIONS Raw materials for production of plastics,

fibers, rubbers, and solvents
ADVANTAGES
Primary source for transportation
that is widely accessible for many
users such as gasoline and diesel.
Some products that we use daily are
oil-based.
Large reserves make it a plentiful
source of energy.
DISADVANTAGES
Polluting the atmosphere due to its
emission. Contributes to climate
change.
The planet's ability to absorb the
emissions is far less than the vast
reserves.
There is a great deal of instability,
which causes social and economic
imbalances.

ALIPHATIC
Hydrocarbons that are derived by chemical
degradation of fats or oils underneath the
surface.
Divided into three main groups, alkane,
alkene, and alkyne.
ORIGIN OF
HYDROCARBON
FUELS
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbon are divided into two
classification, and these are:
AROMATIC
Hydrocarbons that are derived from
chemical degradation of certain pleasant-
smelling plants extracts.
ORIGIN OF HYDROCARBON FUELS

ALIPHATIC
ALKANES

Alkanes are organic compounds made

completely of single-bonded carbon and
hydrogen atoms

The most significant components of fuel oil and

lubricating oil also serve as preservatives.

In order of increasing number of carbon atoms,

methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and propane
(C3H8) are the first three members of the
series.
ORIGIN OF HYDROCARBON FUELS

ALIPHATIC
ALKENES

Alkenes are hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon

double bonds.

They are not abundant in crude oil, but are

created by the cracking of alkanes.

Alkenes are also very important in the chemical

industry for the production of plastics and a
variety of other substances that may be used as
fuel.
ORIGIN OF HYDROCARBON FUELS

ALIPHATIC
ALKYNES

Alkynes are hydrocarbons which contain

carbon-carbon triple bonds.

Alkynes react similarly to alkenes, however they

can react twice due to the existence of two p-
bonds in the triple bond.
ORIGIN OF HYDROCARBON FUELS

AROMATIC
Are cyclic, planar compounds with benzene-like
electrical and chemical properties.

They are not abundant in crude oil, but are

created by the cracking of alkanes.
 ORIGIN OF
HYDROCARBON
FUELS
Hydrocarbon fuels are commonly used energy
sources, undergoing combustion reactions to
release energy for transportation, electricity
generation, heating, and industrial processes.

Extraction
The main process used to produce Fractional Distillation
hydrocarbon fuels are the refinement of Conversion Processes
crude oil. A number of important Treatment Processes
procedures are involved in obtaining and Blending
turning crude oil into useful hydrocarbon Distribution
fuels, including: Combustion
EXTRACTION OF HYDROCARBON
FUELS
There are many different ways that can be
use for the purpose of extracting
hydrocarbon fuels, but along with those
processes, are factors to consider why it
should be used and impacts it would
cause as those different types of
processes are performed. Since
hydrocarbon fuels are burried
underground, those processes includes
the following;
 HORIZONTAL
SURFACE DRILLING
MINING
process of drilling a
EXTRACTION
Process of mining well from the surface to
where the terrain
a subsurface location
surface is removed to
just above the target
open up access to the
fuel reservoir called the
minerals and other
“kickoff point”, then
resources underneath
starts turning until it
it.
reaches the reservoir’s
“entry point” with a near-
horizontal inclination,
and remains until it
reaches the bottom.
UNDERGROUND
MINING
Refers the process of
extracting minerals, rocks
and other industrial
materials other than oil,
coal and gas from the
earth through the
development of shafts
and entries from the
surface to the deposits or
seam before recovering
the products and using
underground extraction
methods.
 VERTICAL
HYDRAULIC DRILLING
FRACTURING
Refers to a method which
Also known as provides access to a well
EXTRACTION

fracking is usually that is not faced horizontally

used to mine for at its deepest point.
natural gasses and Extraction can only occur
oils. it is where drilling directly beneath the well
head when using Vertical
operators force water,
Drilling techniques.
sand, and a mix of
chemicals into
horizontally drilled
wells, causing the
shale to crack and
release natural gas or
oil.
EXTRACTION OF HYDROCARBON
FUELS
SURFACE HORIZONTAL UNDERGROUND
MINING DRILLING MINING
EXTRACTION OF HYDROCARBON
FUELS

VERTICAL DRILLING HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

FRACTIONAL
DISTILLATION OF
HYDROCARBON
FUELS
A fractional distillation column is used to process
crude oil after heating in a furnace, dividing it into
constituent parts based on boiling points, with
heavier hydrocarbons at the bottom.

These parts that had been separated are called

fractions.
CONVERSION TREATMENT BLENDING
PROCESSES PROCESSES To create the required grades
of gasoline, diesel, and other
To enhance their quality or Refers to different types of fuels, the various hydrocarbon
produce certain products, some treatments that enhance the fractions are mixed together in
of the fractions produced during quality and remove any predetermined ratios after
fractional distillation may go impurities from the treatment. Refiners can satisfy
through further conversion hydrocarbon fuels. These regulatory standards and
procedures. include desulfurization, maximize gasoline qualities
hydrogenation, and including volatility, cetane
Catalytic cracking: Breaks
hydrotreating. number, and octane rating via
down heavier hydrocarbon
blending.
molecules into lighter, more
valuable oil like gasoline and
diesel.
PROCESS OF DISTRIBUTION
COMBUSTION OF HYDROCARBON
FUELS
Combustion of hydrocarbon fuels that are exposed to oxygen produces carbon dioxide (CO2),
water (H2O), and heat in which we use as a source of energy and use it in many different
forms and functions. But sometimes, there are impurities such as sulfur and nitrogen
compounds which is why hydrocarbon fuels are refined before exporting it for consumption
(which is combustion of the fuel).
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
OF HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons are known for their crucial role in combustion,
supplying essential energy across diverse sectors. They
remain widely acknowledged for meeting society's energy
needs effectively.

- Hydrocarbons: efficiency questioned due to adverse

effects like climate change
- Shifted from constructive to destructive role, hindering
progress
- Despite modern trends favoring renewables,
hydrocarbons still significant in power generation
- Imperative to acknowledge environmental impact and
minimize as energy demands persist
METHANE AND
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS
- Methane and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are significant hydrocarbons
with detrimental atmospheric effects.
- Methane oxidizes into carbon dioxide (CO2), intensifying the greenhouse
effect and contributing to global warming.
- CFCs, commonly used in refrigeration and aerosol cans, release chlorine
into the atmosphere, leading to ozone layer depletion.
- Ozone layer depletion increases exposure to harmful ultraviolet radiation
for humans, animals, and plants.
ALDEHYDES AND
ALKYL NITRATES
Aldehydes are toxic chemicals produced from burning
hydrocarbons like car fuel and plywood.
They can inhibit photosynthesis in plants and cause eye, lung
irritations, and potential cancer risks.
Alkyl nitrates, also from hydrocarbon combustion, react in the
atmosphere to form nitrous oxide.
Nitrous oxide exposure can impact blood vessels, liver, kidneys,
and the nervous system.
OIL: EXTENSIVE HYDROCARBON
DAMAGE
Massive oil spills pose significant threats to human health and
ecosystems.
Exposure to oil can inhibit respiratory function in both animals
and humans.
Animals ingesting oil can suffer from poisoning.
Even small emissions from sources like automotive leaks can
have cumulative and devastating environmental impacts.
WHAT IS YOUR
GOALS IN THE
FIRST MONTH AT
WORK?
WWW.REALLYGREATSITE.COM
SAFETY?

IS THE CONTROL OF IDENTIFIED HAZARDS

TO ATTAIN ACCEPTABLE LEVELS OF RISKS.

GOAL: FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS

FIRE
TETRAHEDRON
HEAT
SOURCE CHEMICAL
REACTION

OXYGEN FUEL
SOURCE SOURCE
KEY PROPERTIES OF
HYDROCARBON FUELS

FLASH AUTOIGNITION
VOLATILITY
POINT TEMPERATURE
FLASH POINT
Defines the lowest temperature at
which a liquid fuel gives off
flammable vapors.
NOTE: THE LOWER THE
FLASH POINT, THE MORE
INTRICATE MEASURES
ARE NEEDED
FLASH POINT
CONTRARY TO POPULAR BELIEF

It must be remembered that hydrocarbons will not burn until changed from the liquid
state to the vapor state
VOLATILITY
This defines a numerical property of a hydrocarbon fuel in terms
of its rate at which a liquid vaporizes (or transitions) from a liquid to
a gas phase. Higher Volatility , tend to covert liquid form to their
gaseous phase at a lower temperature and has a high rate of
evaporation: volatile (“Volatility of a Liquid,” Duke University)

NOTE: FLASH POINT IS DIFFERENT WITH VOLATILITY,

FLASH POINT PERTAINS TO ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE,
WHILE VOLATILITY REFERS TO RATE OF
TRANSFORMATION
AUTO-IGNITION TEMPERATURE
the minimum temperature required to ignite a gas or vapor in air
without a spark or flame being present, scientifically speaking, this is
due to the internal energy developed by the liquid at certain
temperature, leading to higher chemical reactivity
SAFETY HANDLING OF
HYDROCARBON FUELS
Avoid storing different types of fuel, especially with different flash point and
volatile properties.

Used Approved Containers when storing and handling hydrocarbon fuels,

moreover a clear label and markings are a must. (ANSI)

Refrain from prolong skin contact, ensure to have the proper PPEs while
handling hazardous chemicals to limit lung exposure to fumes and vapors.

Prepare equipment essential in countering oil spills such as spill kits

TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
STORAGE

PRESSURED VESSELS FUEL TANKS

FUEL DRUMS
SAFETY SIGNS & LABELING

ANSI Z535
FIRE EXTINGUISHER CLASSIFICATIONS
FIRE EXTINGUISHER OPERATION
THANK YOU