APA

Book:
Last name, 1st Initial. 2nd Initial. (Year). Title: Subtitle. Place of publication, state of publication: Publisher.DOI (if available) or retrieved from http://
Title : Italic and Capitalize only the first word

Journal article:
Last Name, 1st Initial. 2nd Initial . (Year). Title of article: Subtitle . Name of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), 1st page -last page . Doi or retrieved from http://
Ex: Scruton , R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5–13.

Article or chapter in an edited book:

Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of chapter. In Initial. Last name1, & Initial. Last name2, (Eds.), Title: subtitle (pp. #). Publisher. DOI or retrieved from
http://
Ex: Kassell, L. (2016). Paper technologies. In A. Whitehead (Ed.), The Edinburgh companion to medical humanities (pp.10–20).Edinburgh University Press.

MLA
Book:
Last Name , 1st Name . Title: Subtitle. Place of publication (there is NO state of publication): Publisher , Year. doi.or retrived from http://.
Title : Italic and All words are capitalized

Journal article:
Last Name, 1st Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol. #, no. issue#, Date, pp. 1st page number-last page number.
Ex: Mikulan, Krunoslav. "Harry Potter through the Focus of Feminist Literary Theory, vol. 2, no. 9, Nov. 2009, pp. 288-298.

Article or chapter in an edited book:

Last Name, 1st Name. “Title of Chapter.” Title of Book, edited by first name last name, vol .#, Publisher, Date, pp. #.
Ex: Freeman, Kassie. "Divide And Conquert." Community Engagement in Higher Education, edited by W. James Jacon, vol. 3, Sense Publishers, 2015, pp. 31-39.
CMS
Book:
Last name, first name. Title: Subtitle. Place of publication, state of publication: Publisher, Year. doi.or retrived from http://.
EX: Lipson, Charles. Reliable Partners: How Democracies Have Made a Separate Peace. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.

Journal article:
last name, First name. “Article Title.” Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Month or Season Year): Page range. DOI or URL.
Ex:Pickard, Hanna. “What Is Personality Disorder?” Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 18, no. 3 (September 2011): 181–84. https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2011.

Article or chapter in an edited book:

last name, First name. "Chapter Title." In Title, edited by first name last name, page number. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
EX: Higgs, Malcolm. “Change and Its Leadership: The Role of Positive Emotions.” In The Oxford Handbook , edited by P. Alex Linley, Susan Harrington,and Nicola
Garcea, 67-94. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
The CMS has two different citation systems: The Notes-Bibliography System (NB), and The Author-Date System.
The Notes-Bibliography System (NB): is used in the arts and humanities.
In notes and bibliography style, citations appear in Chicago footnotes or endnotes (the format is identical)
At the end of your paper, you’ll include a bibliography (for notes and bibliography style) or a reference list (for author-date).
Bibliographies and reference lists are not double-spaced, but leave a blank line between entries.
Footnote and endnote numbers appear at the end of the relevant clause or sentence, after any punctuation except a dash.
Endnotes appear on their own page just before the bibliography and starts with the title “Notes” written in bold and centered
Footnotes appear at the bottom of each page.

The bibliographic entry should look like this:

Christmas, Holly. Holidays, Traditions, and Celebrations: An Anthropological Study of Cross-Cultural Determinism. New York: Big Publishing House, 2008.

For first citation note in a work with a bibliography should look like this:

1. Christmas, Holidays, Traditions, and Celebrations, 25.

For first citation note in a work without a bibliography should look like this:

1. Holly Christmas, Holidays, Traditions, and Celebrations: An Anthropological Study of Cross-Cultural Determinism (New York: Big Publishing House, 2008), 25.

The Author-Date Citation System: is used in physical, natural, and social sciences.
The sources are cited in the text using the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number if necessary. Ex: (Christmas 2008, 25)
OR Davis (2016) argues that the theory is “sound.” Other researchers, however, have contradicted this assessment (Lee et al. 2017; Johnson 2018).

The full details of the source are then provided in a reference or works cited list.
Ex: Christmas, H. 2008. Holidays, Traditions, and Celebrations: An Anthropological Study of Cross-Cultural Determinism. New York: Big Publishing House.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style, the usual standard is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and short notes for any subsequent citations of the same
source.

BOOKS One author

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Last name, Year). In-Text Citation: (Last Name Page).

In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Last name, Year, page).EX:(Fizazi,2023,P.23). Work cited:

Last Name, 1st Name. Ex: Fizazi, Asmaa.
References: Last name, 1st Initial. 2nd Initial. (Year). EX: Fizazi, A. (2006)
CMS
bibliography last name, first name. Book Title: Subtitle. Place of publication, state of publication: Publisher, Year.
Lipson, Charles. Reliable Partners: How Democracies Have Made a Separate Peace. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.

Full note first name last name, Book Title: Subtitle (Place of publication, state of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s).
99
Charles Lipson, Reliable Partners: How Democracies Have Made a Separate Peace (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 22–23.

Short note last name, Shortened Book Title, Page number(s). OR last name, Shortened Book Title. Titles with four words or less are not shortened .
Lipson, Reliable Partners, 22–23.
99

BOOKS Two authors

In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Last name A & Last name B, Year). In-Text Citation: (Last Name A and Last Name B page)

In-Text Citation (Direct Quote):(Last name A & Last name B, Year, page). Work cited:Last Name A, 1st Name Middle Initial, and 1st Name B Last Name.
Ex: Fizazi, Asmaa, and Meriem Merit.
References:Last name A, 1st Initial. 2nd Initial. & Last name B, 1st Initial. 2nd
Initial. (Year). Ex: Fizazi, A. & Merit, M.(2006)
CMS
Full note: Short note : Bibliography :
First name Last name and First name Last name last name and last name Last Name , 1st Name Middle Initial, and 1st Name B Last Name.
Ex: Asmaa Fizazi and Meriem Merit Ex:Fizazi and Merit Ex: Fizazi, Asmaa, and Meriem Merit.

Book, Multiple authors

First Citation: Mention all the (3 to 5) names in the first citation In-Text Citation: From the first citation
(1st Last Name et al. page#). Or last name and others stated…..(26)
Ex: (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, & 5th, Year). OR: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th( Year) said …
Subsequent citation: More than two authors (last name et al., year) Ex: (Fizazi et al. 26) or Fizazi and other stated…..(26)

References:
Work cited: If more than four authors
If 3 to 20 Authors: Provide the names of all authors in the reference list, up to and Last NameA, 1stNameA , et al. Title of Book. Publisher, Date.
including 20 authors.
Ex: Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications
If 21 or more authors: Provide the names of the first 19 authors, insert an ellipsis for Expanding the Teaching of Composition. Utah State UP, 2004.
[…] (but no ampersand [&]), then add the final author's name.
CMS
In footnote, list up to three authors. If there are more than three, name only the first author, followed by “et al.”
In bibliography, list up to 10 authors. If there are more than 10, list the first seven followed by “et al.”
The same rules apply in Chicago author-date style.
Full note Short note Bibliography
3 authors Anna Burns, Robert Smith, and Judith Green Burns, Smith, and Green Burns, Anna, Robert Smith, and Judith Green.
4+ authors Anna Burns et al. Burns et al. Burns, Anna, Robert Smith, Judith Green, and Maggie White.

Subsequent Edition
Last name, A. A. (Year). Title (# ed.). Publisher. DOI Last name, 1st name. Title. #ed., publisher, year.

Ex: (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. E: 3rd ed., University of Chicago Press.

CMS Bibliography : Last name, First name. Title. # ed. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
CMS Full note: First name, Last name, Title, # ed. (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), Page number.
CMS short note: Last name, Shorten Title, Page number.
Article or chapter in an edited book
Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (YEAR). Title of chapter. In Initial. Last Last Name, 1st Name. “Title of Chapter.” Title of Book, edited by 1st name last
name1, & Initial. Last name2, (Eds.), Title: subtitle (pp. #). Publisher. DOI name, vol .#, Publisher, Date, pp. #.

Ex: Kassell, L. (2016). Paper technologies, digital technologies. In A. Whitehead, & Ex: Freeman, Kassie. "Divide And Conquert." Community Engagement in
J. Richards (Eds.), The Edinburgh companion to medical humanities (pp. 120–135). Higher Education, edited by W. James Jacon, vol. 3, Sense Publishers, 2015,
Edinburgh University Press. pp. 31-39.

CMS
last name, First name. "Chapter Title." In Title, edited by __ Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
bibliography Higgs, Malcolm. “Change and Its Leadership: The Role of Positive Emotions.” In The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology and Work, edited by P.
Alex Linley, Susan Harrington,and Nicola Garcea, 67-94. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).
Full note
First name, Last name, "Chapter Title," in Title, ed.__ (Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication), Page number.
1. Malcolm Higgs, “Change and Its Leadership: The Role of Positive Emotions,” in The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology and Work, ed. P. Alex
Linley, Susan Harrington, and Nicola Garcea (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 67-72.
Electronic In-Text Citation (Paraphrase): (Last name, Year). Last Name, 1st Name Middle Initial. Title of Book. Publisher, Year. Title of
version of database or website, URL or DOI.
print book In-Text Citation (Quotation): (Last name, Year, page number).
Ex: Price, H. P. Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard UP, 1991. ACLS
References:Last name, 1st Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title: Subtitle. Humanities E-book, http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.08428.0001.001.
Retrieved from http://...... (no period at the end)
Author with Last name, 1st initial. (year). Title (1st Initial. Last name, Last name, 1st name. Title, edited by 1st name Last name, Publisher, year.
Editor(s) Ed.). Publisher.
Ex: Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre, edited by Margaret Smith, Oxford UP,
 EX : Malory, T. (2017). Le morte darthur (P. J. C. Field, Ed.). London, 1998.
England : Taylor& Francis.
No author Editor’s Last name, A. A. (Ed.). Ex : Leonard, W.R. (Ed.). Editor’s last name, 1st name, editor. Title, Publisher, year.
One editor
Ex: Aronson, M., & Campbell, P. J. (Eds.). (2009). War is: Soldiers, Ex: DiYanni, Robert, editor….
survivors, and storytellers talk about war. Candlewick Press.
No author Last name, 1st initial.& Last name, 1st initial.(Eds.). Last name, 1st name, and 1st name. Last name, editors.
Two editors
Ex: Leonard, W.R. & Crawford, M.H. (Eds.). Ex: Zeigler-Hill, Virgil, and David K. Marcus, editors.
No author Last name, 1st name, et al., editors.
Three or Ex. Johnson, N. G., Roberts, M. C., & Worell, J. (Eds.).
more editors Ex: Damrosch, David, et al., editors.
Journals
Article in Last Name, 1st Initial. 2nd Initial . (Year). Title of article: Subtitle . Name Last Name, 1st Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol. #, no. issue#,
print journal of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), 1st page number-last page Date, pp. 1st page number-last page number.
number. Doi (if available)
Ex: Mikulan, Krunoslav. "Harry Potter through the Focus of
Note: periodical titles(Journal or news paper) are capitalized Feminist Literary Theory: Examples of (Un)Founded Criticism." Journal of
If news paper (year, Month day) International Social Research, vol. 2, no. 9, Nov. 2009, pp. 288-298.

Ex: Scruton , R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion,

15(3), 5–13.
Article In Last Name, 1st Initial. 2nd Initial. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle. Name of Last Name, 1st Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol. #, no. issue#,
Electronic Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), 1st page number-last page Date, pp. 1st page number-last page number. Database, URL(without the
Journal number. Retrieved from http:// http://) or DOI.

Ex: Copeland, L. (2011, January 26). The anti-social network:Facebook
is making us sad. Slate. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/
Webpage Last name, 1st Initial. 2nd Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of
Articles webpage. Website name. Hyperlink
Ex: Telnaes, A. (2022, October 4). The inspiring women of Iran. The
Washington Post. https://www.washpost.com/opinions/2022/10/04/iran-
Ex: Mikulan, Krunoslav. "Harry Potter through the Focus of
Feminist Literary Theory: Examples of (Un)Founded Criticism." Journal of
International Social Research, vol. 2, no. 9, Nov. 2009, pp. 288-
298. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4189097.
Or
Lewin, Beverly A., and Perpignan, H. "Recruiting the Reader in Literary
Criticism." Text & Talk, vol. 32, no. 6, Nov. 2012, pp. 751-
772. ProQuest, doi:10.1515/text-2012-0035.
Last Name, 1st Name. Title of the Website. Date, URL (without the http://).
OR
Title of the Website. Date, URL (without the http://).
 women-protest-mahsa-amini/
Thesis or Last name, 1st Initial. 2nd Initial. (Year). Title [Doctoral
Dissertation dissertation/Doctoral thesis/Master's dissertation/Master's thesis,
Published Institution Name]. Database Name or URL
Ex : Miller, T. (2019). Enhancing readiness: An exploration of the New
Zealand Qualified Firefighter Programme [Master's thesis, Auckland
University of Technology]. Tuwhera. https://openreposindle/10292/12338
Ex: Shapiro Library. 8 Nov. 2017, libguides.snhu.edu/home.
Author's Last-name, First-name. Title of Disstertaion. Diss. Place of Study,
Year. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Ex: Diamond, Oscar. How to Care for Your Diabetic Cat. Diss. West
Virginia University, 1999. New York: Knopf, 2000.

Thesis or Last name, 1st Initial. 2nd Initial. (Year).Title [Unpublished doctoral or Last-name, First-name. “Title of Dissertation.” Diss. Place of Study,
Dissertation master's thesis or dissertation]. Name of the Institution. Year. Title of Database. Web. Date Month Year of Access.
Unpublished
Ex : Stewart, Y. (2000). Dressing the tarot [Unpublished master's thesis]. Ex: Forrester, Pearl. “Psychological Distress and Repeated Television
Auckland University of Technology. Viewing.” Diss. Miskatonic University, 1990. ProQuest Dissertations and
Theses. Web. 13 May 2010.
Basic rules
No page N° (last name, year, para.1). Add a comma after the author and give a paragraph, section, or chapter
Or number.
(last name, year, section, para.1).
Or Ex: (Luxemburg, ch. 26)
(last name, year, section).

No page N° (last name, Title of heading, year, para.1) /

with If the heading is shortned , use the quotation marks
Headings
No date (last name, n.d.) or (last name, n.d., p.1) or (last name, n.d., para.1) /
Indirect In text: (Last name, as cited in last name, year, p. (# ). (last name, qtd. in, page).
source Ex: (fizazi, 2023, as cited in Merit, 2023)
Reference: cite the original work only Only the source you accessed directly is included in the Works Cited list.
Ex: Merit, M. (2023)…… CMS: quoted in

More than (last name, year; last name, year;last name, year). (last name page; last name page).
one source
Personal (1st Initial. Last name, personal communication, Month day, year). /
Communicat° Ex : (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

Authors With use first initials with the last names. use first initials with the last names.
The Same Ex: (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998). Ex: (E. Johnson 2001; L. Johnson 1998).
Name

No author If a book , report or a brochure: (title, year) If the title or organization name is longer than four words, shorten it to the
If chapter, Article, website: first word or phrase in the in-text citation, excluding articles (a,
Parenthetical citation: (Title (2-3words), 2023)….. title italic an, and the). In MLA style, source titles are:
Narrative citation: “Title” stated ……..(year)………title not italis..word -Italicize the title of a self-contained whole (e.g. a book, journal).
capitalized. Ex: ("Using Citations," 2001). -Use quotation marks around the title if it is part of a larger work (e.g. a
chapter of a book, an article in a journal, or a pge of a website).
Only use “Anonymous ” if the author is the work is signed “Anonymous.” -All major words in a title are capitalized.
Multiple (Last name , year a)- (Last name , year b)-( Last name , year c). (Butler, Gender Trouble 27) : if a whole book
sources by
the same Reference (R): (Butler, “Performative Acts” 522): if an article published in a journal
author Daristotle, J. (2015a). Title of first article. Made Up Journal, 26(39),18-
19. Work cited (W.C):
Daristotle, J. (2015b). Title of second article. Made Up Journal, 35(1), 48- Last Name , 1st Name . Title . # ed., Publisher, Year.
55. ---. Last Name , 1st Name . Title . # ed., Publisher, Year.
In W.C , we order multiple works of the same author alphabetically by title
references by the same author should be arranged chronologically with
the earliest work first.
Consecutive ………………(last name year). ………………(last name page).
citation of ……………….(year). ……………….(page).
Same source
Quotation Horváth and Kovács (2020) argue that “plagiarism is often a matter of Example: MLA is the second most popular citation style (Smith and
confusion rather than deception” (p. 4). Morrison 17–19).
Or
There is no quotation mark
A recent study of student plagiarism found that “plagiarism is often a
matter of confusion rather than deception” (Horváth & Kovács, 2020, p.
4).
Block of quotation APA, MLA, CMS
APA: Quoting 40 words or more. Period before citation. indented by ½ inch. Double spaced
MLA: Quoting more than four lines. Period before citation. indented by ½ inch. Double spaced
CMS: Quoting of five or more lines (or more than 100 words) as well as poetry quotations of two or more lines, are presented as block quotes. Period
before citation. not double-spaced
Several Books by same author: references by the same author should be arranged chronologically with the earliest work first. Skip the articles (A, AN, The…)
last name, first name. Book Title: Subtitle. Place of publication, state of publication: Publisher, Year.
bibliography
Weinberg, Gerhard L. Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
———. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Full note first name last name, Book Title: Subtitle (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s).
 99Gerhard L. Weinberg, Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
100Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

Short note last name, Shortened Book Title, Page number(s). OR last name, Shortened Book Title. Titles with four words or less are not shortened .
99Weinberg, Germany, Hitler, and World War II, 22-23.
100Weinberg, World at Arms, 22-23.
Book, Anonymous or no author
bibliography Anonymous. Book Title: Subtitle. Place of publication, state of publication: Publisher, Year.
Anonymous. Through Our Enemies’ Eyes: Osama Bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America. Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2003.

Anonymous, Book Title: Subtitle (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page number(s).
Full note 99Anonymous, Through Our Enemies’ Eyes: Osama Bin Laden, Radical Islam, and the Future of America (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2003).

Anonymous, Shortened Book Title, Page number(s). OR Anonymous, Shortened Book Title. Titles with four words or less are not shortened .
Short note
99Anonymous, Through Our Enemies’ Eyes.
Journal article, one author
bibliography last name, First name. “Article Title.” Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Month or Season Year): Page range. DOI or URL.
Pickard, Hanna. “What Is Personality Disorder?” Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 18, no. 3 (September 2011): 181–84. https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2011.

first name Last name, “Article Title,” Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Month or Season Year): Page number(s). DOI or URL.
Full note Hanna Pickard, “What Is Personality Disorder?” Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 18, no. 3 (September 2011): 182. https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2011.

last name, “Shortened Title,” Page number(s).OR last name, “Shortened Title” Titles with four words or less are not shortened .
Short note
2. Pickard, “What Is Personality Disorder?” 182.
Unpublished paper, thesis, or dissertation
bibliography Last name, First name. “Title of Document.” Source type, Place of Publication, year of publication.
Choi, Soon-Yong. “Optimal Quality Choices: Product Selection in Cable Television Services.’’ PhD diss., University of Texas, Austin, 1996. (OR thesis)

first name Last name, “Title of Document” (Source type, Place of Publication,state, year of publication).
Full note 99Soon-Yong Choi, “Optimal Quality Choices: Product Selection in Cable Television Services’’ (PhD diss., University of Texas, Austin, 1996).

last name, “Shortened Title,” Page number(s). Or last name, “Shortened Title.” Titles with four words or less are not shortened .
Short note 99 Choi, “Optimal Quality Choices.’’

Website, Entire
bibliography Digital History Web site. Edited by Steven Mintz. http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/index .cfm?.

Full note 99 Digital History Web site, ed. Steven Mintz, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/index.cfm?.

Short note 99 Digital History Web site.

Author last name, first name. “Article Title.” Publication Name, Month Day, Year. URL.
bibliography Hui, Sylvia. “Non-Essential Retailers Reopening Across England After Coronavirus Lockdown.” Time, June 15, 2020. https://time.com/5853613/england-
coronavirus-reopening-nonessential-retail/.

Author first name last name, “Article Title,” Publication Name, Month Day, Year, URL.
Full note Sylvia Hui, “Non-Essential Retailers Reopening Across England After Coronavirus Lockdown,” Time, June 15, 2020, https://time.com/5853613/england-
coronavirus-reopening-nonessential-retail/.

Author last name, “Shortened Article Title.”

Short note
2. Hui, “Retailers Reopening.”

Capitalized in “headline-style,” meaning first words of titles and subtitles and any important words should be
capitalized.