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Frequent Questions by Mohamed Shaer
Frequent Questions by Mohamed Shaer
Questions By Vasumitra
Gajbhiye
1. Motion, Forces and Energy
As the trolley moves across the rough surface, it slows down and stops. Explain, in
terms of the work done, the energy change that takes place as the trolley slows down.
work done against / due to / because of friction or kinetic energy (of trolley)
used to do work
State two properties of an object that may be changed by the action of forces.
shape
State the two conditions which must be true for an object to be in equilibrium.
Hooke’s Law
Terminal velocity
Describe and explain the motion of an object released from top of an fluid, from
when it is released until it reaches terminal velocity.
Explain why opening the parachute cannot reduce the speed of the skydiver to zero.
State two ways in which the molecular structure of liquid is different from the
molecular structure of solid.
State two ways in which the molecular structure of solids is different from the
molecular structure of liquids.
Describe, in terms of molecules and their motion, how a liquid differs from a gas.
molecules close(r)
molecules move only small distances (between collisions) or do not move freely
State two ways in which the molecular structure of gas is different from the
molecular structure of liquid.
greater PE
faster
Why solids have fixed shapes? Explain in terms of forces between molecules and
arrangement of molecules.
Why liquids adapt to the shape of their container? Explain in terms of forces
between molecules and arrangement of molecules.
Why gas fills their container? Explain in terms of forces between molecules and
arrangement of molecules.
Explain, in terms of forces between molecules, why gases expand more than liquids
when they have the same rise in temperature. Assume that the pressure remains
constant.
Gas pressure
Explain, in terms of the momentum of the molecules, how gas molecules exert
pressure.
The gas bubble rises to the surface. The volume of the gas bubble increases as it
rises higher in the water. Explain why the volume of the bubble increases.
Explain why the volume of the air in the balloon decreases as the temperature
decreases.
Explain what happens to the pressure of a constant volume of air when the
temperature of the air increases. Use ideas of momentum of molecules in your
explanation.
pressure decrease
Explain, in terms of the behaviour of the molecules, why the pressure has increase.
OR more collisions with walls per second or per unit time OR greater force per
unit area
Moment
Explain, in terms of the atomic lattice and electrons, how thermal energy is
transferred through the aluminium.
Describe, in terms of molecules, how thermal energy is transferred from the heated
sand through the base of the plastic pot.
Explain how electrons transfer thermal energy through the metal of the can
Explain, in terms of the water molecules, what happens to the thermal energy
supplied to the water as it boils.
energy used to breaks bonds. molecules escape from the liquid (as a vapour)
Eventually, the water reaches boiling point. Thermal energy from the hotplate is still
being transferred to the water. Explain, in terms of molecules, the effect of this thermal
energy on the water.
molecules gain potential energy or work done (to separate molecules / break
bonds / overcome forces)
Gas
More collisions with wall per unit time (e.g. per second)
Molecules collide with/ hit walls with greater force/ impulse/ harder.
fewer collisions per unit time OR less hard collisions with walls/ balloon
lower pressure
OR BETTER:
Fewer collisions with wall per unit time (e.g. per second)
Molecules collide with/ hit walls with less force/ impulse/ harder.
Molecules collide with walls more often/ frequently OR more collisions with walls
per second or per unit time.
lower pressure
fewer collision with wall/ balloon per second or per unit time.
larger surface area of walls OR atoms further apart OR atoms travel further
OR BETTER:
Molecules collide with walls less often/ frequently OR fewer collisions with walls
per second or per unit time.
More room for molecules OR molecules fit into gaps OR there are gaps
between molecules.
OR BETTER:
Gas molecules are further apart so there is larger intermolecular space between
molecules.
Brownian motion
Describe and explain the motion of smoke particles under microscope and account
for this motion in terms of the air molecules.
Smoke particles appear/ disappear from view OR go out of/ come into focus.
Air molecules collide with smoke particles from all direction/ unevenly cause
random motion of particles
Difference
State and explain how the size of attractive forces acting between the molecules of
gas compares with the size of attractive forces between the molecules of a solid.
State and explain, in terms of the forces between the molecules, how the
compressibility of a gas differs from that of a liquid.
no/ weaker repulsive forces between molecules OR vice versa for liquid
molecules.
Explain in terms of molecules why it is possible to compress gas, but not liquid.
Gas molecules (very) far apart from OR empty space between gas molecules.
Molecules of liquid (very) close together compact OR are touching (each other).
Explain, in terms of molecules, why a liquid expands more than a solid when
heated.
less energy / work done to separate molecules or greater separation for same
work done / same increase in energy
bubbles rising
Evaporation
some molecules at the surface gain more KE, so have more energy than others
heat energy used to work done against/ overcome attractive forces between
molecules.
Explain, in terms of the behaviour of molecules, how evaporation process helps the
body to cool down.
heat flows from body to warm the sweat (so body cools)
Explain, in terms of molecules, how sweating helps to cool your body on a hot day
These molecules (have enough KE to) escape from the skin / become water
vapour
Faster/ more energetic water molecules (more likely to) escape from surface
In terms of molecules, state and explain how the rate of evaporation of the puddles
in is affected by a reduction of wind speed.
In terms of molecules, state and explain how the rate of evaporation of the puddles
in is affected by an increase in water temperature.
Which container has faster rate of cooling wide and shallow OR narrow and deep.
Water in wider container AND has water with larger surface (area).
Reduce temperature
Reduce humidity
Decrease pressure.
Thermometer
capillary tube longer or liquid with lower expansivity or smaller bulb with less
volume or increase diameter of tube.
What happen to range if smaller bulb is used, with smaller volume of liquid?
(range) increases and less expansion/increase in volume (of mercury per unit
temperature rise)
State and explain the two features of a liquid-in-glass thermometer that are
necessary for linearity
statement 1: bore of constant (cross sectional) area
explanation: idea of same movement / change in length of liquid / thread
AND
for same increase in volume / expansion (of liquid)
If a larger bulb is used, with more of the same liquid what happens to its sensitivity.
greater sensitivity
If a larger bulb is used, with more of the same liquid what happens to its range.
smaller range and either of:
• smaller temperature increase for liquid / meniscus to reach end of tube
• expands more / greater sensitivity and tube of same length
expansion of liquid
expansion of solid
expansion of gas
(electrical) resistance
large range
remote sensing
State and explain the two features of a liquid-in-glass thermometer that are
necessary for linearity.
Others
Suggest how to reduce the loss of thermal energy from the surface of a block.
polish the surface of the block OR wrap the block in shiny material OR paint
(shiny) white
reduce draughts
When temperature increase, explain in terms of molecules, why does the internal
energy increase.
kinetic energy (and potential energy) of molecules increase (hence internal energy
increases)
remote controls
thermal imaging
less OR no air / gaseous pollution (from the bicycle) OR does not produce acid
rain
not renewable
3. Waves
SOUND
Sound waves from a television are diffracted through doorways. Light waves from a
television are not diffracted through doorways. Suggest why light waves and sound
waves behave differently in this situation.
What is rarefaction.
particles (in transverse waves) vibrate perpendicular to the direction of travel (of
the wave) OR
particles in longitudinal waves vibrate parallel to the direction of travel of the
wave
Fibre passing to site to be examined / treated. Light travels down optic fibres by
multiple total internal reflections at the inner surface in to the body.
endoscopy
light encoded
no light refracted
reflected with i = r
The angle of incidence at which the refracted ray travels along the boundary/
angle of refraction is 90.
(point) where incident parallel rays meet after passing through lens OR origin of
rays that emerge parallel after passing through lens
(point) where (parallel) rays (of light) meet (after passing through lens)
point) where parallel rays (of light) meet / are focussed (after passing through
lens) or (point) through which rays (of light) that emerge parallel pass (before
reaching lens)
Explain, in terms of the wavefronts, why the light changes direction as it enters the
solid.
idea of one side of wavefront enters / hits solid first OR wavefront does not all
hit the solid all at once;
idea of this side slowed down first OR this side delayed relative to other side
light (must pass) from medium where it travels slower or to medium where it is
faster or from medium with larger refractive index or to medium with smaller
refractive index
angle of incidence (must be) greater than the critical angle / sin–1(1 ÷ n)
digital signal: consists of signal with 2 possible states - high and low states /
voltages
analogue signal: consist of signal with continuously varying voltage so can take
any value
Due to accurate signal regeneration, the range of digital signals is larger than
the range of analogue signals (they can cover larger distances). OR Longer
range due to accurate signal regeneration.
Extra data can be added so that the signal can be checked for errors
brushes connect to other split ring every half turn. keeps coil rotating (in the
same direction)
AC Generator
This produces a current in the (coil transferred to the) galvanometer (via the slip
rings and carbon brushes)
Direction of current flow changes with each 180 degree rotation of coil
State the position of the rotating coil when the alternating output voltage is at a
maximum value and explain why the maximum output occurs at this position.
Transformer
Explain why the power losses in transmission cables are lower when electrical
energy is transmitted at higher voltages.
smaller current (and same resistance when the power is transmitted and an
equal rate)
Safety
Earthing question.
fuse melts
if too low it would break / blow / melt when the appliances are operating
normally
if fuse too high wouldn’t break / blow until current was too high which would be
dangerous (to people /wires /appliance)
quick response
(easily) re-settable
State and explain why electrical sockets and plugs used outside in a garden need to
be different from those that can be used safely in a room inside a house.
State and explain why fuses and circuit breakers are installed in electrical circuits
connected to the mains supply.
Other Theory
Describe how to demagnetise a bar magnet using alternating current (AC) in a coil.
EITHER
reduce current
to zero
heat magnet
When describing the motion of ray of beam in magnetic field or electric field use the
word deflect and curve, then state the direction.
Earthing is only useful if live wire touches the appliance not when excess current
flow into the circuit.
Fuse are only useful when excess current flows into the circuit, not when live wire
touch the appliance.
5. Nuclear Physics
State what is meant by nuclear fusion.
143 neutrons
move close to / hit molecules in the air (between the metal plates)
Explain why an extremely high temperature is needed when forcing these two nuclei
together.
are positively charged / have like charges or need to come close together
β-particles ionise the air they pass through less strongly than the same number of α-
particles. Suggest why this is so.
alpha particles highly ionizing / more ionising than beta particles or gamma rays
AND ionise air more easily
safer to use and cause less harm because they do not travel out of smoke
detector as they have short range.
protective clothing
monitoring exposure
Suggest and explain three precautions for the safe use of X-rays.
shielding of operator behind screen / lead apron / out of room AND to limit
absorb radiation
shielding of other parts of patient with lead / shielding of other parts of patient
AND to limit absorb radiation
limit time of exposure / not too frequent / max number of X-rays per year AND to
limit dose
expensive to store
expensive to transport
One from:
fission makes lighter new elements AND fusion makes heavier new elements
6. Space Physics
How redshift supports big bang?
(meaning that) the furthest galaxies are moving fastest suggesting that galaxies
are moving away from earth
(extrapolating backwards this suggests that) the Universe started from an initial
point
How many days are there from one full Moon to the next?
27.5 days
Name the force which keeps the Moon in orbit around the Earth.
gravity
The Moon does not emit light. Explain how we’re able to see the Moon.
The moon reflects light form sun.
What two properties do molecular clouds have that allow them to collapse?
They are cold and dense enough to collapse.
What causes the redshift in the light arriving from distant galaxies?
Why was the discovery of CMBR so important to the scientists believing the ‘Big
Bang’ theory to be correct?
Provides evidence for big bang. Can only be explained using big bang.
Why scientists cannot answer the question “why the universe was created”?
no evidence. involve religious believes.
What is redshift?
Increase in observed wavelength of light.
Why it is better to use the most recent value of Hubble’s constant than older ones?
What is blueshift?
decrease in observed wavelength of light and increase in frequency of light.