CHROMATOGRAPHY: Chromatography is based on the principle where molecules in mixture applied onto the surface or into the

solid, and fluid stationary phase (stable phase) is separating from each other while moving with the aid of a mobile phase.

ELECTROPHORESIS: Electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA or protein molecules based on their
size and electrical charge.

LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY LC: Liquid chromatography is a technique used to separate a sample into its individual parts. This
separation occurs based on the interactions of the sample with the mobile and stationary phases.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY GC: Gas chromatography is a physical separation method in where volatile mixtures are separated.

SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY SFC: Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) uses a supercritical fluid as the
mobile phase. Supercritical fluids are more than an order of magnitude less viscous than liquids, and the diffusion coefficient of
substances in supercritical fluids is several hundred times greater than that in liquids.

MOBILE PHASE IN CHROMATOGRAPHY: Mobile phase flowing over the stationary phase is a gaseous or liquid phase. If mobile
phase is liquid it is termed as liquid chromatography (LC), and if it is gas then it is called gas chromatography (GC). Gas
chromatography is applied for gases, and mixtures of volatile liquids, and solid material.

STATIONARY PHASE IN CHROMATOGRAPHY: Stationary phase in chromatography, is a solid phase or a liquid phase coated on
the surface of a solid phase. Mobile phase flowing over the stationary phase is a gaseous or liquid phase. If mobile phase is liquid it is
termed as liquid chromatography (LC), and if it is gas then it is called gas chromatography (GC).

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ELUTION SPEED: In analytical and organic chemistry, elution is the process of extracting one material from another by washing with
a solvent

RETENTION TIME: Retention time (RT) is a measure of the time taken for a solute to pass through a chromatography column. It is
calculated as the time from injection to detection. The RT for a compound is not fixed as many factors can influence it even if the same
GC and column are used. These include: The gas flow rate.

RETENTION FACTOR: The retention factor, R sub f, is the ratio of the distance from the center of the spot for a given mixture
component to the distance traveled by the mobile phase, also known as the solvent front.

DISTRIBUTION CONSTANTS: The distribution constant (or partition ratio) (KD) is the equilibrium constant for the distribution of
an analyte in two immiscible solvents.

REVERSED-PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY: Reversed-phase chromatography (RPC), in which the interaction (partitioning) between
the stationary phase and solutes is controlled by changing the polarity of the mobile phase, is commonly used as an effective
separation tool, particularly in pharmaceutics and biochemistry.

NORMAL-PHASE CHROMATOGRAPHY: Normal phase chromatography retains molecules via an adsorptive mechanism, and is
used for the analysis of solutes readily soluble in organic solvents. Separation is achieved based on the polarity differences among
functional groups such as amines, acids, metal complexes, etc.

ISOCRATIC ANÁLISIS: In an isocratic run, this composition remains the same throughout the runtime of the analysis, while in a
gradient run the composition changes

GRADIENT ELUTION: Gradient elution in HPLC refers to the technique of altering the composition of the mobile phase during the
course of the chromatographic run.

SPLIT INJECTION: During split injections, most of the sample is vented out the split vent line and only a small fraction enters the
capillary column.

CHROMATOGRAM: A chromatogram is the trace generated by the detector signal and requires a carefully controlled flow rate of the
carrier gas (mobile phase) and a carefully

CALIBRATION CURVES IN CHROMATOGRAPHY: The calibration curve defines the relationship between the detector response
and the concentration of analyte in the sample matrix. For multiple analytes, a sample calibration curve is generated for each analyte.