Formulae Used Units Used When force is in newton, charge in coulomb and distance in metre, electric field strength is in newton per coulomb (NC~) or equivalently in volt per metre (Vm' a ea Example 26. Calculate the electric field strength required {0 just support a water drop of mass 10°? kg and having a charge 1.6 x 10"? C, ICBSE OD 99] Solution, Here m=10" kg, q=1.6x 107 C Let Ebe the strength of the electric field required to just support the water drop. Then Force on water drop due to electric field Weight of water drop = 6.125 x 10" NC}. Example 27. Calculate the voltage needed to balance an oil drop carrying 10 electrons when located between the plates of a capacitor which are 5 mm apart. The mass of oil drop is 3x 10" kg. Take g =10 ms. [CBSE OD 95C] Solution. Here q=10 e =10x 16x10"? G d=5mm=5x 10% m, m=3x 10" kg, g=10 ms* rg 2 mg Fig. 1.36 When the drop is held stationary, Upward force on oil drop due to electric field = Weight of oil drop gE =mg or Example 28. How a coin of mass 1.6 Examples based on KET ancien ee) SUCH eta latices fi removed from. many electrons should be removed from 0 that it may just float in an electric ield af intensity 10” NC7, directed uptoard 2, (Ps. 98¢) Solution. Here m=1.6 g=1.6 10° kg, E=10° NC 4B be the number of electrons the coin. Then charge on the coin. qetne Let mg When the coin just floats, Fig. 1.37 force of electric field = Weight of coin aE Upwar or mg _ 1.610 x9.8 no28 =. cE 16x10" x10 9.8.x 107, Example 29. A pendulum of mass 80 milligram carrying a charge of 2x10 C is at rest in a horizontal uniform electric field of 2 x 10% Vai *. Find the tension in the thread of the pendulum and the angle it makes with the vertical. Solution. Here m=80 mg =80 x 10° kg, q=2%10 C, E=2x10' Vm. mg Fig, 1.38 Let Te the tension in the thread and 6 be the angle it makes with vertical, as shown in Fig. 1.38. When the bob is in equilibrium, Tsin 0=qE; T cos @=mg Tsin@ gE Tcos® mg = 210% x2 x 194 80x 10% x9.g @=27° T=E__2x10% x2 x10! sin 6 sinz7* =881x 10-4 N, tan 0= 51 Also, © scanned with OKEN ScannerExample 30. An electron moves a distan toves a distance of 6 cm when accelerated from rest by an electric field of strength 2x10" NC. Calculate the time of travel. The mass and charge of electron are 9x10" ke and 1.6% 10° C respectively. [CBSE D 91) Solution. Force exerted on the ele, Pera lectron by the E ©. Acceleration, Fe 16x10" x2 x10! a mm 9x gE 70.35% 10" ms? Now u=0, 5=6.0 cm =0.06 m, @=0.35 x 10's As ut+ Jat? t+ Jat 0.06 =0 + 3x 0.35 x 10° x or Example 31. An electron falls through a distance of 1.5 cm in a uniform electric field of magnitude 2.0x10* NC Fig. 1.39(a)]. The direction of the field is reversed keeping its magnitude unchanged and a proton falls through the same distance [Fig. 1.39(b)]. Compute the time of fall in each case. Contrast the situation (a) with that of ‘free fall under gravity’. INCERT] = =~ +e + te fre E z + + + + brain — as (@) ® Fig, 1.39 Solution. (2) The upward field exerts a downward force cE on the electron. Acceleration of the electron, 4, As u=0, sau dal = :. Time of fall of the electron is os asm _ [2x15x10%x9.1x10%) “Ya, Ve 2x 1.510 x91x 0 1.6% 107 x 2.0x 10" =2.9% 1075. (b) The downward field exerts a downward force cE on the proton. ‘Time of fall of the proton ts au [om '» ii + et 5107 1 10 7 ~ Pete VO LOT ANAT 480 107 0, 1.6% 10-17 22.0 10 “Thus the heavier particle take a greater tne to fall through the same distance, ‘This ty in contrast to the situation of ‘free fall under gravity’ where the time of fall is independent of the mans of the body, Here the acceleration due to gravity ‘4’, being, negligibly small, has been ignored. Example 32. An electron Is liberated from the lower of the two large parallel metal plates sepuraled by a distance of 20 mn. The upper plate hus a potential of + 2400 V relative to the lower plate. How long does the electron take to reach the upper plate ? Take “of electrons 1.810" C ky. m Solution, Here V = 2400 V, d=20 mm #002 m, £ 21,810"! Chg m Upward force on the electron exerted by electri field is Fee v d 2. Acceleration, FeV 18x10" «2400 9 EM en ne ne md = 2.16% 10! ms? a Using, s= 3 at?, we get f-F. = a Va \2.16x 10° Example 33. A stream of electrons moving with a velocity of 3x 107 ms“! is deflected by 2 mm in traversing a distance of 0.1 m in a uniform electric field of strength 18 V an. Determine e/m of electrons. Solution, Here vy =3x 10" ms", s=14x 10's, y=2mm=2«10%m, Am, E=18V cm! = 1800 V mt maseE or a=“ andt=* mi 0% “Ex? Ratabte 2° 2m we , 2 10-39 x 10! or £2 2y MH 2 %2* 10 x9 10 m— Ex* 1800 « (0.1)" =2x10"'Ckg © scanned with OKEN ScannerExample 34. An electric field E is set up between the tro parallel plates of @ capacitor, as shown in Fig. 140. An electron enters the field symmetrically between the plates with a speed v4, The length of each plate is l. Find the angle of, viation of the path of the electron as it comes out of the field. Fig. 1.40 Solution. Acceleration of the electron in the upward direction, E a m ‘Time taken to cross the field, t = % Upward component of electron velocity on emerging from field region, eel at = EL mvp Horizontal component remains same, 2, = 0) If 0 is the angle of deviation of the path of the electron, then 2, EL 1 eEl tan 0 oor O=tan? 2, mua mop Example 35. A charged particle, of charge 24C and mass 10 milligram, moving with a velocity of 1000 mis entres a uniform electric field of strength 10°NC~ directed perpendicular to its direction of motion. Find the velocity and displacement, of the particle after 10 s. [CBSE Sample Paper 11] Solution. The velocity of the particle, normal to the direction of field. 2, =1000ms", is constant The velocity of the particle, along the direction of field, after 10 s, is given by 21010? x10 10x10 The net velocity after 10 s, v= [eb +0} = (1000) + 20007 =1000/5 ms™ Displacement, along the x-axis, after 10 s, x =1000x 10m = 10000 m =2000ms™ Displacement along, y-axis (in the direction of felgy after 10 s, 12 yous tsa = 10000 m Net displacement, refery = (10000)? + (10000) = 1000012 m, Problems For Practice “roblems For Practice ____ 1, Ian oil drop of weight 3.2 x 10" N is balanced in an electric field of 5 x 10° Vm“, find the charge on the oil drop. [CBSED 93] (Ans. 0.6410") 2, Calculate the magnitude of the electric field, which can just balance a deutron of mass 3.210 kg. Take g = 10 ms”. [Punjab 99] (Ans. 2.0 10°? NC“}) 3. A charged oil drop remains stationary when situated between two parallel plates 20 mm apart and a p.d. of 500 V is applied to the plates. Find the charge on the drop if it has a mass of 2x 10 kg. Take g = 10 ms. (Ans. 8 «1078 C) 4, In Millikan’s experiment, an oil drop of radius 10~4cm remains suspended between the plates which are 1 cm apart. If the drop has charge of 5e over it, calculate the potential difference between the plates. The density of oil may be taken as 1.5gem~. (Ans. 770 V) 5. A proton falls down through a distance of 2 cm ina uniform electric field of magnitude 3.34 x 10°NC*! Determine (i) the acceleration of the electron (ii the time taken by the proton to fall through the distance of 2 cm, and (ii) the direction of the electric field. Mass of a proton is 1.67 x10 kg. (Ans. 3.2 x 10 ms, 3.54 x 107s vertically downwards 6. A particle of mass 10™kg and charge 5 1Cis throwt ata speed of 20 ms“ against a uniform electric fiel of strength 2 x 10° NC". How much distance will travel before coming to rest momentarily ? (Ans, 0.2 m 12x10 10? 2 oxo *00 ny | 2et0- a0 0x109 |) irr NE UAT TT © scanned with OKEN Scannerii Tre field must act vertically downwards so that the positively charged proton downward. y sana 6. F=qE=5x10% x2x10°=1N ‘As the particle is thrown against the field, 50 1.19 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A POINT CHARGE 31. Obtain an expression for the electric field intensity at a point at a distance r from a charge q. What is the nature of this field ? Electric field due to a point charge. A single point charge has the simplest electric field. As shown in Fig. 141, consider a point charge q placed at the origin 0. We wish to determine its electric field at a point Pat gf ge q F Source % a carge Fig, 1.41 Hlctric field of a point charge. a distance r from it. For this, imagine a test charge fo placed at point P. According to Coulomb's law, the force on charge 4p is 1 yt -—L Mo P= Trey 2” where ? is a unit vector in the direction from 4 10 fy Electric field at point P is ‘The magnitude of the field E is | Clearly, E x1/1°. This means that at all points on the spherical surface drawn around the point charge, same and does not depend on the direction of 1’. Such a field is called spherically symmetric or radial field, i 9 field which looks sae in all directions when seen from the 1.20 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A SYSTEM OF POINT CHARGES 32. Deduce an expression for the electric field at a point due to a systent of N point charges. lectric ficld due to a system of point charges. Consider a system of N point charges dy ‘hr ~~~" ig; with respect to the the magnitude of F i having position vectors Hy fy Fig, 1.42 Notations used in the determination of electric field at a point due to two point charges. O. We wish to determine the electric field at is 7. According to origin point P whose position vector Coulomb's law, the force on charge test qq due to charge 4 is ‘ where fp is a unit vector in the direction from 4 10 P and np is the distance between q, and P. Hence the electric field at point P due to charge q, is Nn? Ei. aA -te75 2 % 4% "ip Similarly, electric field at P due to charge 4, is According to principle of superposition of electri fields, the electric field at any point due to a group of charg is equal to the vector sum of the electric fields produced each charge individually at that point, when all other charg are assumed to be absent. © scanned with OKEN Scannermm 1.67 x10" i =3.2 10"! ms (i s=04dat® 2-2 (iii) The ficld must act vertically downwards $0 that the positively charged proton) falls, downward. | 6 F=qE=5x10% x2%10° =1N ‘As the particle is thrown against the field, 80 2. 0? ~ 20% = 2% (+107) xs) | 1.19 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A POINT CHARGE 31. Obtain an expression for the electric field intensity at a point at a distance r from a charge q. What is the nature of this field ? Electric field due to a point charge. A single point charge has the simplest electric field. As shown in Fig, 141, consider a point charge q placed at the origin 0, We wish to determine its electric field at a point P at 9° r P 2 4 F Source 0 charge = Fig, 1.41 Electric field of a point charge. imagine a test charge 4p a distance r from it. For this, to Coulomb's law, the placed at point P. According force on charge 4p is ete? 4x, 7 where fis a unit vector in the direction from q '0 dy Electric field at point P is The magnitude of the field B is ‘Tage E=——. Gey Clearly, E 1/7. This means that at all points on the spherical surface drawn around the point charge, symmetric or radial field, i.e ¢ came in all directions when seen from the point charge. 1.20 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A having position vectors Wy By the magnitude of E is same and does not depend on the direction of F. Such a field is called spherically a field which looks the SYSTEM OF POINT CHARGES 32. Deduce an expression for the electric field at a point due to a system of N point charges. Electric field due to a system of point charges Consider a system of N point charges dy ar ~~ IN i with respect to the Fig, 1.42 Notations used in the determination of electric field at a point due to two point charges. origin 0. We wish to determine the electric field at point P whose position vector is TF. According to Coulomb's law, the force on charge test qy due to charge 4, is where fp is a unit vector in the direction from 4; #0 P and np is the distance between q, and P. Hence the electric field at point P due to charge 4 is Gy A A Similarly, electric field at P due to charge 4 is B- 2% Grey ‘According to principle of superposition of electri fields the electric field at any point du to a group of charg is equal to the vector sum of the electric fields produced b each charge individually at that point, when all other charge are assumed to be absent. © scanned with OKEN Scanner1.30 Hence, the electric field at point P due to the system of N charges is BeBe Bsr 8 a $ Fig. 1.43 Electric field at a point due to a system of charges is the vector sum of the electric fields at the point due to individual charges. In terms of position vectors, we can write or Examples based on Piet altel ela eae] Formulae Used 2, By the principle of superposition, electric field due to a number of point charges, BoB + B+ B+. Units Used ‘When q is in coulomb and r in metre ; E is in NC* or Vm PHYSICS-xi1 Example 36. Assuming that the charge on ay atom ig distributed uniformly in a sphere of radius 107 m, what anil be the electric field atthe surface ofthe gold atom ? For gold, Z=79. Solution. The charge may be assumed to be con- centrated at the centre of the sphere of radius 10" m, 21071 m, q=Ze=79%1.6%10-PC 1g _9%10° x79 x 1.610"? ane, 7 aor? = 1.138 x 10 NC*. Example 37. Two point charges of 20%10°7C and 10x 10°7C are 1.0 cm apart. What is the magnitude of the field produced by either charge at the site of the other ? Use ‘standard value of 1/47 Gq. ; Solution. Here q, =2.0% 107 G gy =1.0«107 G Electric field due to q, at the site of qy, 1g _ 9x10" «2.0% 107 B 4ney 7 (0.107 =1.8x 107 NC*. Electric field due to 4, at the site of 9, 5, 1 gy _9x10° «1.0% 107 of (0.107 = 9x10 NC. Example 38. Two point charges +4C and +1,C are separated by a distance of 2 m in air. Find the point on the line-joining charges at which the net electric field of the system is zero. [CBSE.OD 17¢ Solution. 4c + EP B t Pp 4 Fig. 1.44 The electric field at point P will be zero if cm =0.01m 4+ 1nC or At x=4m, both E, and ill be i AL . , and E, will be in the same direction, therefore, net electric field cannot be zero. Hence electric field will be zero at x =4 m to the right 0 +4yC charge, © scanned with OKEN ScannerFLECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELD. Example 39. Two point charges of «16 C and ~9 WC are placed 8 em apart in air. Determine the position of the point fat which the resultant field is zero, Solution, Let P’ be the point at distance x em from field in zer0, 9c fig. 1.45 At point P, + Eyo0 kx16e 10% | kx(-9)10% (xx10?y [(B=x)x107P 16 i 36, x (=x)? or fue. x B= or x= 2 em,32 em 32 At xe Fem, both £, and £, will be in the same direction, therefore, net electric field cannot be zero. Hence x =32 cm ice, electric field is zero at a point 24 cm to the right of 9 uC charge. Example 40. Two point charges q, =+0.2 Cand gy =+0.4 Care placed 0.1 m apart. Calculate the electric field at (a) the midpoint between the charges. (b) a point on the line joining q, and q, such that it is 0.05 m away from qy and 0.15 m aony from q,. Solution. (a) Let O be the midpoint between the two charges. m= 402C — A 0 by —pe— cr 0.1 m —————_4 Fig, 1.46 Electric field at O due to qy, gy 9x10" 0.2 R (0.05) acting along AO 7.210" NC, Blectric field at O due to dy, kg, 910" x04 RB (0.05) 214.410! NC, acting along BO Net field at O= EE, =72»10" NC", acting along BO. u (b) Electric field at P due to qy, kg, 9x10" 0.2 asin _9*10' x94 | acting along AP Rp (0.15% Electric field at P due to q, ° ky _9%10" 04 | acting along BP ba oor q=402C a=t04c Ej P x 3 _— «0.1 m #005 m—4 Fig, 1.47 Net electric field at point P is 02 04 E= =9x10?| = + bth (ey a4 = 152% 10" NC", acting along AP. Example 41. Two point charges q, and q, of 10 8 Cand 10 C respectively are placed 0.1 m apart. Calculate the electric fields at points A, B and C shown in Fig. 1.48. INCERT] He 0.05 m b= 0.05 m =~ 0.05 m = Fig. 1.48 Solution. The electric field vector E, at A due to the positive charge q, points towards the right and it has a magnitude, aie 10? x10 net R (0.0577 =3.6x 10" NC™ © scanned with OKEN Scanner4 De The electric field vector E, at A due to the negative charge q, points towards the right and it has a magnitude, £, = 2210? x10"° et =3.6 10° NC (0.05)? Magnitude of the total electric field at A +h | x 10! «36x 108 =7.2%10' NC* E, is directed towards the right. The electric field vector E, at B due to the positive charge 9, points towards the left and it has a magnitude, 9x10°x10% Cerca The electric field vector E, at B due to the negative charge q, points towards the right and it has a magnitude, 7 = 2210? x10* NC =4 x 10° NC* (015) Magnitude of the total electric field at B 5, = 5, - E,=3.2x 10" NC NC*=3.6 104 NC* F, is directed towards the left. Magnitude of each electric field vector, at point C, of charges q, and q, is 9x 10° x 108 (0.17 The directions in which these two vectors point are shown in Fig. 1.48, The resultant of these vectors is given by E,=E,° +E) +2E,E, cos 0 = (9x10? + (9x10 + 2x9 x10" x9 x 10° cos 120° =9x10° JIFT42 (172) NC“ =9 103 NC Since E and E, are equal in magnitude, so their resultant = acts along the bisector of the angle between E, and Ey, ie, towards right. Bane ped is a square of side 5 m, Charges of oo and +50C are placed it respectively. Find the resultant eletyie field ott Solution. Electric field at B due to + 5 : Ais 5, =9x10° NC“ 0 Charge at 30 $272k, along AB 5m] a y y Fig. 1.49 Electric field at B due to 50 C charge at Cis 50 _. Byok- Bpadk, along BC Electric field at B due to + 50 C charge at D is =k, along DB Component of E, along x-axis =2k (as it acts along x-axis) Component of E, along x-axis (as it acts along y-axis) Component of E; along x-axis E, cos 45 pak EE .. Total electric field at B along x-axis k v k+0 2 gpatkeoeEanfaet Now, Component of E, along y-axis =0 Component of E, along y-axis =2k Component of E, along y-axis : rahe =Eysinase=k, Lk uo 22 But the components of E, and E, act in opposite ditec- tions, therefore, total electric field at B along y-axis +. Resultant electric field at B will be Kea] lea] © =3k=3x 9x 109 NC“! =2.7x 10! NC Ifthe resultant field E makes angle B with x-axis, then tanp=—¥ _(2~1/V2)k EO Q+IBie © scanned with OKEN Scanner =0.4776 or f=2.ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELD Example 43. Four charges + 9,+ side Calculate the electric field at the centre of the square. [Punjab 96C] E, and E,, be the electric fields of the square due to the charges at A, B, ‘Their directions are as shown in Solution. Let E4, E, at the centre 0. Cand D respectiv Fig. 1.50(a), og tt + A 4, jee 4 S ' CF @ Fig. 1.50 Since all the charges'are of equal magnitude and at the same distance r from the centre O, $0 p= c= ED Because E, and E. act in the same direction, so their resultant is kq , 2kq _ 4kq Boyt ge Similarly, resultant of E, and Ep is 4kq E,=E_+ Ep @ Now, the resultant of E, and E, will be wre fF a42K4, a directed parallel to AD or BC, as shown in Fig, 1.50(). A 1 =e =45° cos Bae . i, the resultant field is inclined at an angle of 45° with AC. Example 44, Two point charges +6q and ~8q are placed at the vertices ‘Band ‘C’ of an equilateral triangle ABC of side fa’ as shown in Fig. 1.51(a). Obtain the expression for (i) the magnitude and (i the direction ofthe resultant electric field [CBSE OD 14C} Solution, (i) As shown in Fig. 1.51(b), the fields at at the vertex A due to these two charges. point A due to the charges at Band Care Ey, and Exc respectively. = 4-4 are placed respectively at the four corners A, B, C and D of a square of 1 4, Two p A y “ 7 = 84 + 64 oad 7 S Fig. 1.51 (@) (b) Their magnitudes are 1 64 14 g,, = 1 4-68, where B= A ney a Ag 1 84 = 4 -8E “AC ney a? ‘The magnitude of the resultant field is Et = [Eda + Bac +2 Ean Enc C8120" = [oe +0eF -2x0e-86>(-3) ng - 1 NE ney @ (i) lethe resultant field makes an angle with AC, then tan= Eyasin120°__ _ 6Ex(V3/2) 33 Ege + Epa c08120° se+6H{-3) 7 (393, s =tan7 pean) roblems For Practice ‘An electron is separated from the proton through @ distance of 0.53 A. Calculate the electric field at the location of the electron. (Ans, 5.1107 NC*) 2, Determine the electric field produced by a helium nucleus at a distance of 1 A from it. (Ans, 2.88 «107 NC") 3, Two point charges + q and + 4g are separated by 2 distance of 6a, Find the point on the line joining the two charges where the electric field is zero. (Ans, Ata distance 2a from charge + r) charges q and q, of 2% 10°C and =2%108C respectively are placed 0.4 m apart. Calculate the electric field at the centre of the line joining the two charges. {CBSE F 9C} (Ans, 900 NC“, towards the -ve charge) © scanned with OKEN Scanner14 5. Two point charges +q and -24 are placed at the ferticts Band "C” ofan euilaterl triangle ABC of side ‘a’ as given in the figure, Obtain the expression for (i) the magnitude and (i) the direction of the resultant electric field at the vertex A due to these two charges. ICBSE OD 14C] tans 9 LE ip a0 with 40 t 4 vag ed Fig, 1.52 6. Find the magnitude and direction of electric field at point Pin Fig. 1.53. +4 Fig. 1.53 = 4 | along BP produ] 7. Three charges, each equal to are placed at the three corners of a square of side a, Find the electric field atthe fourth comer. (ans oe yg Bre @ 8. Figure 1.54 shows four point charges at the comers of a square of side 2 em. Find the magnitude and direction of the electric field at the centre O of the square, if Q= 0.02 uC. 202m 429 A B 2em cm Fig. 1.54 i use 1-910? Nm?c?, trey USCE 98) (Ans. 9/2 x10°NC“, parallel to BA) PHYSICS HINTS 1. Blectre field at the location of the electron, 1 9x10? «1.6 «10° a wl fw PEAS 28a x10 NCA, Fine Aer Here q= + 2eand r=1A=10 m. Suppose the electric field is zero at distance x from the charge + q, Then aul as AL Gag x? dna, (Ga—x) or (6a-x) = 4x? or 6a-x=2e or x=2a Electric field is zero at distance 2a from the charge + 4. 4, Proceed as in Q. 1.8 on page 1.82. 5, Proceed as in the solution of Example 44 on page 1.33. 6, Here E, and E- are equal and opposite and hence cancel out. BP= asin 45° = 0/2 1 ney any 1.24, atong BP produced. ne, a 7. Refer to Fig. 1.55. Hence E= Ey 8, Here, AB= BC=CD= AD=2cm ee : A0=BO=cO=pDo-= 7 5a = Vian = 42 x107? m © scanned with OKEN Scanner