Lecture 1 & 2

10/10/2023
SWITCHGEAR&
PROTECTION
ENGINEERING(1)
EPM423
Dr. Mai Eladany
Course Grades (70/30)

 ASSIGNMENT : (10 POINTS)
 Paper
1  Essay
 Report
 Presentation
 Case Study/Small Project
2 physical presence in lecture (5 POINTS)
3 Mid-term Exam (15 POINTS)
Dr. M. eladany
1
10/10/2023
SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION
Dr. Mai Eladany
2
10/10/2023
Dr. Mai Eladany
Dr. Mai Eladany
3
10/10/2023
WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE

OF POWER SYSTEM
PROTECTION?
IMPORTANCE OF POWER SYSTEM 8
PROTECTION
The objective of using this scheme is to keep power
system stable and leaving the network still during
operation.
The main objective of using system protection is to
separate the faulty section from the system to make the
rest of the portion work without any disturbance.
In addition to this, it is used for the protection of power
system and prevent the flow of fault current.
It can help in preventing the continuation of flow by
quickly disconnecting the short circuit.
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IMPORTANCE OF POWER SYSTEM 9
PROTECTION
If a short circuit persists on a system for a longer, it may
cause damage to some important sections of the system.
A heavy short circuit current may cause a fire. It may
spread in the system and damage a part of it.
The system voltage may reduce to a low level and
individual generators in a power station or groups of
generators in different power stations may lose
synchronism.
10
“SWITCHGEAR”
FIRST:
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SWITCHGEAR 11
OUTLINE:
•WHAT IS SWITCHGEAR?
•SWITCHGEAR TYPES.
•MAJOR SWITCHGEAR EQUIPMENT
WHAT IS SWITCHGEAR?
12
• Switchgear involves the apparatus used for switching, controlling

and protecting the electrical circuits and equipment in the power
system.
• The term “switchgear” is a generic term encompassing a wide
range of products like circuit breakers, switches, off-load
isolators, fuses, contactors, etc…
C37.100-1992 -IEEE Standard Definitions for Power Switchgear:

• A general term covering switching and interrupting devices and their
combination with associated control, metering, protective, and regulating
devices, also assemblies of these devices with associated interconnections,
accessories, enclosures, and supporting structures, used primarily in
connection with the generation, transmission, distribution and conversion
of electric power.
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WHAT IS SWITCHGEAR? 13
IN-DOOR
OUT-DOOR
WHAT IS SWITCHGEAR?
14
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WHAT IS SWITCHGEAR?
15
WHAT IS SWITCHGEAR?
16
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WHAT IS SWITCHGEAR? 17
SWITCHGEAR: GEAR OF SWITCHING 18
• Circuit breakers
Switching • Isolators
• Switches
Devices • ATS
• Current Transformers
Control and • Voltage Transformers
Sensing Devices
• Relays
Decision Making • Lightning Arrestors
Devices • Fuses
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SWITCHGEAR: OVERCURRENT 19
DEVICES
OUTLINE:
•WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “ OVER

CURRENT”?
•OVERCURRENT: OVERLOAD AND SHORT

CIRCUIT.
•MAJOR OVER CURRENT DEVICES.
SWITCHGEAR: OVERCURRENT DEVICES 20
What do we mean by “overcurrent”?
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Conductor
Load
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Differences between overload and short circuit:

Overload Short Circuit
Caused by overloading on Caused by a fault in the
the circuit. circuit.
More than rated current, but
Very large current.
not by much value.
Causes overheating by time
and may causes damage by Causes instant damage.
time.
Power must be disconnected Power must be disconnected
after a period, not instantly. immediately.
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SWITCHGEAR: FUSE 31
What is fuse?
SWITCHGEAR: FUSE 32
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SWITCHGEAR: TYPES OF FUSE 33
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SWITCHGEAR: FUSE 36
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SWITCHGEAR: FUSE 37
SWITCHGEAR: TIME-CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS 38
OF THE FUSE:
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OF THE FUSE:
OF THE FUSE:
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OF THE FUSE:
OF THE FUSE:
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OF THE FUSE:
OF THE FUSE:
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OF THE FUSE:
OF THE FUSE:
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OF THE FUSE:
SWITCHGEAR: FUSES COORDINATION IN POWER 48
SYSTEM
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SYSTEM
SYSTEM
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SYSTEM
SWITCHGEAR: EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE 52
ON FUSE PERFORMANCE.
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SWITCHGEAR: EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE 53
ON FUSE PERFORMANCE.
54
SWITCHGEAR:
INTRODUCTION TO
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
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SWITCHGEAR: INTRODUCTION TO CIRCUIT BREAKERS

55

56
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57

58
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59
SWITCHGEAR: LOW
VOLTAGE CIRCUIT
BREAKERS
SWITCHGEAR: LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS 60
OVERVIEW
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OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW
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OVERVIEW
MINITURE CIRCUIT RESIDUAL CIRCUIT PANEL BOARD

BREAKER BREAKER CONSUMER UNIT
OVERVIEW
RESIDUAL CURRENT
CIRCUIT BREAKER(RCCB)
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OVERVIEW RESIDUAL CURRENT

CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH
OVERCURRENRT
PROTECTION
OVERVIEW
MOLDED CASE
CIRCUIT BREAKER
MCCB
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OVERVIEW
ACB:AIR CIRCUIT BREAKR (Higher
Current Level)
OVERVIEW
AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER IN SWITCHGEAR
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SWITCHGEAR: LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS

DECREASING BREAKING CAPACITY
69
OVERVIEW
The hierarchy is clearly illustrated by the following SLD:
OVERVIEW
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OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW
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SWITCHGEAR 73
OUTLINE
MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB)
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCCB)
AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER (ACB)
RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKER(RCD)
SWITCHGEAR: MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB) 74
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Basic idea of thermal trip:
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Basic idea of thermal trip:
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Magnetic protection concept of MCB:
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MCB Time Current Characteristics:
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Common MCB current ratings and short circuit capacity:
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Starting current
Compressor
off
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48
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SWITCHGEAR 99
OUTLINE
MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB)
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCCB)
AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER (ACB)
RESIDUAL CURRENT CIRCUIT BREAKER(RCD)
SWITCHGEAR: MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCCB) 100
50

Lecture 1 &amp; 2

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10/10/2023

Course Grades (70/30)

2 physical presence in lecture (5 POINTS)

3 Mid-term Exam (15 POINTS)

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

Dr. Mai Eladany

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

Dr. Mai Eladany

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

Dr. Mai Eladany

WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

IMPORTANCE OF POWER SYSTEM 8

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

IMPORTANCE OF POWER SYSTEM 9

•MAJOR SWITCHGEAR EQUIPMENT

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

• Switchgear involves the apparatus used for switching, controlling

C37.100-1992 -IEEE Standard Definitions for Power Switchgear:

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: GEAR OF SWITCHING 18

•WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “ OVER

•OVERCURRENT: OVERLOAD AND SHORT

•MAJOR OVER CURRENT DEVICES.

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: OVERCURRENT DEVICES 20

What do we mean by “overcurrent”?

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: OVERCURRENT DEVICES 21

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: OVERCURRENT DEVICES 22

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: OVERCURRENT DEVICES 23

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: OVERCURRENT DEVICES 24

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: OVERCURRENT DEVICES 25

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: OVERCURRENT DEVICES 26

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: OVERCURRENT DEVICES 27

Differences between overload and short circuit:

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: OVERCURRENT DEVICES 28

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: OVERCURRENT DEVICES 29

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: OVERCURRENT DEVICES 30

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: TYPES OF FUSE 33

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: TYPES OF FUSE 34

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR: TYPES OF FUSE 35

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

SWITCHGEAR & PROTECTION

Lecture 1 & 2

Lecture 1 & 2