PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE

EXAMINATION (AISSCE) 2023-24

TOPIC : TO COMPARE THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF

DIFFERENT MATERIALS
CLASS: XII ‘C’
SUBMITTED BY: ROHITH S

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude

to my teacher Mr.Paranivel for her guidance, and
support throughout the duration of the project. We
completed the project successfully by her motivation
and her extended support for us.
As well as I would like to thank our Correspondent
Dr.R.Kishore Kumar , our Principal Mrs.Shanthi
Samuel who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this project, which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so many new
things when I was doing the project. Finally, I would
also like to thank my parents and friends who helped
me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE
S.NO
NO

Abstract 5-5
1.
Intoduction 6-6
2.
Literature review
7-7
3.
Comparison of magnetic properties
8-8
4.
Experiment 1:
Diamagnetism 9-11
5.
Experiment 2:
paramagnetism 12-15
6.
Experiment 3:
ferromagnetism 16-19
7.
Conclusion
20-21
8.
Bibliography
22-22
9.

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 ABSTRACT

The abstract, a succinct summary of the paper, encapsulates the

essence of the research. This study aims to explore and compare the
magnetic properties of diverse materials to uncover their unique
behaviors and potential applications. By meticulously analyzing
these properties, this research seeks to contribute to the
understanding of magnetism and its relevance in fields such as
electronics, medicine, and materials science. The comparative
analysis of magnetic behaviors in various materials is a critical step
toward unlocking new technological possibilities and advancing
scientific knowledge. Through a thorough examination of materials
exhibiting ferromagnetism, paramagnetism, and diamagnetism, this
study aims to elucidate the nuanced differences in their magnetic
susceptibilities, coercivities, remanences, and other pertinent
properties. The implications of this research extend beyond the
confines of theoretical understanding, with the potential to
revolutionize industries reliant on magnetic materials.

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 INTRODUCTION

Magnetism, an essential force governing various natural

phenomena, finds its applications in a myriad of fields. This
introduction delves deeper into the multifaceted significance of
understanding magnetic properties in materials. From the
minuscule magnetic domains in ferromagnetic materials to the
subtle alignment of atomic spins in paramagnetic substances, the
nuanced nature of magnetism captivates researchers across
disciplines. The allure of exploring and comparing the magnetic
properties of diverse materials lies not only in unraveling the
secrets of their behavior but also in leveraging this knowledge to
engineer innovative solutions. From data storage to medical
diagnostics and beyond, the impact of comprehending and
comparing magnetic properties transcends theoretical curiosity,
influencing practical advancements in technology and science. This
study sets out to embark on a journey through the realm of
magnetism, aiming to compare and contrast the magnetic
behaviors of various materials to unearth their underlying
principles and potential applications.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

The vast expanse of literature dedicated to magnetism and materials

serves as a rich tapestry interwoven with diverse findings, theories,
and experimental observations. Through a comprehensive review, it
becomes evident that the fundamental principles governing
magnetism transcend disciplinary boundaries. Studies exploring the
behavior of materials under varying magnetic fields and
environmental conditions provide invaluable insights. While
ferromagnetism draws attention with its spontaneous magnetization
and domain structures, paramagnetic materials intrigue researchers
with their magnetic moments aligning with an external field, albeit
transiently. Meanwhile, diamagnetism, often overlooked, reveals its
subtle repulsion to magnetic fields, offering a unique perspective on
materials’ responses to magnetism. These theories and findings,
collectively housed within the literature, showcase the intricacies of
magnetic behaviors exhibited by a myriad of materials.

However, within this trove of knowledge, discrepancies and

unresolved phenomena linger, presenting avenues for deeper
exploration. Certain materials exhibit unconventional magnetic
properties that defy conventional categorization, prompting further
investigation. These anomalies within the literature spark curiosity
and drive the need for a comprehensive comparative analysis. By
amalgamating these diverse findings and scrutinizing the
underexplored realms of magnetic behaviors, this study endeavors
to contribute to bridging the gaps and shedding light on the intricate
tapestry of magnetism in materials.

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 COMPARISON OF MAGNETIC PROPERTIES

The comparison of magnetic properties among materials involves a

meticulous examination of their responses to magnetic fields across
varying parameters. Each material chosen for this comparative
analysis boasts unique characteristics, offering a spectrum of
behaviors under the influence of magnetic forces. The process of
comparison requires a systematic approach, employing advanced
measurement techniques and analytical tools to scrutinize the
subtleties of their magnetic responses. From exploring the
coercivity—the intensity of the magnetic field required to
demagnetize a material—to investigating the remanence—material's
residual magnetization after the removal of an external magnetic
field—the intricacies are multifaceted.

Through this comprehensive exploration, patterns start to emerge,

unveiling the idiosyncrasies and nuances in the magnetic properties
of diverse materials. The comparative analysis aims not only to
highlight these differences but also to unravel the underlying
mechanisms governing these behaviors. By meticulously examining
and contrasting the magnetic behaviors, this study endeavors to
contribute to the comprehensive understanding of materials'
responses to magnetic fields and their potential implications across
scientific, industrial, and technological domains.

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 Experiment 1 - Diamagnetism

Aim:
The primary objective of this experiment is to comprehensively
explore and compare the diamagnetic characteristics exhibited by a
range of diverse materials when subjected to an external magnetic
field. The aim is to meticulously analyze and discern the distinct
reactions and responses of these materials in the presence of the
magnetic field, seeking to discern notable variations in their
behavior and evaluate their respective diamagnetic properties.

Materials Required:
 Strong Neodymium Magnet: A clean and potent magnet that
generates a noticeable magnetic field.
 Diamagnetic Materials: Copper, bismuth, water, graphite, and
any other known diamagnetic substances available.
 Non-Diamagnetic Materials: Aluminum foil, plastic, wood,
or any materials recognized for their non-diamagnetic
properties.
 Balance or Scale: For precise measurement of the masses of
each test material.
 Ruler: To measure distances and deflections accurately during
the experiment.
 Non-Magnetic Tray or Platform: A stable surface to hold the
test materials and observe their reactions to the magnetic field.
 Thread or Small Container for Water: To suspend the tray
or platform in proximity to the magnet without direct contact,

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 and to measure deflection caused by the magnetic field when
testing materials like water.

Procedure:
Preparation:
 Set up a clean, non-magnetic workspace for the experiment to
ensure accurate observations.
 Verify the cleanliness and strength of the neodymium magnet
to generate a sufficiently strong magnetic field.
Selection of Test Materials:
 Choose a variety of materials known for their diamagnetic
properties (e.g., copper, bismuth) and non-diamagnetic
materials (e.g., aluminum foil) for comparison.
Initial Measurements:
 Use a precise balance or scale to measure and record the masses
of each test material.
Observing Magnetic Interaction:
 Place the strong neodymium magnet on the non-magnetic
surface.
 Bring each test material close to the magnet and carefully
observe any observable interactions, such as repulsion or
movement, between the material and the magnet. Note these
interactions for each material.

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Quantitative Experiment:
 Hang a non-magnetic tray or platform using a thread, ensuring
it's close to the magnet without direct contact.
 Measure and record the distance between the magnet and the
tray.
 Place a small container with water on the tray and observe any
deflection caused by the magnetic field. Measure this
deflection using a ruler or measuring tape. Record the
deflection distance.
 Repeat this process for various materials, noting their responses
and the corresponding deflection distances.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, while diamagnetism may appear subtle, its presence
and behaviors within materials contribute to the comprehensive
understanding of magnetism. This experiment, though highlighting
a modest repulsive behavior, adds a crucial piece to the mosaic of
knowledge, emphasizing the diversity of magnetic behaviors
exhibited by materials across the spectrum of magnetism.

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 Experiment 2- paramagnetism

Aim:
The aim of this study is to investigate and characterize the magnetic
behaviors exhibited by paramagnetic materials under varying
magnetic fields. The primary objective is to discern the response of
paramagnetic substances to external magnetic stimuli and
comprehend the underlying principles governing their behavior.
Through systematic experimentation and analysis, this study seeks
to elucidate the nuanced interactions between paramagnetic
materials and magnetic fields. Specifically, the aim is to observe and
quantify the alignment of magnetic moments within these materials
in the presence of external magnetic forces. Additionally, the study
aims to investigate the susceptibility of paramagnetic materials to
magnetic fields across a range of temperatures and conditions.

Materials required:
 Paramagnetic Materials: Substances known to exhibit
paramagnetic properties, such as oxygen, aluminum, platinum,
and some salts containing transition metal ions like copper,
chromium, or manganese.
 Magnetic Field Source: Electromagnets or permanent
magnets to generate controlled magnetic fields of varying
strengths.
 Magnetic Susceptibility Apparatus: Instruments capable of
measuring the magnetic susceptibility of materials, such as a
Gouy balance or a magnetic susceptibility balance.

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 Sample Holders or Cells: Containers or holders to place the
paramagnetic samples during experimentation and
measurement.
 Power Supply: For supplying the necessary electrical power to
generate magnetic fields using the electromagnet.
 Temperature Control Equipment: If studying paramagnetic
behavior at different temperatures, equipment like thermostats
or temperature-controlled chambers might be needed.
 Measuring Devices: Instruments for quantifying and recording
data, such as voltmeters, ammeters, or sensors used in the
specific experimental setup.
 Calibration Standards: Reference materials with known
magnetic properties to calibrate the instruments and validate
the experimental setup.
 Safety Equipment: Safety goggles, gloves, and other
protective gear as necessary for handling materials and
operating equipment safely.
 Data Recording and Analysis Tools: Software or tools for
recording experimental data and analyzing results, like
computer software for data processing and statistical analysis.
 Lab Apparatus and Consumables: Depending on the specific
experimental setup, standard laboratory equipment such as
glassware, pipettes, and other consumables might be required.
 Documentation Materials: Notebooks, pens, or electronic
devices for recording observations, experimental procedures,
and results.

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Procedure
 Sample Selection: Choose paramagnetic materials suitable for
the experiment, considering their properties and intended
observations.
 Setup Assembly: Arrange the experimental setup, including
the magnetic field source, sample holders, measuring
instruments, and power supply.
 Calibration: Calibrate the measuring instruments using
reference materials with known magnetic properties to ensure
accurate measurements.
 Sample Preparation: Prepare the paramagnetic samples by
weighing and placing them into the sample holders or cells.
 Baseline Measurement: Record the initial measurements of
the paramagnetic samples' magnetic properties (such as mass
or magnetic susceptibility) without exposing them to a
magnetic field.
 Applying Magnetic Field: Gradually increase the strength of
the magnetic field using the magnet source while observing the
samples' responses.
 Observation and Measurement: Record observations,
including any changes in the samples' behavior, such as
movement or alignment, when subjected to the magnetic field.
Measure and record relevant data, such as changes in mass or
magnetic susceptibility, using the appropriate instruments.
 Temperature Variations (if applicable): If exploring
paramagnetic behavior under different temperatures, control
and vary the temperature while repeating the measurements and
observations.

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  Data Collection: Ensure thorough data collection, recording
observations, measurements, and experimental conditions
systematically.
 Data Analysis: Process and analyze the collected data using
appropriate software or analytical methods to derive insights
into the paramagnetic behavior observed.
 Comparison and Interpretation: Compare the observed
behavior of the paramagnetic materials under different
magnetic field strengths or temperatures. Interpret the results in
the context of known paramagnetic properties and theories.

Conclusion:
 Conclusion and Findings: Summarize the experiment's
findings, highlighting observed behaviors, any relationships
between parameters (like magnetic field strength or
temperature) and the materials' response.
 Discussion: Discuss the implications of the findings, potential
sources of error, and avenues for further exploration or
refinement of the experiment.
 Documentation: Document the entire procedure, observations,
measurements, and conclusions for future reference and
potential publication.

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 Experiment 3- Ferromagnetism

Aim:
The aim of this study is to explore and characterize the distinctive
magnetic behaviors exhibited by ferromagnetic materials under
varying conditions. The primary objective is to understand the
mechanisms governing ferromagnetism and elucidate the material's
response to external magnetic fields.
Through systematic experimentation and analysis, this study aims to
observe and quantify the phenomena associated with ferromagnetic
substances. Specifically, the aim is to investigate the alignment and
behavior of magnetic domains within ferromagnetic materials under
varying magnetic field strengths and temperatures.

MaterialsRequired:
 Ferromagnetic Materials: Substances known to exhibit
ferromagnetic properties, such as iron, cobalt, nickel, and
certain alloys like Alnico or Permalloy.
 Magnetic Field Source: Electromagnets or permanent
magnets capable of generating controlled and adjustable
magnetic fields of varying strengths.
 Sample Holders or Cells: Containers or holders to contain and
position the ferromagnetic samples during experimentation and
measurement.

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 Magnetic Susceptibility Apparatus: Instruments designed to
measure the magnetic susceptibility or magnetization of
materials, such as vibrating sample magnetometers (VSM) or
SQUID magnetometers.
 Power Supply: To provide the necessary electrical power for
generating magnetic fields, particularly in the case of
electromagnets.
 Temperature Control Equipment: Devices like thermostats
or temperature-controlled chambers to regulate and study
ferromagnetic behaviors at different temperatures.
 Measuring Devices: Instruments for quantifying and recording
data, such as voltmeters, ammeters, gaussmeters, or Hall effect
sensors used in the experimental setup.
 Calibration Standards: Reference materials with known
magnetic properties to calibrate instruments and validate the
experimental setup.
 Safety Equipment: Safety goggles, gloves, and other
protective gear for safe handling of materials and operation of
equipment.
 Lab Apparatus and Consumables: Standard laboratory
equipment like glassware, pipettes, and other consumables
depending on the specific experimental requirements.
 Data Recording and Analysis Tools: Software or tools for
recording experimental data and analyzing results, such as
computer software for data processing and statistical analysis.
 Documentation Materials: Notebooks, pens, or electronic
devices for recording observations, experimental procedures,
and results.

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Procedure:
 Sample Selection: Choose ferromagnetic materials suitable for
the experiment, considering their properties and intended
observations.
 Setup Assembly: Arrange the experimental setup, including
the magnetic field source, sample holders, measuring
instruments, and power supply.
 Calibration: Calibrate the measuring instruments using
reference materials with known magnetic properties to ensure
accurate measurements.
 Sample Preparation: Prepare the ferromagnetic samples by
weighing and placing them into the sample holders or cells.
 Baseline Measurement: Record the initial measurements of
the ferromagnetic samples' magnetic properties (such as mass
or magnetic susceptibility) without exposing them to a
magnetic field.
 Applying Magnetic Field: Gradually increase the strength of
the magnetic field using the magnet source while observing the
samples' responses.
 Observation and Measurement: Record observations,
including any changes in the samples' behavior, such as
alignment or magnetization, when subjected to the magnetic
field. Measure and record relevant data, such as changes in
mass or magnetization, using appropriate instruments.
 Temperature Variations (if applicable): If exploring
ferromagnetic behavior at different temperatures, control and
vary the temperature while repeating measurements and
observations.

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  Data Collection: Ensure thorough data collection, recording
observations, measurements, and experimental conditions
systematically.
 Data Analysis: Process and analyze the collected data using
appropriate software or analytical methods to derive insights
into the ferromagnetic behavior observed.
 Comparison and Interpretation: Compare the observed
behavior of ferromagnetic materials under different magnetic
field strengths or temperatures. Interpret the results in the
context of known ferromagnetic properties and theories.

Conclusion:
 Conclusion and Findings: Summarize the experiment's
findings, highlighting observed behaviors, any relationships
between parameters (like magnetic field strength or
temperature), and the materials' response.
 Discussion: Discuss the implications of the findings, potential
sources of error, and avenues for further exploration or
refinement of the experiment.
 Documentation: Document the entire procedure, observations,
measurements, and conclusions for future reference and
potential publication.

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 CONCLUSION

The exploration and comparison of magnetic properties among

diverse materials culminate in a tapestry of insights that transcend
disciplinary boundaries. Magnetism, a fundamental force governing
materials' behaviors, reveals its intricate dance within the atomic and
molecular realms, showcasing a myriad of responses to magnetic
fields. This comparative study sought to unravel the nuances and
idiosyncrasies within these behaviors, aiming to contribute to the
ever-expanding realm of scientific knowledge.

The comprehensive review of existing literature highlighted the rich

landscape of theories, findings, and unresolved anomalies within
magnetism and materials. From the pronounced magnetization in
ferromagnetic materials to the transient alignment of magnetic
moments in paramagnetic substances, the literature underscored the
complexity inherent in understanding materials' responses to
magnetic fields. Moreover, it spotlighted unexplored avenues and
paradoxical phenomena, inspiring future investigations to delve
deeper into the enigmatic aspects of materials' magnetic behaviors.

The comparative analysis unveiled a spectrum of magnetic

responses exhibited by selected materials, accentuating their unique
characteristics and behaviors. Through meticulous experimentation
and observation, the intricate variations in magnetic susceptibility,
coercivity, remanence, and other properties emerged, delineating the

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diversity inherent in materials' responses to magnetic stimuli.
Furthermore, this comparative lens unveiled not only the
distinctions among materials but also the interconnectedness and
underlying principles governing their magnetic behaviors.

As the threads of this comparative study are woven together, they

contribute to the fabric of scientific understanding. The findings
offer a nuanced perspective on magnetism in materials, fostering a
deeper comprehension of their behaviors and potential applications.
Beyond the confines of theoretical elucidation, this study's
implications reverberate across industries reliant on magnetic
materials, offering pathways for innovation and technological
advancements.

In conclusion, the journey through the labyrinth of magnetic

behaviors in diverse materials represents a stepping stone towards
unlocking new frontiers in science and technology. This
comparative endeavor not only contributes to the mosaic of
knowledge but also ignites curiosity, paving the way for future
explorations that delve deeper into the mysteries of magnetism in
materials.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 https://byjus.com/physics/diamagnetic-paramagnetic-
ferromagnetic/

 https://monroeengineering.com/blog/ferromagnetic-vs-
paramagnetic-vs-diamagnetic-whats-the-difference/

 https://www.nde-
ed.org/Physics/Magnetism/MagneticMatls.xhtml

 https://www.govtgirlsekbalpur.com/Study_Materials/Physics/
KA_CC5_MAG_PROP_OF_MATTR_1.pdf

 http://www.indosawedu.com/dia-para-ferromagnetism.php

 https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-dia-
and-vs-para-and-vs-ferromagnetic-materials/

 https://www.eeemadeeasy.com/magnetic-materials-
magnetism-types/

 https://sciencenotes.org/paramagnetic-vs-diamagnetic-vs-
ferromagnetic-magnetism/

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