Text Analysis for Research

LECTURER: Dedi Irwan, Ph.D

Compiled By:
Group 1

1. Rizky Wira Soerjaat Madja (322010021)

2. Krisopras William Prayoga (322010057)
3. Ahmad Djarod Alfianto (322010011)
4. Ahmad Firdaus (322010047)
5. Agustinus Ripaldo (322010159)
6. Riki Satrio (322010070)
7. Agerson (322010030)

FAKULTAS PENDIDIKAN BAHASA & SENI

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
INSTITUT KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
(IKIP-PGRI) PONTIANAK
2023
 Designing a Research Proposal

A. Tittle of Research
An Analysis of Student Speaking Anxiety at Fourth Semester of
English Language Education IKIP PGRI Pontianak

B. Purpose of Research
The purpose of this study is to examine the level of speaking anxiety
experienced by second semester students at IKIP PGRI Pontianak and to
identify the factors that contribute to their anxiety in speaking. The study
aims to provide insights into the nature of speaking anxiety among
adolescent students and to suggest potential strategies for addressing this
issue in the school setting. The findings of this study may contribute to a
better understanding of how to support students in improving their
communication skills and reducing their anxiety levels.

C. Previous Study
Damayanti, M. E., & Listyani, L. (2020). An analysis of student’s
speaking anxiety in academic speaking class. ELTR Journal, 4(2), 152–
170.
This study found that students' anxiety in language class was caused
by factors such as limited vocabulary, underestimating their ability, lack of
preparation, fear of making mistakes, and fear of embarrassing classmates.

Hasibuan, A. R., & Irzawati, I. (2020). Students’ Speaking Anxiety on

their Speaking Performance: A Study of EFL Learners.
This study concludes that one of the effective activities to overcome
speaking anxiety is students' self-reflection to identify strengths,
weaknesses, and solutions to their problems, and finally build their self-
confidence. These aspects are very important in managing speech anxiety.
The results of this study help EFL learners recognize speech anxiety as a
barrier to their speaking performance.
Delfia Mitha, W., Amri, Z., & Narius, D. (2018). Journal of English
Language Teaching An Analysis of Students’ Speaking Anxiety Faced by
The Fourth Semester Student of English Education Study Program of
English Department of Universitas Negeri Padang. Journal of English
Language Teaching, 7(3).
After extensive interviews about their language anxiety, research
shows that fourth semester students of the English Language Education
Program at the English Department of Padang State University have

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 moderate language anxiety. Among the three types of speaking anxiety,
such as communication anxiety, speaking test anxiety, and fear of feedback
from peers and lecturers, speaking test anxiety is the dominant type of
speaking anxiety. However, the reason for this fear is that students are afraid
of the consequences of failing the language test. This is caused by
communication anxiety which requires more preparation for everything
related to performance so that they feel comfortable and confident during
performance, regardless of the negative reactions of peers and faculty.

D. Literature review
C1.The Concept of Speaking
Speaking is an oral language skill that is functional in everyday
human life. By speaking we can obtain and convey information. But for
Indonesians, speaking English fluently is a tough challenge because we
don't use English as our daily language of communication.
According to Ladouse (in Nunan, 1991: 23) speaking is an
activity to explain someone in a certain situation or an activity to report
something. Meanwhile, according to Tarigan (1990: 8) "Speaking is a way
to communicate that affects our daily lives". From the two opinions above,
it can be concluded that speaking is a way of communicating that can
affect one's life.
The English language has become the global language of
communication due to its widespread use in business, education, and
politics. It is considered the language of international communication and
is spoken by over 1.5 billion people worldwide. The dominance of English
in global communication has led to its inclusion in many educational
systems around the world. However, the pressure to perform well in
English speaking situations can contribute to speaking anxiety, a condition
characterized by nervousness, tension, and fear when communicating in
the language.
Speaking anxiety is a type of performance anxiety characterized by
nervousness, fear, and anxiety when speaking in front of others. The
causes of speaking anxiety can vary widely, but some common factors
include past negative experiences, lack of confidence, fear of being judged
or criticized, and a lack of preparation. Other factors may include cultural
differences, language barriers, and social anxiety.
According to Ladouse (in Nunan, 1991: 23) speaking is an activity to
explain someone in a certain situation or an activity to report something.
The definition of speaking according to subsequent experts is based on
Harmer's opinion (in Tarigan, 1990:12). According to him speaking skills
can be obtained by applying three things, namely introducing a new
language, practice, and communicative activities.

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 Wallace (1978: 98) defines speaking as a meaningful oral practice, so
people have to understand every word he says because it uses a foreign
language. This speaking ability will support a person to express
interesting ideas orally.

E. Methodology of the Research

1. Research Design
Descriptive qualitative is a research method that involves the
collection and analysis of non-numerical data, such as words, images, and
observations, to understand a phenomenon. It aims to provide a rich,
detailed description of the research subject, without seeking to quantify or
measure it. This type of qualitative research often involves interviews,
focus groups, and ethnographic observations, and is commonly used in
fields such as education purpose. For this reason, the researcher used a
qualitative descriptive approach in collecting and analyzing data with a
natural background, namely An Analysis of Student Speaking Anxiety at
Fourth Semesters on English Eduction Study Program IKIP PGRI
Pontianak. This opinion is relevant to David Williams (1995), qualitative
research is an attempt by researchers to collect data based on natural
settings. Of course, because it is done naturally, the research results are
also scientific and can be accounted for
2. Subject of Study
The goal of a sampling technique is to select a representative subset of
the larger population, to draw conclusions and make inferences about the
population as a whole. The researcher used a purposes sampling technique
aimed at minimizing bias and ensuring that the sample accurately reflects
the characteristics of the larger population. In this case the researcher
wanted to know the level of anxiety in speaking English by Fourth
Semesters on English Eduction Study Program IKIP PGRI Pontianak. the
researcher's opinion according to Sugiyono (2018: 138) is sampling using
certain considerations according to the desired criteria to be able to
determine the number of samples to be studied.
3. Technique and Tool of Data Collection
An interview is a type of verbal communication, which aims to obtain
information. Interview is an information gathering tool by asking a
number of questions orally to be answered orally as well. A research
interview involves an interviewer who coordinates the conversation and
asking questions, an interviewer who answers those questions. In this
study, the researcher gave interviews to students about speaking anxiety in
the classroom at most in the learning of speaking skills. An in-depth
interview is the process of obtaining information for research purposes by
facing questions between the interviewer and informant or interviewer.
Requesting permission to conduct his research at school. After the teacher

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approved the proposal, the teacher gave the phone numbers of students or
participants in this research.
The researcher introduced himself and explained the purpose of research.
then, students were willing to conduct interviews with researcher. During
the initial process with to the students, the researcher explained the nature
of the research and that all interviews would be conducted in Indonesian,
student first language, to elicit answers without restricting or inhibiting the
students. The researcher used Online Interview by chatting via WhatsApp
Application. The researcher interviewed the students in turn, one student
one day with an average time of one hour. During the interview, a series of
rapid-fire questions would be asked to follow up on their responses.
4. Technique of Data Analysis
a. Data Reduction
Data reduction refers to the process of selecting, focus, abstraction
and transforming data. In this case, the researcher chose interview
data from students. Then analyze the summary to see the important
information, group the data, and select the required data and
organize the data into the right format, so as to provide meaningful
results and conclusions. The researcher's opinion is in accordance
with Sugiyono (2018: 247-249) Data reduction is summarizing,
choosing the main things, focusing on important things that are in
accordance with the research topic, looking for themes and
patterns, in the end giving a clearer picture and make it easier to
carry out further data collection.
b. Data Display
According to Rasyad (2002, p.15) "The presentation of data is
carried out to analyze the problem so that it is easy to find a
solution." Presentation of data is also done to make it easier to see
the picture in the field in writing. This phase is carried out in an
organized manner consisting of assembling information that allows
for conclusions to be drawn. Researchers display data that has been
reduced first to facilitate data interpretation. These are shown in a
table with basic categories such as types of anxiety and factors
contributing to language anxiety
c. Drawing Conclusion
Drawing conclusions is done to consider what analyzing data
averages and assessing their implications for research questions. In
this phase, the writer draws meaning from the data to be displayed.
Verification is related to drawing conclusions, requiring as many
data revisions as necessary for cross-checking the verification of
these emerging conclusions. Verification refers to the process of
being able to explain the answers to research questions and
research objective

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 Table D.1. Interview level question list
Instrument Interview for high Instrument Interview for low
Anxiety level: Anxiety level:
1. How do you feel when 1. How do you feel when
speaking in front of many speaking in front of
people? Have you ever felt many people?
scared, worried and too 2. Have you ever felt
nervous when speaking in scared, worried and too
front of many people? nervous when speaking
2. Where, when, and at what in front of many people?
times do you experience If I is yes, in what time?
anxiety? 3. If it is yes, what will you
3. When experiencing this do? (In that moment) / If
condition, what will you it is not, what’s the
do? cause?
4. Do you know what causes 4. In your opinion, what are
you anxiety? Mention it! the factors that cause
5. What have you tried to anxiety?
reduce your anxiety? 5. What is your strategies to
reduce your anxiety?

Analysis of High Students’s Anxiety Level Interview

Table D.2. High students’ anxiety interview results
Q1 : How do you feel when speaking in front of many people? Have you
ever felt scared, worried and too nervous when speaking in front of many
people?

List of student’s interview Student’s Answers

Subject 1. 1. When I'm speaking in
front of many people in the
first time, I'm so near 1st and
I'm so scared because I don't
have experience to speaking in
front of many peoples and I
don't know what I am to say
when when my brain is blank
so but right now. I have
experience to speaking in
people and I don't. I don't
scare anymore and I think
sometimes I still get nervous,
but I can handle it.

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Subject 2. 2. OK, so the first is how
do I feel when I'm Speaking of
in front of many people and
have I felt scared, worried or
nervous when I speaking in
front of many people. Of
course in several situation and
Grecian I have felt afraid to
speak in front of many people
for example when I didn't
really understand the material,
what I was going to convey
and or the audience. It can
make me nervous
Subject 3. 3. I feel when I'm speaking
in the front of many people.
Of course I felt scared,
worried and nervous. But the
biggest thing is nervous, my
body shaking, especially my
head, and I difficult to explain
or explain the sentence or the
word in my head.Because I'm
too nervous I scared of people
judging me or I scared I were
for explanation something. So
I think people will judge me
and that's why I felt nervous
and i got anxiety in if I
speaking in the front of many
people.
Subject 4. 4. How do you feel when
speaking in front of many
people? Have you able very
scared, worried and too
nervous when speaking in
front of many people? The
answer is yes when speaking
in front of many people. Of
course sometimes I feel scared
and anxious because.What if
my performance is bad? What
if they are mocking me? What
if they're throwing back in
front of me? So with that

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 being said, yes, I ever nervous
when speaking in front of
many people. I feel scared.
Ever.
Subject 5. 5. OK, uh, how do I feel
when I speaking in front of
many people? Yes, I have to
feel scared, worry and nervous
because uh, sometimes when I
want to speak in front of many
people, I feel so nervous
sometimes because uh, maybe
I got scared and. I feel like
scared to to to speaking in
front of many people
Subject 6. 6. OK, thank you. So when
speaking in public, maybe at
first I will be nervous, but if I
know what I want to convey
then I will be confident to
speak. And yes, sometimes I
feel scared and worried too.
Subject 7. Okay, I will answer question
number one.Sometimes I feel
a little nervous whenspeaking
in front of many people.This is
because people guess are
focused on me, soI sometimes
get out of focus and lost
material.But sometimes when
on, my nervousnessand worry
slowly start to disappear.Next,
I will answer question
Subject 8. Yes, I feel that, but it just not a
long time.Maybe five minutes
or ten minutes
Subject 9. Yes, I have a skill or it.When I
speak in front ofmany people,
I always feel that
Subject 10. I feel a little nervous when I
speaking in front of many
peopleI feel anxious when
under pressure
Q2 : Where, when, and at what times do you experience anxiety?

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List of student’s interview Student’s Answers
Subject 1. When I get UH experience,
anxiety is when I'm go to
presentation for the first time.
It's a semester one, It is first
time for me to presentation to
many people and I don't know
what I have to say and I'm so
nervous

Subject 2. Where, when and at what

times do I experience anxiety?
OK, I think it is depends on
me at that time because
sometimes I can feel anxious
but sometimes I can also feel
normal like I enjoy when I'm
confing something. So it is
depending on how my
condition at that time
Subject 3. 2. My anxiety experience is
many, and I don't remember
the specific time, but uh,
recently is when I speak in the
front of my class when, um, I
do a presentation with no
preparation I feel so there was
an anxiety I feel scared of
people opinion that looking at
like that.
Subject 4. How do you feel when
speaking in front of many
people? Have you able very
scared, worried and too
nervous when speaking in
front of many people? The
answer is yes when speaking
in front of many people. Of
course sometimes I feel scared
and anxious because.What if
my performance is bad? What
if they are mocking me? What
if they're throwing back in
front of me? So with that
being said, yes, I ever nervous
when speaking in front of

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 many people. I feel scared.
Ever.
Subject 5. Where, when and at what
times do you experience
anxiety? Where in front of
many people When when I'm
not ready? What times do you
experience anxiety when
people staring at me? You can
conclude that I experience
anxiety when I stand in front
of many people and wants to
deliver my material.
Either it's younger, equal or
older than me. It's still the
same for me. Sometimes I feel
anxiety and scared for
delivering material in front of
them. So in order to able to do
that, I need to be ready and
make a better preparation.
Subject 6. Anxiety can happen anytime
and anywhere. For myself, I
experience anxiety when I am
told to speak in public, without
preparation and also under
pressure. And it can also
happen when I'm alone,
especially when I think back
on the things that traumatize
me and make me feel anxious.
Subject 7. I used to experience anxiety
usuallyon campus during class
hours.More preciously when I
was giving a presentation.
Next.
Subject 8. And where when at the
whattimes do you experience
excited t?Well, when where
and at what times do I do it
exactly?I do maybe in a
nighttime.I never do it anxiety
in a daytime becausethe
daytime is the time for we do
activity.So I'm not felt anxiety

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 when in the daytime.Maybe
always happen in the
nighttime.
Subject 9. And where when at the
whattimes do you experience
excited t?Well, when where
and at what times do I do it
exactly?I do maybe in a
nighttime.I never do it anxiety
in a daytime becausethe
daytime is the time for we do
activity.So I'm not felt anxiety
when in the daytime.Maybe
always happen in the
nighttime.
Subject 10. I try to call myself by thinking
positively maybe

Q3 : When experiencing this condition, what will you do?

List of student’s interview
Subject 1.
Student’s Answers
Uh, when experience this
condition, I will trying to
reduce my anxiety and my
nervous

Subject 2. When experiencing this

condition, what will I
do? .OK, usually if I feel
anxious to speak, I have a pen
in my hand to hold and it helps
me to relieve my anxiety
Subject 3. If I expressing that condition, I
holding a fan and I talk slowly
and I breathe, breathe and
breathe to make sure I more
relax that
Subject 4. When experiencing this
condition, what will you do?
When I experience these
conditions, the first thing I'll do is
take a deep breath, analyze the
situations, and deliver the
material according to me with
the easiest language as possible
so everyone can grasp it and

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 understand it. Sometimes if you
need to use educational
language, or maybe scientific
language, you need to use it
when necessary, when it is there,
when there is a literally need a
context about that topic.
Scientific topic maybe. So, with
that being said, use a simple
language as possible. Don't use a
complicated sentence so you
won't stop when speaking. That's
what I'm talking about.

Subject 5. Uh when I am experiencing this

condition sometimes I I take a
ball point because when I hold a
ball point my nervous and my
anxiety can be called uh like he
he this this condition don't.
Don't disappear, don't go on. But
still here, but with maybe I can
say that small little, a little, a
little, a little anxiety
Subject 6. Well, I will usually try to calm
myself down by taking a few
deep breaths and reminding
myself that everything is going to
be alright. I would also try to
think about the positive aspect
of the situation and focus on the
good things rather than the
negative. By doing these things I
can help myself to be
Subject 7. Number three I don't do too
many things because I justtake a
deep breath and that way I can
be calmer.

Subject 8. When experience this condition,

what will you do?Just take home
and don't thinking anything
Subject 9. Number three when experience
thiscondition, what will you do?
What will I do?I don't know.I will
try to speak as normal as

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 possible.But that's too
impossible for me.Because I'm
always feeling first.
Subject 10. I try to call myself by thinking
positively maybe

Q4 : When experiencing this condition, what will you do?

List of student’s interview Student’s Answers
Subject 1. What cause I get anxiety when
I'm speaking in on in front of
many people for the first it's a
new place because when you're
trying to speaking on of many
people and it's a first time for
you you will get the 1st and
anxiety because it's it's not your
comfortable zone and two new
people when you.
Speaking to front of many many
peoples, it's not same when you
speaking in front of your friends.
Subject 2. What cause I get anxiety when
I'm speaking in on in front of
many people for the first it's a
new place because when you're
trying to speaking on of many
people and it's a first time for
you you will get the 1st and
anxiety because it's it's not your
comfortable zone and two new
people when you.
Speaking to front of many many
peoples, it's not same when you
speaking in front of your friends.
Subject 3. My causes of my anxiety is other
opinion I scared of. Other
opinion other judging me are
rather looking at me because I
don't know what in their mind so
that make me so scared and it

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 makes me feel anxiety when I'm
speaking in the front of many
people
Subject 4. Do you know what causes your
anxiety? Mention it. Yes, there
are three Number one, not
enough preparation, The
challenge is too powerful,
Responsibility is too much. Those
three make me anxious every
time about it. Number one,
preparation. Not enough .
Responsibility . The challenge.
The assignments. Something like
that. Yeah. How do I finish about
it? Don't ask why. Sometimes it
finish, sometimes it works out.
Just do something and find out
Subject 5. What make I and safety? Maybe
my, my, my family. Maybe,
maybe my family if they don't
send me money. Yes, I feel in
safety because I don't have
money. And then? Maybe if I
want to show, if I want to show
in front of many people, I feel
that like at first like scare and
worry. Something like that.

Subject 6. Come and relax, which helped

me to better handle whatever
situation is causing to me to feel
anxious and help me to think
clearly
Subject 7. Number four people and
lecturers stare at me whenI'm
talking, causing me to fail to
focus.And question
Subject 8. Do you know what causes you
anxiety?Mention it first is
nervous.Two is not confidence
sometimes maybe that's it
Subject 9. Do you know what caused you
and CT mention it?Maybe I'm to
say in front of many people.But if
I speak in front of my friendsmy
friends like al means I'm not feel

13
 satbecause they are my friends
best friend.That's fine
Subject 10. Me anxiety is lack of
confidence and the less
question and the less is I try to
be confident by learning new
things

Q5 : When experiencing this condition, what will you do?

List of student’s interview
Subject 1.
Student’s Answers
What I have to try to reduce my
anxiety For the first I will take a
deep breath and relax my body,
my mind or I can hold a like pen
or book to reduce my anxiety.

Subject 2. Yes, I have tried to reduce my

anxiety and I'm trying to install
positive thinking, diverging the
mind to things that make me
motivate again, and looking for
inspiration to help get rid of that
anxiety
Subject 3. Yes, of course I tried my best,
but for now my anxiety is still
there and I hope soon it will be
better and better and I feel safe
when I speaking in the front of
many people. I hope so. I try my
best to reduce my anxiety.

Subject 4. What have you tried to reduce

your anxiety? I have tried many
methods, some are normal,
some are weird one. The normal
method is take a deep breath,
take a rest, doing a proper
preparations and understanding
the material before speaking in
front of the class or doing
presentation or doing something
else.

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 But the abnormal method for me
to reduce my anxiety is to take a
walk with a bike. Keep pushing
your bike until you lost
somewhere so you are a bit
panic and finding solution to go
home

Subject 5. Maybe I try to reduce my I60 is

maybe pray if you if I pray this I
60 can disappear and. Like what
can I say before like I hold my
board win to make the my exec
is maybe better for me. Thank
you
Subject 6. OK, for me, maybe I can try to
reduce it by doing things that I
enjoy. I usually to listen to such
like song that I like and see
either that I like too and maybe
there are time when I read a few
books, maybe novel or comic
book
Subject 7. number five I have tried to
reduce myanxiety by smiling
when I'm talking and trying to
lookinto the eyes of the
audience who are watching
me.Thank you
Subject 8. And the last question why have
you tried to reduce your anxiety?
I always do to always listeningto
music when reduce my anxiety.I
think that's it
Subject 9. Number five.What have you
tried to reduce your entity?
Maybe I try to speak many topic
with other people.And yes.

Subject 10. Me anxiety is lack of

confidence and the less
question and the less is I try to
be confident by learning new
things

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F. Summary of High Student Anxiety Level Interview Analysis

1. Q1.
Based on the table above, it was found that some students felt nervous,
their hands trembled, had difficulty speaking, and were afraid when asked
to speak in front of the class, especially when they spoke spontaneously
without understanding the material being discussed. a small number said
that they only felt nervous in the first minutes of speaking but after a few
minutes they started not to feel it anymore. and the rest didn't feel nervous
or anxious at all because he felt confident in his spaking ability.
According to Humaera, et al (2022) the reasons why students feel
anxious, every language learner needs to remember knowledge about the
topic must acquire if students' wants to speak confidently. The basic
preparations that must be completed before communicating with others are
to have a good understanding of the topic. Lack of interest in certain topics
makes them reluctant to seek further information about that topic. As a
result, students become anxious when they are asking to speak because
they do not know what to say
2. Q2.
Most argue that they feel anxious when speaking in front of many
people such as when giving a presentation. the rest felt nervous depending
on the conditions at the time, specifically the feelings she had when she
was about to speak in front.
Harris Septiana A. (2019) states that speaking anxiety simply because
it is caused by the fear of making mistakes and being teased by their
friends or afraid of being reprimanded by the teacher.
3. Q3.
Some need an object to hold like a pen to overcome their anxiety,
some to overcome their anxious feelings take deep breaths to make them
feel calm and then let the conversation flow. a small portion did not know
how to deal with it, then the rest did not think about anything, he just
talked and did not care about how other people responded to his
appearance.
Humaera, I., & Pramustiara, P. (2022) some of students have their
own strategies to overcome their anxiety
4. Q4.
Based on the subjects above they have various reasons that make them
anxious when speaking English such as: a new place, feeling
uncomfortable, the number of people who see when he appears a lot, and
not confident
Effisong (2016) finds that a relaxed classroom atmosphere contributes
an important part of foreign language learning, while a quite class

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contributes the raising of speaking anxiety level where all audiences will
only focus on the speaker.

5. Q5.
These subjects have various ways they try to overcome their anxiety.
For example, some are interested in holding a pen or book to increase their
self-confidence, some are taking deep breaths and exhaling so that their
minds become calm, there are also those who prepare well in advance
when making presentations, read more books, divert their minds from
how other people see their appearance, and some are smiling while
looking into the eyes of their audience.
According to Humaera, I., & Pramustiara, P. (2022) some of students
have their own strategies to overcome their anxiety

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G. Documentation of Collecting data

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Hasibuan, A. R., & Irzawati, I. (2020). Students’ Speaking Anxiety on their

Speaking Performance: A Study of EFL Learners.

Delfia Mitha, W., Amri, Z., & Narius, D. (2018). Journal of English Language
Teaching An Analysis of Students’ Speaking Anxiety Faced by The Fourth
Semester Student of English Education Study Program of English
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Aulia Septiana Harris, 2019. An Analysis of Students’ Speaking Anxiety on

Speaking Performance of The Third Semester of English Language
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Humaera, I., & Pramustiara, P. (2022). Students’ Anxiety in Speaking in Front of

The Class. International Conference: Transdicliplinary Paradigm on Islamic
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