CAMBRIDGE Greg Byrd, Lynn Byrd and Chris Pearce Cambridge Checkpoint WUE lie Coursebook57 Ml 13 17 19 23 29 @ factors: 1 and the number itself mecan be written asa product y (apart from the order of fattor ‘common high prime number prime factor treei ilecrcaetg » POWers and ri The firstprimes are 235 74) 45 a7 sas oe Prime numbers have jase two factors 1 — ictors: Land the Every whole number t ‘of prime numbers in the primes), umber itself that is not prime can be wi nite produc *Kactly one way (: iE {apart from the order of 8=2x2%2 2527 65=8x13 x19x 19 2x2xaxN It is easy to multiply two Prime numbers, For example 13 * 113 = 1469. i +h harder to-do the inverse op ation. For example, 2021 is the product of two prime ‘numbers. Can you find them? ‘This fact és the basis ofa system that is used to, ‘encode messages sent across the internet The RSA cryptosystem was invented by Ronald Rives: Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman in 1977. It uses twe large prime numbers with about 150 digits each. These are kept secret. Their product, iN, with about 300 digits, is made public so that anyone can use it Ifyou send a credit card number toa website, your computer performs a calculation with NV and your credit card number to encode it, The computer receiving the coded number will do another calculation to decode it. Anyone else, who does not know the factors, will not be able to do this. CARDHOLDER NAME Prime numbers mare than 200 are 211 MERC melee ee) ‘Make sure you learn and understand these key words: integer | multiple omman multiple lowest commen mult factor Common factor | highest common Factor (HCF) prime number factor tee | len | power index (indices) square cube Square root cube root CREDIT CARD i) 263 269 2 4 Integers. pmber added t atthe first 1 each time. The answer ogether. to an addition by adding the inverse vse of 3-3. The inverse of 3s 3 4 + 5-8-5 integer. 2 decreases, oF OCS 5-372 5-2-3 5-14 5-05 S46 5-2-7 b-3-8 5e-3-2 5t-2-3 5+-4=4 sto=5 Bren 6 s+2-7 5+3-8a Arita with integers 4. Arithmetic with integers Integers are whole numbers. They may be positive or negative. Zero is also an integer You can show integers on a number line. Serene 2 13 4 5 pease [Look at the additions inthe box to the right. The number added to 2 decreases, or goes down, by | each time. The answer also decreases, or goes down, by 1 each time. ‘Now see what happens if you subtract. Look at the first column. ee “The number subtracted from 5 goes down by 1 each time. The answer £8086 up by I each time. Now look at the two columns together, Nou can changea subtraction into an addition by adding the inverse Se-y52 5-273 S4o253 S714 5 rote y ‘umber, The inverse of 3 is ~3. The inverse of -3 is 3 AROSE Ss) For example, 5 --3=543=8, $26) C5446 So-297. | Stanz 5-3-8 543-8 3-7=-4 5-8 =-54-g--15 3-98 -349H6 Thepatier continues ike this, BUN “265 = a5 = -15 m4+5 = -20 B13 “3*-2=6 Bx-3=9 Be-yen 3x55 Tative integer = positive answer44 Arithmetic with integer simple rule, which also wor) ks for division a wen you mutiny two integers Ht they have ime signs > postive answer Aiferent signs 3 negative answer H they have 4 Work out these additions ai+-6 b-3+-8 ¢ 1044 2 Work out these additions. a30+-20 b —100+-80 © 2045 3, Work out these subtractions, a4-6 b -4-6 © 6-4 d 6-6 @ 2-10 Q 4 Write down additions that have the same answersas these subtractions, Then work out the answer to each one. Ss a 4--6 b-4--6 ¢ &- d ~— e -10 5, Work out these subtractions. a7--2 b-5--3 12-4 d-6--6 e -2--10 6 Hereare some addition pyramids. Each number isthe sum ofthetwo in In parka, 3 +5 =-2 the row below it. Copy the pyramids. Fill in the missing numbers a b e 7 4 EL] mises | | bleh [2] 7 Here is a subtraction table, Two answers have already been filled is Copy the table and complete it. ers a Integers. pesaa Avithmetic with integers Work out these multiplications, Eee b -3x6 © -4x-5 Work out these divisions. ae b -30+6 € -12+-4 40 Write down two correct division expressions, a4x-10 bh -2045 © -20%5 d -40=-~8 ©} 14 Hereare some multiplications, In each case, use the sam, two correct division expressions, a Sk3=- Bb txcteaa | eee eee 22 [ise multiplistion table Thre answers have already been filled in, ‘wers in one colour, for example, green. «Posie answers in a second colour he example, blue, * negative answers in a third coloun, oe example, red, 1h nultiplication pyramids, n the row belo “ch number is the product of the The product is the result of ‘multiplying two numbers fe M part a, 2x5 = 4g vramid. Fillin the m Pyramid. Flin the missing numbers, this multi ° = Plication correct? "=n You find that sivethisanet OXA Bive this answer? d 494 mesial eae ~2+18 f 19-4 4 x3. 454:2 Multiples, factors and primes: 1.2 Multiples, factors and primes ‘The multiples of 9 are 9, 13, 27, 36, 45,54, ..,. ‘The common multiples of 6 and 9 are 18, 36, 54,72, ..., ‘The factors of a number divide into it without a remainder, tas toe Bere 123,68 and. Ee eae and da a ‘The factors of 27 are 1, 3, 9 and 27. ‘The common factors of 18 and 27 are 1, 3 and 9, ‘The highest common factor (HCF) of 18 and 27 is 9. Some numbers have just two factors. Examples are 7 (I1and 7 are factors), 13 (1 and 13 are factors) and 43. Numbers with just two factors are called prime numbers or just primes, The frst ten primes are 2, 3,5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 29. ‘a The factors of 45 are 1,.31519,15 45 = 1. 45 $0.4 and 45 are factors. (1s always a factor) and 45- ‘Check 2, 3, 44» in tum to see if it is a factor. 2 ig not a factor. (45 Is an odd number) ce eee 4 is not a factor. 5-5~9 5 andgare factors. i 6:7 and 8 are not factors. The next number to trys 9 but we ‘already have 9 in the list of factors. You can stop when you reach a number that is already in the list. m You only need to check prime numbers, 'b The prime factors of 4B ore 2.and 3. You onh Cares eae 3.15 a prime factor. 16 is not. and 7 are not factors. Because 7* 7 15 bigger than 48. you can stop there. me sicries: a 5 and 15. ‘that is in both lists. 4 Integers. powers and roots peas b9andi2— ¢ 4and14 @ 2and30 e Sand32 f 7andil 5 is the other number? 4 The LOM of two numbers is 40. One of the numbers is 5. What is the oth 2 . the factors of 24 b the factors of 32 c 4 the highest common Fctor of 2 and the common factors of 24 and 32 4 the common factors ofeach pair of numbers. and25 -b Aandig 28 and 35 @sandz e 2and32 fF 19and 31 7 Find the HCF ofthe numbers i each paie abandi0 b iand24—¢ 40and50 # Mandi —e W7and33 fF 1S and. 30 The HCE of wo numbersis 8. One ofthe numbers is between 20 between 40 and 60, What are the two numbers? 9 Sl isaprimenumber, What is the next and 30. The other number is rime after 312 * Lstthe prime numbers between 6 and 70 ‘Send ht Xavier and Alicia sy about the number m1. J... Whois conect Gi $273 and 89 are, arpa lumbers. What ‘their highest common factor? —* on factor eee PICO 7, except 7 tse, can be ee "ean bea prime number. Explain why hs Shea: — NEA reaton for your answer,9 Sop ee i een £98 2: Find the first four multiples of each mu as bis d 3. Find the lowest common multiple ofeach pair of mumbers aoand3 b 9and12— ¢ dandi4 d Wand3) e Sand32 © f 7andit 4 The LCM of two numbers is 40, One of the numbers is 5. What isthe other number? 5 Find: @ the factors 24 _bthefactors a eason for your answer $273 and 89 axe prime numbers. What is their highest common factor? 13 7164 prime number, No multiple of 7, emept 7 ltself,cam be prime number. Explain w 144 List the prime-factors of each number. a Se Oa dana. gn cee cocina: GY 16 Hikes gehen 10 tat as ne a fete whose only prime factor ie 3 White down tice numbers whowsunly nine eects 47 Find « suber that has three prime facto, poweis and morsd 23 e 100 Ff og cach number. d 20 e 33. f 100 le of cach pair of numbers. © 4and14 f 7andll umbers is 40. One of the numbers is 5. What is the other number? ¢ factors of 32 © the common factors of 24 and 32 f 24 and 32 © 40ands0 f 15and30 GQ ® Then abers is 8. One of the numbers is between 20 and 30, The other number is and 60, What are the two numbers? 9 lis What is the next prime after 312 20 imbers between 60 and 7 Xavier and Alicia say about the number 91. &-<=> A~—> Who is correct? Give a reason for your answer. 42.73 and 69 ace prime numbers, What is their h ighest common factor? 437 isa prime number. No multiple o “sept 7 itself, can be a prime number. Explain why not. 144 List the prime factors of exch number ee eee arena ta 35.8 Wille down three mumbers whose only prime 2 bb Welte down three numbers whone soe ie Stor is € Write down three number, ‘$6 Find a number bigger than ‘nly prime factor is 3 ‘nly prime factor is 5, O that has an od number of factors S whose that has three prime factors,4:3 More about prime numbers 4.3 More about prime numbers Any integer bigger than 1, that is not prime, Here are some examples, Wa PHAR IRT ASB K3xS 196 = 2R2K 77 You can use a factor tree to find and show factors, ‘This is how to draw a factor tree for 120. can be written as a product of prime numbers. 1 Draw branches to two numbers that multiply to make 120. Here 12 and ax 10 are chosen. 2 Do the same with 12 and 10.1 3 3,2and 5are prime, so stop. 4 4=2x2so draw two branches. 5 6 =3x4and 10=2%5 Stop, because all the end numbers are prime. Multiply all the numbers at the ends of the branches. 120=2x2%2x3x5 You can draw the tree in different ways. PX Here is a different tree for 120. > %0 ‘The numbers at the ends of the branches are the same. You can write the result like this, 120= 2° x3. x5. ‘The small number ® next to the 2 is called an index, 2* means 2 x22. Ee Check that these are correct. 60=27x3x5 W=35" You can use these expressions to find the LCM and HCF of 60 and 75. For the LCM, take the larger frequency of each prime factor and multiply them all together. LCM =2?<3x5?=4x3%25 = 300 ; For the HCE, take the smaller frequency of each prime factor that occurs in both numbers and multiply them all together. HCE =3x5 =154.3 More about prime numbers 1.3 More about prime numbers Any integer bigger than 1, that is not pri wi mbers: prime, can be written asa pr i : product of prime numb 8422x2xK3x7 AS=3x3x5 196=2x2x7%7 You can use a factor tree to find and show factors, This is how to draw a factor tree for 120, 4 Draw branches to two numbers that multiply to make 120, Here 12 and 10 are chosen, = : Do the same with 12 and 10.12=3x 4and10=25 , 2 and 5 are prime, so stop. 4= 2x20 draw two branches. Stop, because all the end numbers are prime. Multiply all the numbers at the ends of the branches. 120=2X2x2x3x5 OurWwN You can draw the tree in different ways. Here is a different tree for 120. 2 0 ‘The numbers at the ends of the branches are the same. You can write the result like this, 120 = 2x 3x5. ‘The small number ’ next to the 2 is called an index, 2° means 2 2 x 2. ra we Check that these are correct. OO=2x3x5 75=3x5° You can use these expressions to find the LCM and HF of 60 and 75. For the LOM, take the larger frequency ofeach prime factor and multiply them all together. LCM =2?x3x5%#=4 x 3x 25 =300 For the HCR, take the smaller frequency of ‘each prime factor that occ both numbers and multiply them all together. HCP 23x5 =15 urs inre ee prime numbers 4, Copy and complete each of these factor trees a 8 b 0 c tos ’ ye Be alia Y 7 Se : é 2 10 10 2 4 Drawa different factor tree for each of the numbers in question 1. b Write each of these numbers asa product of primes. ia ii 100 iit 108 3 Match exch number to a product of primes. One has been done for you. 20 —— 25 ma: * 2K3xK7 Q- + BxB x5 30+ + 2x8 180 « + Bx3 4 Write down the number that is being represented. a%x3x5 b 2x3 ¢ 3x11 a Px7F e@ BxP fF 5x13 5 Write each number as a product of prim eS au b 50 © 72 {You can use a factor tree to help you. ¢é 200 e 165 f 136 @ 6 @ Writeeach number as. product of prime. 145 ' Find the LCM of 45 and 75. € Find the HCF of 45 and 75. @ 7 2 Wiite each numberas.product of primes. 1 90 it 140 b Find the LCM of 90 and 140, © Find the HCF of 90 and 140. 37nd 47 are prime numbers, @ What isthe HCP of 37 and 472 5 ‘b What is the LCM of 37 and 47?44m Powers anid roots 4.4 Powers and roots anumber multiplied by itself several times is called a that number. You use indices to show powers, =e Here are some powers of 5 x5=25 %5x5=125 %5%x5%5=625 ‘This is five squared or the square of five "This is five cubed or the cube of fi This is five to the power four. x 5x5%5%5=3125 This is five to the power five “the square of 5 is 5° = 25. ‘therefore the square root of 25 is Sand you write thisas 25 ‘The cube of Sis 5* = 125. { ‘Therefore the cube root of 125 is 5 and you write thisas Yins = a means square root YF means cube root 5 isnot the only square root of 25. (5ye-5*-5= 25 so 25 has two square roots, 5 and -5. {35 means the positive square root. j25 only has one integer cube root. —915 nO 2 euberoot because -5% -5 =125. Square numbers have square roots that are integers. Examples: 19? = 169 so YI69 = 13 197= 361 0 {361 = 19 “Try to memorise these five cubes and thelr corresponding cube roots Roti an = 8 0X22 pomso V7 =3 #=64s0 YA =4 = 25 so 4125 =5 ‘4. Find the value of each power az bs c 3 ae 2 Find the value of each power: ae b 10° c 10° 3. 1 isone million and 10" is one billion. Write down these two: numbers in full: @® 4 tn cach pair, which of the wo mumbers islarger? a Fors b 2ore c stort PR Ns 27, What number is N? is 1296. What number is M? raees pom ne cos7 a9 b 36 ¢ 81 GD # teria Mab sy sho her naber What could her what Hassan says abou _ 40 Find the value ofeach of a vio b 400 « = 1024. Use this fact to find: a b2 c? 33. Find the value ofeach expression. bb Find the value of oro You should now know that: + You can multiply or divide two integer hhave the same sign the answer is positive (5x -2=10). if they have different signs the answer is negative -5 x2 = 10), “% You can subtract a negative number by adding the ‘corresponding positive number. “+ You can find multiples of number by multiplying, by 22, 3, etc % Prime numbers have just two factors. % You can write every postive integer as a product of prime factors, . % You can use the products of prime factors to find they ‘multiple. * Pmeanssi5 <5 x5. GQ 1+ ead what Odi says adout her number. fd Finda poste as for her number ipa € Find the valu Can you see an easy way to work out the value of Vi +. lores common aor anigent enmon DJ * calculate accurate'y, choosing operations and GB * maiouiate numbers and appt routine f 400 his What is the largest possible value of his number? e 3000 teget Its cube root is an integes of W423 +9 You should be able to: 4% Add, subtract, multiply and divide integers. > Identify and use multiples ane factors. ‘* Identify and use primes, ‘& Find common Factors and highest common factors. (ce, | Find lowest common multiples (LCM). % Write a number in terms ofits prime factors, for example, 500 = 2+ 5%. ‘%® Calculate squares, positive and negative square roots, cubes and cube roots. “Use index notation for positive integer powers. mental or writen methods appropriate to the ‘numbers and context. algorithms, for example, fo ind the HCF and LOM Of wo numbers. © &End-of-unit review End-of-unit review 4. Work these out, ast3 b-3=5 °c 2 Work these out. a@--5 |b 5-4 3 Work these out. a -3x-9 b 8+-4 ¢12--5 4 -5--12 © -20x4 a 4 Copy and complete this multiplication table. 5 Here is a number chain. Each number is the produit of the previous wo numbers 13232-4070 Write down the next two numbers in the chain. 6 Find all the factors of each number. a4 b 52 c 55 d 29 e 54 f 6 | ® 7 @ Find two prime numbers that add up to 40. b Find another two prime numbers that add up to 40. O Arothese any more pais of prime numbers that adc] up to 40 Iso, what are they? | GQ 2® Write cach of these numbers as a product ofits prime factors. Be pee econ p a0 es F175 9. Use your answers to question 8 to find: = a the highest common factor of 200 and 240 b the highest common factor of 135. and 175 ¢ the lowest common multiple of 18 and 96 d_ the lowest common multiple of 200 and 240. +40 Find the square roots of each number. ans b 81 © 169 6d 256 ‘41 Find the value of each number. a Vo b Yer 42 In computing, 2s called 1K. Write down 252 amber: alk b 2K c 4K 13.8 Read Shen's comment. What mistake has he madi a oS See cere ares 6 The LM #72 008 FE umber i Finda possible value of the other mambet smeres sence nse (GEeee) Premed Moet ies god uctions for workingsomething out. [tis a A formula isa set of instr ds. The plural of formula rule that can be written as letters oF in wor is formulae. ete syday life to work out all sorts of things. People use formulae in eve rts af things an employer may vse formula to work out ow much to pay the people who work for them. They could use a formula such as P= R x H, where Pis tl the amount paid per hour and #7 is the number of hou re you learn and hese key words: he pay, R worked. algebra equation | Engineers may use a formula to work out the time it takes fora car to accelerate from one speed to another. They could use the formula t=¥=I" where gis the time, v is the finishing speed, w is the starting dand a is the acceleration, nee ; : Doctors may-use a formula to work out h f0 work out how hi 4s, They could use the formul ‘ ‘mass index (BMI), ‘The formula is: BMI = ass yma is: BML Teight? MHETE the person's mass is aoe inkllograms and their height Bice fare Pe TIMID low the doctor may ask thein v Pat someon, to make them healthier jealthy k a person a for finding the person §s measured in metres. lute numbers into formulae tore about number sequences2.4Generating sequences 24 Generating sequences qhisis a sequence of numbers. Penn le This is a linear sequence because the terms in the sequence increase by the same amount each time, Each tern ; y mis 2 more In a linear sequence the terms in than the term before, so the term-to-term rute is add 2. ‘sequence oe ees ie by the same amount each time ‘You can also use a position-to-term rule to describe asequence. ‘This table shows the position number of each term in the sequence. The position-to-term rule for this sequence is term = 2 x position number +3 Examples: 3rd term = = = xamples: ae nm = 2x3435643=90 ‘Check that this rule works by substituting th term = 2 3=10+ av numbers into the rule. First three terms are 4. 4,-2 _ Welte’down: the first term, which is 4, then use the term-to-term rule : to work out the second and third terms. a and tenn ~ 43-4 37d tems 13-2 “b First three terms are 5,9, 13+ Use the position-to-term rule to work out each term. Fag toamn= 4.xat 105, aed ter 48 2 43rd tem = 4~3+ += 13 1. Write down the first three terms of each sequence- term-to-term rule: ‘add term-to-term rule: ‘subtract 4 term-to-term rule: ‘add 12° term-to-term rule: ‘subtract 5 term-to-term rule: add f first term:—3 term-to-term rule: ‘subtract 6 term rule is add 7. 2 The first term of a sequence is 15. The term ey What is the fifth term of the sequence? Explain how you worked out your:answer 2 Sequences, expressions and formulae ( ee‘aa Generating sequences 3. This is part of Zalika’s homework. westion The fast termof a sequence ts 3. ee & Theterm-to-term rule is ‘ade 12 z Ae a ae le Work out the- 1004 ternvof the ¢ The first ter dae ‘The term-to-term rule is‘add 8. sequence: ‘Use Zalika’s method to work out: Answer 10-1=9,9x12=108 1 theiothiterm the 20th term 34108 =111 10th term = 111 Hl the 50th term of the sequence, >a BD 4 Ahmad is trying to solve this problem. The fourtivterm of a sequences 39 Work out the answer to the problem. ete esr yal aUla/ic tacldir fer eg) a convcd thie problem: Work out the first term of the sequence: @ 5 Mia is trying to solve this problem. The 12th termofa sequence ix 16 © © Work out the answerto the problem. The term-to-term rule iy ‘subtract 3 Explain how you solved the problem, Work out the third term of the sequence » 6 The table shows two of the terms ina sequence. Position-to-term rule: term = position number +7 Copy the table. Use the position-to-term rule ; to work out the missing numbers. term rule to work out the first four terms of each sequence. yn number b term = position number —4 position number +1 d_ term =3 x position number — 1 8 Use the position-to-term rules to work out: ¥ thetOthterm fi the 20thterm iil the 100th term of each sequence. @ term= position number +5 b term =2x position number © term=4% position number+8 — d term =5 x position number ~25 @Q» The fourth term of a sequence is 11. ‘The seventh term of the sequence is 20 ‘Which ofthese postion-osterm rules isthe ccrrect one for the vequeniet ‘A term=position number-+7 8 term=2xpoxition number + 3 € term=3 x position number~1 D term n number ~ 5 Show how you worked out your answer. +20 This is part of Razi’s homework. Ustterm= 314205 andterm=3%5+2= Sri term= 31742 = 53 a2.2 Finding rules for sequences ‘This sequence of patterns is made from dots. ‘qhe numbers of dots used to make the patierns form the sequence 5,7, 95... ‘As you go from one pattern to the nest, two more dots are added each time. The term-to-term rules add 2! ‘You can use the term-to- the position-to-term rule. m rule to work out The term-to-term rule for this sequence is ‘add 22 so start by listing the first three multiples of2.and compare them with the patterns of dots. “The pattern is formed by adding multiples of 2 shown as red dots, to the three green dots at the start of each pattern. ‘The position-to-term rule for this sequence is term = 2.x position number +3 Draw the next pattern, to check. Pattern: term =2x4+3=11/ al Term-to-term rule is 2d 3° of Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 3 weueee {oeoe ee e020 e006 5 dots 7 dots 9 dots Pattern Pattern 2 Pattern 3 @ e 5 dots ‘Multiples of a: 8+ “Number of dots: 2 + Pattern 4 11 dots ‘the numbers in the Short by wating the ‘sequence of numbers in a table. “The tern-toterm rule is ‘20d 3° 30 We down the first four muttiples of 3. The sequence matches exactly the multiples cheek that the ule works forthe first few tems a bers ina table. writing the sequence of num a arom multiples of Each term check that & your rule wor pademras omen) ia the sequence are inreaine DY & coe HA: the sequence is one more then 2 multiple of 4. Ks for the First few te ond term = 4x22" 9 da sequences, expressions and forme (cC—ll—T ll C~”————™ rules for sequences 2a finding rm rule for each sequence. gto find the pasition-to-te the workin, + Gopyand complete " Tee ee Termcto-term ruleis'add 1. Postion-to-term ule ist tem = postion number +C tem = 1x position number + L | can be written as: [e]s [es | tem = pasion number + Db 1,4,7, 10, von eee : “Term-to-term rule is add 3° Position-to-term rule is: * term =3 x position number -O) 2 For each sequence of numbers: i. write down the term-to-term rule f_write the sequence of numbers in a table iil work out the position-to-term rule v_check your rule works for the first three terms. 8 24,68... b 5,10,15, ¢ 5,8, 11, 14, dd 6,8,10,12, e 7,11,15, f 7,12, 17, 22, 3. Foreach sequence: 1 ‘write down the term-to-term rule fil_write the sequence of numbers in a table 4 work outthe position-to-term rule iv check your rule works for the first three terms. @ 4,5,6,7, " b 10,11, 12,13, ..., © 24, 25,26, 27, wanes P3570... © 2,6,10,14, _ f 2,7,12,17, 4 This pattern is made from blue squares, Pattern} Pattern 2 Pattern 3 Pattern 4 & Write down the sequence of th Ve ofblue b Wte dwn he sth bers of ive squares, 4 Taplin how the sequence i foomed f ee ork out the position-to-term rule, i 5 = Perot Hass homework Wésblon Work oue the position-to-torm | in the mistake thar he tag ride for this sequence of triangles ‘made, © Workout the correct answer tere runs : 4a, AAA aan AA, Nat aa “aaa4| 2.4 Using functions and mappings 2.4 Using functions and mappings A function is a relationship between two sets of numbers. —— i i ike thi The numbers that go into the function tion as a function machine, like this. a oe eam ee ‘machine are called the input, Input Output The numbers that come out of the qe , { function machine are calied the output, ‘You can also draw a function as « mapping diagram, like this, Input 9.12345 78910 —— Cup 12345678900 ‘The input numbers map to the output numbers. You can write a function algebraically as an equation, Use the letter x to represent the input numbers, Use the letter y to represent the output numbers, ‘You can then show the function machine abave like this, You can write the input x) and output (y) numbers in a table. You can also write the function as an equation like thi but itis more common to write the equation like this: Worked example a. atSsy You usually write a function [Lecuation staring ity =— J ‘ i ® i air ae » PRIMO oUt the values, mutiny the xvatues by 2 hen ald “AA241—32na4i— 5 320197402" Draw ane connecting each eval 116 $AIUE. gy raw an arrow on each line to show that 2 maps t9 3 40.5.3 maps to 7 and 4 maps 109. ‘Ye te equation withthe yon te ete tek yn Oa 5 coo7 2.4 Using functions and mappings 4 a Copyand complete the table of values for each function machine. 'b Draw a mapping diagram for each function in part a. © Write each function in part a.as an equation, 2 a Copy and complete the table of values for each function machine, EEE bt ta (wen yuan she a _pvalue and need to work iiss) out the value you must ee an the funtion machine. for example, in pa 218) | we are given y = 15 and | stuncion machine tat tells us to multiply x by 2, then add 3. So, working ii x wv backwards we would subtract 3 from 15 to give 2. Then divide 12 by 2 ___b Write each function in part a as an equation. | 3. @ Work out the rule for each function machine. * y i an = i iE ilEID= b Write each function in part @ as an equation. ‘4 Mia and Razi are looking at this function machine, % y =p-BD=! a aa) ein function iS y = 4x “Which of them is correct? Explain your ans 5 Workout the equation for this function machine. x = 22 Sequences, expressions and formulaeee” —_‘“O— 2.5 Constructing linear expressions | 2.5 Constructing linear expressions You can write an algebraic expression by using. letter to represent an unknown ter is called the variable, umple: Let m represent a mystery number. You write the number that is five more than the mystery number as You write the number that is three times the mystery number as 3 x m or simply 3n You write the mystery number multiplied by itself asm x n or simply n+ Sand 3nt are called linear expressions because the variable is only multiplied by a number. 1 is nota linear expression because the variableis being multiplied by itself. (Worked exampie 25 aang Subtract 5 from x. b 243 Multiply x by 2, then add 3. Wite 2 « x as ax. © Rte Pivide x’by 3 then add 2. Write x+ 3.05 £, 4 area) ‘Add 2 to x, then multi brackets to show J iply the answer by 4. Write : ‘be done before multiplying by 4. a? —. 4 Tanesha has.a box that sontains x DVDs. Write ie Bama: meson fF the otal number of DVDs she ha in the noel aga she starts b she puts in 8 more she doubles the number in the box and adds an extra I- . divides the number by 4 then adds 5 by2then subtracis3 divides the number by 10 then adds 7. '3 then multiplies the result by 2. ression for Alicia's number? Explain. Ena eas oa lyin a7 2.6 Deriving and using formulae 2,6 Deriving and using formulae formula isa mathematical rule that shows the relationship between two or more quantities (variables). ‘a nile that can be written in letters or words, The plural of formula is formulae, ‘You can write, or derive, your own formulae to help you solve problems. When you substitute numbers into formulae and expressions, semember the order of operations, BIDMAS. Brackets and Indices ‘must be worked out before Divisions and Multiplications. Additions Subtractions are always worked out last. Examples of indices are 2%, 5%, 4 and 7?. ‘Substitute x = 5 and y = -2 into the expression. Work out 2 x5 and 4-2, Adding -8 is the same as subtracting 8. ‘Substitute x = 10 into the expression. Work out 10° first. Work out the multiplication before the addition. ‘There are 24 hours in every day. ‘Use h for hours and d for cays. “Substitute d= 7 into the formula and work out the value of fi, b q-6wheng=4 © Ghwhen h=—3 @ atbwhena=6andb=-3 € ¢~dwhenc= h S24vwhenz=8andy=—20 1 “ke BS when w= 4 1 25 and d= 32 2+ 3y when x=4 and y= 5 5 * $ohen p=30 and qa b 10-ywheny=5 ¢ xd n= 8+ when = dn 6 = 8=3andh= F385 then # 6 ‘A 2y when y=3 to. KE whenyey pp? 5 eae tse Pp———<—S—“— a 2.6 Deriving and using formulae i rs homework, | Fe bee cfs aarars homnseos How Workout the value of @ ; He has made a mistake in his working. Quest Bee fa Explain the mistake that he has made. ae b Work out the correct answer for him. newer B= (3 € Work out the value of y+ 4-when y= gage = 17 ees ne & 4 This is part of Oditi’s homework. She has made a mistake in her working. Wertauedie aliens a Explain the mistake that she has made. ohare et b Work out the correct answer. 5x3 = 5x (-2)) € Work out the value of 2y° when y= Re fea: ae = -10 x -10 x -10 -1000 ee 5 @ Write a formula for the number of months in any number of years i words ff letters, b Useyour formula in part a to work out the number of months in 8 years. 6 Use the formula v= 14+ 10rt0 work out the value of vwhen: a v=Sandt=12 (blu=8andt=15 ¢ wadandr=20, 4 7 Use the formula F= mato work out F when: @m=6anda=2 b m=18anda=3 © m=8anda=~4 In the UK the height of a horse is measured and inches (1), pee with @ height of 16 hands . She uses the formula to work out the height of et horse in centimetres, Out the height, in cent ith heights ay ce jpcentimetres, of a hors: with height: 5 Shands and 3 inches C=2.5¢#x 16+ 1) € [akan anditinch 4 a7hande setes Y \6 hands inches =2.5(6%+1) ‘hands F i2hand =2.5.x65 = 162.5cm Remember that bial means bf»2.6 Deriving and goa Shen uses this formula to convert temperatures in degrees ¢ Selsius (°C) to degrees Fal ye the formula to work out the temperature in °C when the temperature it pis por ase Hi aE Anders knows this elationship between temperatures in “F and temperatures in °C “anders wants to know the temperature in °F whes the vemperature “This is what he writes. 9C = 5F - 160 Substitute ¢ = 4 9x4 = SF -160 Siuamplify 36 = Sf - 160 “Anders now bas to solve the equation 36 = SF 160, ‘Work oat the equation that Anders needs to solve when the temperature in °Cis: Tec Wisc Hil 30°C. ‘You should be able to: 4+ Generate terms af a linear sequence [* In allinear sequence the terms increase oF decrease by the same amount each time. “+ sequence can be described using a term-to-term i Find term-to-term and pos fule and a position-to-term rule. ‘sequences, Including patterns 4 Thepostion-to-term rule ofa sequence can be * teas an expression calle the nh ter simple sequence Me eee tctoummas afuncion machine. 9s * Bess simple functions algebraically ad OY) armppies trem or wen algebraically a5 a9 fepresent them in mappiNBS . Be x Know thet letters: play different rates in ‘equations, ‘When you write a function as an equation, You Fonutae and functions: “Usually ase the letter sto-represent the Input “ae Construct near expressions. ee rinelitee yrorepresentthe output Derive and Use simple formulae: * Inalgebra you use aletter to stand for an unknown Sepressons and formulae | umber. ‘Alinear Te eictenteiciene “¢ Uae the order of operations (BOM including ee ri Use nar more comple cacao Fey at en oredr saaensc mrss ke elie ot dar 2 ‘ nd apply routine algorithms: Beira formes 2 2 ae ® Use! jogical argument to establish the truth of a statement. term-torterm and position-to-erm rules jtion-to-term rules of ‘Ysea linear expresslonto describe the mh fun of + substitute postive and negative inteBets into nrenheit (°F). sing 2 Sequences, expression: ———=—————— s and formulaeEnd-of-unit review’ End-of-unit review «Write down the first three terms ofeach of the sequences described. a firsttermis7, term-to-term rule is‘add 3° b first termis 11, term-to-term rule is ‘subtract 5) ¢ positon-to-term rule is_ term = 8 x position nu mber d position-to-term rule is term = 4 x position number ~ 3 @ 2 The third term of a sequence is 9. The eighth term of the sequence Which of these position-to-term rules is the correct one for the sequence? Show how you worked out your answer. 3. For each sequence of numbers; D oo sem theterm-to-termrule Ii_write the sequence of numbers ina table position-to-termrule iv check your rule works for the first three terms. @ 6,12, 18, 24, -- D 6,11,16,21,...... c 8,9, 10,11,... gQ 4 This pattern is made from dots, Pattern 1 Pattern 2 4 i ae Pattern 3 Pattern 4 Alicia thinks that the rh. ih term for the sequence 1s Alicia correct? Explain how you ae ‘out a soe Shee 5 8 Co PY and complete the table of values for each function machine. >": ; functions in parta.as-an equation. number, x Write a : tumber by 4 mn expression for the number Alimad gets when be: multiplies the number by 2then adds. @ adds 4 to the number then multiplies” 1B 3x-4ywhen x # 30- Skwhen k= —2 ee 5.g=10 and h=3. Sinan pees Tinto the formula she gets the equation 8= 6 * 'worked out your answer. us3 Place value, ordering and rounding We use numbers every day, but we do not always need them tobe act. Numbers are often rounded. This is because it iseasier to LSA work with rounded numbers and compare them. Make sure you learn and ‘You can usually round numbers when exact accuracy isn't understand these key words: important, For example, look at these two newspaper articles, Powers of 10 power Real Madrid take Real Madrid take index the top spot! ‘the top spot! round ‘On Saturday aftemoon 74836 On Saturday afternoon 75000 | *°8"°° of accuracy I fans saw Real Madrid football fans saw Real Madrid | @Uvalent calculation Barcelona by 2 goals beat FC Barcelona by 2 goals | °7P'°'mate spot in La Liga _to take the top spot in La Liga | foatball league). (Spain's top football league). ‘The first article gives the accurate number of football fans, 74 836. The second article rounds the ‘number to 75.000, ‘This means the second article is easier to read, and it really isrit important to the story whether 74 836 or 75 000 football fans were there to watch the game. ‘For market research, companies usually use accurate numbers in their calculations. They will enerally round their answers to give final figures thatare easier to compare. Forexample,a mobile phone company may look at the population figures of different countries and he mimbers of mobile phones used in those countries. They may use these figures to help them decide Tw toincrease sales of mobile phones or to decide whether more network coverage is needed ‘Look at this information about Bangladesh and Hong Kong. Hong Kong, Population: 7 122 508 “Number of moblle phones:'13 264 896 Number of mobile phones per person: 1862 391 gh Bangladesh has a much bigger populatien than Hong Kong, ‘compare the number of mobile phones per person, you sn are more mobile phones per person in Hong Kong than both the decimal numbers thathave been calculated and are approximately 0.5 mobile phones pet Pets” ‘compared with about 2 mobile phones per person in GPT ere al.out seueding, You will alse lam about calculating wi 85 estimating and approximating. 3 Place value, ordering and rounding3 mutiphying and cviding by &-* and.0.01 3.1 Multiplying and dividing by 0.1 and 0.01 ‘Thenumbers 10, 100, 1000, 10 000, ... can all be written as powers of 10. ‘The power of 10is writen asan index. This isthe number of 10s that you multiply together to get the number It is also the same as the number of zeros that follow the digit 1. Look at this pattern of numbers. 10= 10! 10is ten to the power of 1, or simply 10. | This pattern carries 100= 10x 10= 10" 100s tento the power of 2, or 10 squared, | ©N as the numbers 1000 = 10 x 10x 10= 10° 1000 is ten to the power of 3, or 10 cubed. ( 8¢t bigger and bigger 10000=10x10x 10x 10=10' —_10.000;s ten to the power of 4,gtethefollowing in: | numbers if words. b 10° c 10° d 10! se each number as a power of 10. b 10000000 « 10000 10.000 000000 b 50x01 ¢ 125x019 d 32x01 f 600x001 g 750x001 h 4x0.01 . € 522201 d 067+01 £ 85+001 g 0324001 h 7.225+001 works out 23 x 0.1 and 8.3 = 0.01. ‘checks his answers by using an inverse operation. J. 23x0.1=23210=23 the to these “ Check 2.3 x 10 = 23 ¥ ork out answers to tl questions. 2 8. 01 = 8.3 x 100 = 8300 : Check« 8300 + 100 = 83 ¥ 0.6 + 0.1 d 45+0.01 en ieee h symbol, x or +, goes in each box? 700.1 = 67 b 4500.01=0015 ¢ 0.9()0.1=0.09 I 5500.01 =5.5 e 0.23001 =2.3 f 12(10.01 = 1200 9f0.1 or 0.01 goes in each box? x= 0.26 b 34+01=34 © 0.06 x11 = 0.0006 O=70 e 8.99 x(1=0.899 f 52+(1=520 sof a number. He multiplies his number by 0.1,and then divides the answer by 0.01- divides this answer by 0.1 and gets a final answer of 12 500. What number does ae vs homework. Russtion Write downone example te show that thiv statement i not true: | \ ‘When you multiply a number withonedecimalplace by 0.01 « 45.8 = 0.01 = 3.458 and3.458 not smaller thas zoro-s0 the: Hatement i not true: le to show that each of these statements is not true. ‘number other than zero by 0.1 you will always get an answer that is greater ‘umber with one decimal place by 0.01 you will always get an answer that is gran ain adsing merece (QI7. » fl 3.2 Ordering decimals To order decimal numbers, compare the whole-number part first. | The number of digs after the When the numbers that you are ordering have the yame whole ‘number part, compare the tenths, then the hundredths, and so on. decimal point és the number of decienal places (dp. in the numtier Look at the three decimal numbers on the right 8.518 4 Hightight the whole numbers 856,04, 8518 You can wee that 74 is the smallest nimber, so 7.4 goes first 2 The other two both have 8 units, so highlight the tenths, FA 86, 8518 3. They both have the same number of tenths, so highlight the hundredths, 7A, 858.8. You can see that 8.518 is smaller than 8.56, 0 in order of size the numbers are: 74,8514, 4.56 When you order decimal measurements, you must make sure they are all in the samme units. You need to remember these conversion factors. 2 ‘When you compare decimal numbers yau can use these symbols, = means ‘is equal to’ means ‘ts not equal 1° > means ‘is bigger than’ —< rveans is smalet that 80195, 5.61, 5.8, 5.682 The smallest number Is 0.95 as It has. the smallest whale-nambe Pa ‘The other three rumbers have the samme whote-number part and ee tenths, 60 compare the hundredths. 4 i smaller than 8 $0 5.64 comes A? _ Finally, compare the thousandth: 5.68 ls the same as 5.680 and 0 brs me than 2, $0 5.68 fs smaller than 5,682. he Sm TR ‘There are 00 cm fo 4 metre. 7.5 m = 100 = 7501em, So ‘w” goes DEO” ‘ two measures. © 45 NE 4501 There te 000 gn hg 4g t= ton = aso 50a are two measures. * ee Hi! ‘lecimil numbers in order of size, starting with the smallest on 12 49, 2.06, 7:99, 5,9) b 4.09, 2.37, 55 1211188, I got d 9.09, 8.9,9.53, 9.4 $61,23.59 £0,107, 0.084, 0.107 6 6.725, 6.178, 6,71, 6,17 25,661 23.592 23.659) 29.665 Mh 11,302, 11.052, 11,02, 11.1 3 Place value, ordering and rounding3.2 Ordering decimals sje these measures in order of size, starting with the smallest. 2 13g, 7808 2-18 kes 19508 b 54cm, 12mm, 0.8 cm, 9mm ¢ 12:m,650 cm, 0.5 m, 53cm. 0,551, 95 ml, 0.91, 450ml e 655 km, 780-m, 6-4 km, 1450 m F 0.08 1, 920 kg, 0.15 1, 50 kg g 95 000 cm, 920 m, 9800 mm, 0.85 km, 0.009 km 4 Writethe correct sign, < or >, between each pair. a 4030454 b 6.71116.03 ¢ 0.27010.03 | 27.90 27.85 e 8.55(1 8.508 f 5,055 (15.505 -g 451(02700ml h 0.45 tC 547 kg, i 3.5em()345 mm Hj 006%~01550g Kk 7800mL)0.8km t 0.065 mL16.7. 1 of but Fone - lon of jam. 32 calores: a _ 68 calories ‘is the total number of calories that he has for breakfast? a 892-725 = 16.7 Start by working out haw much he wants to lose. Mr Nicolo wants to lose 16.7 kg. Explain what it is that you have worked out. 16.7 = 4.6 = 12.1 Work out how much rore he has to lose. He stil has to lose 12. kg. Explain what it is that you have worked out and remember to incluce the units with your answer (ke. Check: 12.14 4.6 = 16.74 Use inverse operations to check both your calculations. 16.7 +725 = 8924 b 59x 2474432468 = 292 ‘Work oul the accurate answer, Mt Nicolo has-2g2 calories for breakfast. Explain what itis that you have worked out and remember torincluce the units with your answer (calories) Use estination to check your answer. Round each number {a the nearest 10. 290 is close to 292 so the answer is probably right. Check: 60 x 2 + 70+ 30+ 70 = 2907 | 3 Place value, ordering and roundiC=p he problem. 4 i nd at each ce 2 i working is clearly and ed Qo iv nor ; niswer c ee Money saved 30 far ae these amounts $98 $57 $22 S45 S65 S54 54 does she need to saver 76s 2 reach job he does he $52.an hour plus. call-out fe of $3: 3 Tian does a job for Mr Lee. It takes him ze ow muuch does he charge Mr Lee? ai harges Mrs Wa a total of $17 dow long did the job for Mrs Wi take? Give your answer in hours and minutes 3. Essian is going to buy a television Sa Hesees the television he wants advertised in 4 store 4 an can either buy the television using cash or a = Parment plan pecan snarmcnt 3th “Se How much more will the television cost Essian if he aes yi ‘ses the payment plan rather than paying cash? aha 4 Maha is going to keep six hens. One hen, on ave will produce five eggs every week 9 Work There are $2 weeks in one year. Maha is going to sell ll the eges her hens produce fer $1.25 for six eggs Ho muich money should Maha make from selling the eggs in one ye Snr ‘You should now know that: You should be able t * Wen you m, itinlyamummberbyo.s(oro.ot)ithas Read and write ps the same we nteger powers of 10, “fects dividing the number by 10 Xerioo. z ‘& Multiply integers and decimals by os and 0.0, * Order decimals, including measurements * Whee Yas divide a umber by a1 (0.01) it hasthe same eect as mut + Round whole numbers tothe nearest 1, 100, iby the number by 0 (e109). When you order a ‘i See peated 4 found deci numbers tothe nearest whole cosa nec ate number or one or two decimal places. Iessorerents ate nthe same ca, ote dein + Mtunaincincge mdse ofthe decimaliowerkoutan vide lfeges and decimals bya singe dip 7 one ir ete rd decimaisby a eggomens, uteipty andi integers : oc eres deci by conse euivaln colette se cn nde {se wttmation ana mverse operations t eck ‘working, + When you sot sous le plained so thes What You have done3.8 Estimating and approximating CLD In each question in this exercise: i Work out the answer to the problem 4 Show all your working and at each step explain what it is that you have worked out. Make sure your working is clearly and neatly presented. lv Use estimation or inverse operations to check your answer, 4 Mrs Kumal is saving money to go on holiday Altogether she needs to save $350, So far she has saved these amounts. How much more money doe: 8 she need to seve? 2 Jian isan electri lan. For each job he does he charg, Jian does a job for Mr Lee. It takes him 2. How much does he charge Mr Lee? 'b Jian charges Mrs Wu a total of S171. How long did the job for Mrs Wu take? Give your answer in hours and minutes. 3. Fssian is going to buy a television, He sees the television he wants advertised in a store. Essian can either buy the television using cash ora payment plan. How much more will the television cost Essian if he ‘uses the payment plan rather than paying cash? 4 Maha is going to keep six hens. One hen, on average, will produce five eggs every week. ‘There are 52 weeks in one year, - Maha is going to sell all the eggs her hens produce for $1.25 for six exes. ‘How much money should Maha make from selling the ‘eggs in one year? Summai an hour plus a ca ll-out fee of $35, ‘You should now know that: You should be able to: * When you multiply a number by 0.2 (or 0.02) ithas + Read and write positive integer powers of 10, the same effect as dividing the number by 10 “# Multiply integers and decimals by 0.1 and 0.02. ee > order chcinals cg neste ‘You divide a number by 0.1 (or 0.03) ithas the le numbers to the nearest 10, 100, same effect as multiplying them Cl dildo ae ct % Round decimal numbers to the nearest whole ‘number or one or two decimal places. Integers and decimals. numberby adecimat * Addand subtract integers ‘decimal ‘and decimals by a single-digit ee patrecteumee tacsesceg ss,makesureyourworkis ‘Multiply and divide integers and decimals else can nants 27° explained so that decimal, by considering equivalent calcul nderstand what youshave done. Use estimation and inverse operations 10 working.End-of-unit review Write 10° in: @ numbers b words. 1 2. Write the number 100 000 000 as a power of 10. these out. 3 Sin b23x001 ¢ 7.2+01 @ 0.24+0.01 4 Write these in order of size, starting with the smallest. a 10.9, 10.98, 10.8, 10.09 b 7m, 750.cm, 0.7 m, 77 cm 5 Wire the correct sign, < or >, between each pair 2360356 bo0091 ¢ 42mmO0s5an 6 Wiite the correct sign, ~ or =, between each pair. a 3.05kg 73005 ¢ Db 0.671670 ml € 0.3kmO30m 7 Round each number to the given degree of accuracy. 2 6725 (nearest 100) b 235 890 (nearest 10 000) 4 63.81 (nearest whale Number) @ 12.62 (1 dp.) # Adley takes part in a discus competition, Inthe first round he throws the discus a distance Inthe second round he throws the discus a distan out; © 8216 899 (nearest n F 7.566 (2 dip.) of 27.29 m ce of 29.73 m, F pesimofthetwo distances he has thrown B ihedifieence in the two distances he has thrown, visions. Give your answers correct to one decimal place, t calculations to work these our. 23.5 0.06There are many situations in everyday life where you haye to measure and weighs If you want a bookshelf on your bed room wall you will niced to measure the fength of the shelf and its ps on the wall, Ifyou are baking sure you learn and stand these Mey words Iisvery important that you ware cartllyand accurately, merc unt All the stories below are true, They mack the headlines in newspapers and on the tele Imagine how the people that made these mistakes must have felt! London 2912 Olympic swimming gaol is tao short) | Ktometres ‘An Olympic:standard swi ming pool wi to the Olympic le «built in Portamo h, UK, gth of 50 m. However, no room was allowed for the touch-sensitive timing pads that are needed pool. 'The poo! may be about 5 cm too short -ach end of the Gait haikmaratvon Is 195 m too short {m 2010, a half-marathon took place in Cardiff; UK. The official ‘ength of a half-marathon is 21,0975 k ‘measured accuratel to be changed as there was an obstruction on th of the new route wast Wax only found o been the course had ite. The lengeh ice andiit fierwards that it wai t00 short! However cheeked before the The Habla Space Tolescope's visiem is burredt The Hubble Space Telescope was put intoorbit in 1980, Ax test everything seemed tab : oi ’ HOln Well. However, the first picture that sas aken was breed. As mate pe cea ines were taken, th 4 Realise that something was wrong, They found nati : _nirror was the wrang shape and co ‘ lone wered that wh : dust had affected a measuriny rod ' Since then the ron 1 erlyp ai mast 2 is unit you will teat how to choose euitable asurement to esti ease caets oy and salve problems. You will also learn ‘about the con : A nection between kilometres aind ales41 Choosing suitable units You need to be able to choose appro ze SOAs you tatiana the gakmetsurement to estimate, measure, calculate and I ee = Cunits of length, mass and capacity, i. + length - millimetre (mm), centimetre a ra Bom (ky) and eae ac (m) and kilometre (km) = ube Volume of liquid something can hold) - millitre (ml) and litre () must also know the units to measure: a + area— use the square units of length, mm?, : - i mm, em, m? or km? volume —use the cube units of length, mm?, cm’, m! or kin’, A football pitch is approximately the same length as a 4100 m sprint track, so metres are the best units to use. = The length and width of a football pitch are both measured jn metres, so use square metres to measure the area of the football pitch. Compare Zalika’s estimate with a weight that you know. Then make a decision and give a reason. Start by writing down a reasonable estimate of the height of the man. Use your estimate to work out the height of the tree. Remember to include the units (m) in your answer. would you use to measure each of the following? tennis court the length ofa postage stamp @_ the mass ofa cat f the capacity ofa spoon would you use to measure each of the following? ket pitch b theareaofacity cover ofabook d_ the volume of a swimming pool ‘an ocean. Ff the volume of a teacup ou think each of these statements is true (TT) or false (F), b ‘The mass of a new-born baby is 3 kg, d ‘The capacity of a bottle is2 |.4 Mia estimates that the length of her bedroom is 20 m. Is this a reasonable estimate? Give a reason for your answer ickens. that the weight of one chicken egg is 75 g. Is this a reasonable estimate? Give a reason for your answer, 6 It takes Logan 2 hours to drive from his house to his brother’s house He estimates that the distance from his house to his brother's house is 400 km. Is this a reasonable estimate? Give a reason for your answer, 7 Lynn has two cats, Polly and Barney. Lynn knows that Polly has a mass of 3 ‘She estimates that Barney's mass is 3 times Polly’s mass. Work out an estimate of Barney's mass. 8 Hassan has a jug with a capacity of 800 ml He estimates that his bucket holds 20 times that of his jug. Work out an estimate of the capacity of his bucket, Give your answer in litres, ®@ 9 Alicia has a bag that contains 12 apples. Estimate the mass of the bag of apples Give your answer in kilograms. B&B 10 Look at the notice that is shown in an elevator. Eight adults get into the elevator, Do you think that the elevator is overloaded? Explain your answer. ) @ 44 The diagram shows a car parked in front ofa building, a ( Estimate the length of the building, Show how you worked out your answen @ 32 The diagram shows a man standing next to « building Estimate the height of the building °° wane Show how you worked BD) tee nessa comcy jut your answer,= ‘2 Kilometres and miles ‘such as the USA, Liberia and the ‘UR, distances are measured in miles rather than isa shorter unit of measurement than a mile, One kilometre is about 3 ofamile, Qne mile is greater than one km, so 20 miles is greater than 20 km. To multiply 72 by 2, first of all divide-72 by 8, ‘multiply the answer by 5. ny &, first of al divide 50 by 5, the answer by into miles fe OFA (eo ara tet fhe ae ot bots 120 miles, $0 200 km is further than 120 miles.Copy and complete these conversions of kilometres into miles 5 es 8x5 =U miles 4 km 5 ae 5 =Cimiles c 56km = Cimiles 4 Convert these distances into miles. a 24km b 48km ¢ 96 kn d 176km 5, Copy and complete these conversions of miles into kilometres. 11x8=Okm 6 Convert these distances into kilometres. a 10 miles b 100 miles € 125 miles d 180 miles 7 Which is further, 104 km or 70 miles? Show your working. 8 Which is further, 90 miles or 152 km? Show your working. 9 Use only the numbers from the box to complete these statements, a 120km =O miles b 105 miles =Hkm ¢ Okm =D miles d Omiles=O km @ 40 Every car in the USA is fitted with a mileometer ‘The mileometer shows the total distance that a car has travelled, Evan isa salesman. ‘Thisis the reading on his mileometer at the start of one week. GES «i. ‘This is the reading on his mileometer at the end of the week. (BTS TS mikes @ How many kilometres has Evan travelled in this week? b Evanis paid 20 cents for each Kilometre he travels. This is to pay for the petrol he uses. Work out the amount Evan is Paid this week for the petrol he uses. Give your answer to the nearest dollar, Hox told now know that You should be able to: i * Theunits you se to measure ares are alwaysthe x choose sultable units of measurement io Hl ‘square units of tength, inte of mass, length, area, volume oF cot catimete, measure, calculate and salve 22 in a range of contexts. dh * Compare distances measured in miles 3 kilometres. ei ‘® To.convert a distance in kilometres to a distance in kilometres to a distan tiles, multiply by 3. 7% Somverta distance in i = 4 sstance I ‘ Toconvert a distance in miles to. distance in Convert a distance in miles toa distar< kilometres, multiply by 8. kilometres, Longa, mass and capacityEnd-of-unit review Which metric units would you use to me: 4 thelength ofa car park ¢ the mass of a motorbike d the mass of abanana @ the capacity of a egg cup F the capacity of a refrigerator 2 Which metric units would you use to measure tl a the area of a tennis court the area of a fingernail ¢ the volume of a bucket the volume ofa lake +g, Sharon estimates that the height of her kitchen is 2 m, Isthis a sensible estimate? Give a reason for your answer. asure the following? D the length of an eyelash the following? 4 Annais 1.6 m tall. She stands next toa lamppost. She estimates that the lamppost is al times as tall as she is. Work out an estimate of the height of the amppost. 45 Bight adults and six children travel in a cable car. Esiimate the total mass of the people in the cable car > 6 The diagram shows a man standing next to a tree. ‘Estimate the height of the tree. ‘Show how you worked out your answer. 7 Write down true () or false (F) for each of these statements. 2 2 miles is further than 22 km. 50 km is exactly the same distance as 50 miles. © 200km is not as far as 200 miles. \3 Convert these distances into miles. Wkm —b 208km these distances into kilometres. ‘Smiles b 205 miles further, 472 km or 300 miles? Our working. she travels to visit travels during one week are your answer in dollars. & Length, mass ane! capacityDo you remember that the angles of a triangle add up to 180°? How did you find out that this is true? ‘Make sure you lear and understand these key words, parallel transversal corresponding angles alternate angles prove proof external angte Did you draw a triangle, tear off the corners and put them together to make a straight line? Did you use a protractor to measure the three angles of a triangle, then add them together to get atotal close to 180°? ‘These methods show that the result is reasenable. They do not prove it is true for any triangle. A proofs alogical argument in which eack step is explained or Justified by a reason, Over 2000 years ago the Greck mathematician Euclid weote a book called The Elements, He tried to use logical arguments to c rove many facts in geometry and arithmetic. His book was the most successful textbook ever written. fi ell in print today. = < “ Euclid started with definitions of basic things such as a point anda straight line. He also had a set of statements which he thought > ‘Bings that are equal to the same thing are equal to one another this: imple starting point he proved many complicated results.arate lines, Parallel lines are two parallel lines. The arrows show they are parallel “pfrwo lines are parallel the perpendicular distance between them is the same wherever you measure it. zreis another pair of parallel lines. d straight line crosses them. This is called a transversal. are formed where the transversal crosses the parallel lines, The angles marked a and ¢ are called corresponding angles. ‘The “apes marked d and hare also corresponding angles. So are b and f, candg. marked d and fare called alternate angles, cand care also alternate angles. ‘Alternate angles are always between the parallel tines.5:4 Paratiel lines 4 Look at the diagram. ‘Write down four pairs of corresponding angles. b Write down two pairs of alternate angles. 2 Inthe diagram, the size of one angle is 62°. Copy and complete these two sentences. ‘a Because corresponding angles are equal, angle ‘b Because alternate angles are equal, angle .. 3. In the diagram, the sizes of two angles are marked. a What other angles are 105% b What other angles are 75° 4 Angle APY is marked on the diagram. Cop’ nlete these sentences.a set of three corresponding angles that includes the angle na pair of alternate angles that includes the angle marked c. another pair of alternate angles that includes the angle pairs of parallel lines. of corresponding angles that include rs of alternate angles that include the5.2 Explaining angle properties 5.2 Explaining angle properties “The angles of a triangle add up to 180°. How do you know that is true? ‘You can measure the angles of a tr angle and ad¢ them up. But that will only show itis true for one triangle. How can you show itis true for all triangles? You can prove it by using the properties o! the previous topic. Proof 1 ‘To prove that the angles of triangle ABC add up to 180° A parallel lines that you learned in A Y Extend BC to X and draw CY parallel to BA. fe (alternate angles) (corresponding angles) « c+d+e= 180? (angles ona straight line) 1 i pela =c+a+b= 180°. (2+ means ‘therefore B means ‘therefo This is a proof that the angles of any triangle add up to 180°. It gives a reason for each line, You do not need to be able to write proofs in this way, but you should understand them. ‘The example also proves another important fact. Angle ACX is called the external angle of the triangle at C. ‘The proof showed that d +e=a +h. ‘This means that the external angle at C is equal i ” equal to the sum of the interior angles at A and B, This result is true for any triangl ui ie sum of the two interior opposite an; fh)gan Explaining arigle propertic 5.2 Explaining angle propertie The angles of a triangle add up to 180°, How do you know t You can measure the angles of a triangle and add ther up. P only show it js true for one triangle. How can you show itis for all triangles? Poaibarads You can prove it by using the properties of parallel lines: tha the previous topic. Proof I To prove that the angles of triangle ABC add up to 180 Then a=d {alterna and b = c+a+b= 180° ‘this is the required result. This isa proof that the angles of any triangle add up to 180’ for each line, You do not need to be able to write proofs in should understand them The example also proves another important fact. Angle ACK is called the extemal angle of the triangle at C. ‘The proof showed thatd+e= a+ b. ‘This means that the external angle at C is equal to the sum of the interior angles at A and B, This result is true for any triangle. Extend BC to X and draw CY parallel to BA. te angles) , (corresponding angles) c+d+e=180° (angles ona straight line) . It gives a reason this way, but you ofthe two interior opposite ang]2 that the angles of this quadrilateral add up to 3 10 360 sethe diagonal BD. Dra 30° (angle sum of atri z oot go’ (angle sum ofa triangle ret? eee S Aredia ») and (+2 and c arethe bad : . Wi = proof uses the result of the previous proof. You donot need Tage da be abe to verses for gamle reed to beable to write proofs coo inte triangles, calculate the values of o, band e —>7 OS ie A 6A Diagrams not drawn accurately 2 Anexterior angle of a triangle is 108°. ‘One of the interior angles of the triangle is 4 Work out the sizes of the other two interior angks of the triangle 6 Work out the sizes of the other two exterior anges of the triangle, {f PORisa triangle and PRS isa straight line. RTis parallel to QT. Yay 2 ‘Angle P and angle SRT are equal (> What property of angles is Mia using? b ; A Angle Q and angle QRT are equal What property of angles is Mia using! a Ith gram, XY is parallel o BC. Explain why angles XAB and ABC are equal. Eplain why angles YAC and ACB are eat. 490 lain why the angles of triangle "ABC add up to 180 the results of parts a and b to help yOuram shows a quadrila the four angles add The Show thal 5 6 Inthe diagram, PBC a Explain why b Explain why 3 ¢ Useyour answers to parts ABC, the exterior angle at interior opposite angles. aty 2) 7 In the diagram, PRY is a straight line. a xis the Which triangle is Jake using? > Write down a similar equa € Use your answers to parts ateral with a reflex up to 360°. e Divide it into tw a straight line. AQ is parallel to PC aand b to show that, in triangle B is equal to the sum of the two exterior angie of a triangle Soasb=x tion for the angle marked y. and b to show that the angles of quadrilateral PQRS add up to 360°, > 8 In the diagram, DX is parallel to BC, 2D is parallel to AB, BDY is a straight line. @ Explain why angles BAD } Explain why angles ARD and ADZ are equal, and ZDY are equal, © Use the diagram to show that the angles of. i quadrilateral ABCD add Up to 360°. Do not use the fact that the angle sum of a triangle is 180°,5.2 Explaining angle properties 5 The diagram shows a quadrilateral with a reflex angi. ‘Show that the four angles add up to 360°. 6 Inthe diagram, PBC isa straight line. AQ is parallel to PC. a Explain why TK € Use your answers to parts a and b to show that, ABG, the exterior angle at B is equal to the sur imterior opposite angles. in triangle im of the two © rz inthe diagram, PRT isa straight ine a xis the exterior angle of a triangle soasb=x Which triangle is Jake using? B Write down a similar equation for the angle marked y: © Use your answers to parts a and b to show that the angles ‘of quadrilateral PQRS add up to 360°, @ 8 In the diagram, DX is parallel to BC. ZDis parallel to AB. BDY isa straight line. a Explain why angles BAD and ADZ are equal, b Pxlain why angles ABD and ZDY are eq ABCD add up to 360°,— 53 solving angle proble uote Hose RoW tocaenlate angles veanswers ; me of the facts you could use but in solvi Solving proble: ne Problems you need to give reagons for jeare 0" fpesumot theangles On a straight line is 180 + Test mof the angles réund a point is 360 * Nenically opposite angles arc equal. + Veesponding angles are equal. ernie angles ave equal * Jpeangle sum of a triangle is 180°, + ee erior angle ofa triangle is the sum of the two o * fpeangle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°, 1PPOsite interior angles, ev parallelogram with one side extended, Opposite sides are paraltel. send xare equal because they ‘Using the sides with coesponding angles. ‘two arrows. ands re equal because they are ing the sides with ate angles. ‘one arrow. This means a and ¢must be equal. This is the first pain pthe same way, band d are equal. This is the second pair. Theft stp in the worked example was to draw a diagram and label the angles. You often need to do thiswhen you are explaining a geometrical result. days give a reason for any statement you make. 4 Maha has made some mistakes in her homework. plain why her angles cannot all be correct. Inthe diagram, KL and MN % are straight Une segments. N L5.3 Solving angle problems 2 Inthe diagram, KL and MN are parallel, Find the sizes of the angles marked a, b, cand d, Give a reason in each case. @ 3 In the diagram, the sides of the triangle have been extended, as shown. a Explain why d= a+ ¢. ‘A. Write similar expressions for eand f €, Show that the sum of the exterior angles of this triangle is 360°. @ 4 Inthe diagram, ABC isan isosceles triangle, AB=AC. AB is parallel to DE, Angle ABC = 68°, Work out the size of angle EDC, Give a reason for your answer. # into a triangle and a quadrilateral, ‘ow thatthe angle sum of the pentagon is 54 ri © © Ww te cioean, AB spare to De, a Show thatthe angles of triangles ABC and DEC are the same size, 5. This pentagon is divide Sh 7 ln the diagram, ABCD ig 4 paral Show that p+g—, " Patallelogram4g In the diagram, two of the sides of a Show that w+ y=a+ b+ ¢ 7 Ne teiatera i al have been extended. in 2 diagram all of the sides ofthe b show that w+ x+ 9+ 2= 360° quadrilateral haye b 364 ave been | xtended, Use the result of part a. fg. Look atthe diagram of the irreg a Explain why x= b+ a. regula Gee pins er, b Explain why y= e+e Show that the sum of i es the angle: or a ingles in the points of the star, You sh ee ee ‘You should beable to: oes and ay ws sec properties of parallel 4 Identify alternate and corresponding angles. , including corres} \ ae SRG coins ig corresponding * ete proof that the angle sum of @ en riangle is 180°. DF Ntemate anet peanut 4. Understand a proof that the angle sum of = Beyseas : are equal, quadrilateral is 360°- cr ofa triangle has an exterior angle. 4. Understand a proof that the exterior angleof a sing a logical argumentis different from trangle fs equalt the sum ofthe ew nteiar 2 em Mec aa opposite angles. n prove the + jive geometrical yroblems usi yerties of a the angle San eed gle) 20 : oe ofparalel and tee ie anda "can expiain your ea ral is 360°. triangles and special quadriaterals, explaining soning when you solve @ trosoning with diagrams ane 12x metic problem, @ “Recognise anduse spatial relationships intwo dimensions: @* Use logical arguments interpret the mathematics in acontext oF to establish the truth ofa statement 5 Angles aEnc-of-ynit review End-of-unit review 4 Look at the diagram and complete these sentences. ‘a Two vertically opposite angles are ¢and b Two corresponding angles are hand . ¢ Twoalternate angles are gand Two angles that add up to 180° are cand .... 2. Find the values of @, b, cand d. Give reasons for your answers. 3 Read what Jake says. What are the two angles he is thinking off The total of two of these angles is the same as d. 4 Find the values of aand b, Give reasons for your answers. gs Jia Diagram not drawn accurately Find the sizes of the angles marked a and 6. Give reasons for your answers,