4G - LTE Archives - Microwave Link

6/10/22, 3:59 PM 4G/LTE Archives - Microwave Link
Microwave Link
Gigabit Microwave Connectivity
Tag: 4G/LTE
ACM: Adaptive Coding and Modulation
Automatic Coding and Modulation (ACM)
Adaptive Coding and Modulation or

Link adaptation is a term used in wire-
less communications to denote the
matching of the modulation, coding
and other signal and protocol paramet-
ers to the conditions on the radio link
(e.g. the pathloss, the interference due
to signals coming from other transmit-
ters, the sensitivity of the receiver, the Microwave Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)
available transmitter power margin,

etc.). In a digital Microwave Link ACM uses a rate adaptation algorithm that adapts
the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) according to the quality of the radio chan-
nel, and thus the bit rate and robustness of data transmission. The process of link ad-
aptation is a dynamic one and the signal and protocol parameters change as the ra-
dio link conditions change.
The Goal of ACM
The goal of Adaptive Modulation and

Coding is to improve the operational
efficiency of Microwave links
by increasing network capacity over
the existing infrastructure – while re-
ducing sensitivity to environmental in- ACM with 1024 QAM Modulation
terferences.
Adaptive Modulation means dynamically varying the modulation in an errorless
https://www.microwave-link.com/tag/4glte/ 1/19
manner in order toAds

maximize
by the throughput under momentary propagation condi-
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tions. In other
-33%words, a system can operate at its maximum throughput
-53 under clear
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sky conditions, and decrease it
gradually under rain fade. For example a link can change from 1024QAM down to
QPSK to keep “link alive” without losing connection. Prior to the development of
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Automatic Coding and Modulation, microwave designers ₹299
had to design for “worst
case” conditions to avoid link outage The benefits of using ACM include:
Longer link lengths (distance)

Using smaller antennas (saves on mast space, also often required in residential
areas)
Higher Availability (link reliability)
Importance to Operators of ACM
Adaptive Coding and Modulation in-

creases the capacity of microwave
links without sacrificing distance or
availability, and without requiring lar-
ger antennas. The penalty – reduced
capacity during heavy fade/rainfall – is
usually considered an acceptable
trade-off compared to the benefits, es-
pecially for IP networks where a vari-
able capacity is generally considered
CableFree Microwave Link using 30cm antenna bene-
acceptable, compared to legacy PDH
fits from ACM giving longer reach and higher
(NxE1/T1) and SDH connections which availability
are fixed capacity applications.
Conversely, ACM allows operators to
minimise costs by using smaller antennas, meet higher availability targets (e.g.
99.999% availability) and customer SLA (service level agreement) and also fit within
aesthetic and planning constraints in dense urban areas and regions of natural
beauty where large antennas may be prohibited by planners or building owners.
For Further Information on ACM and Microwave

Links
For more information on Microwave Links with ACM please Contact Us
 March 13, 2016  admin

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Microwave Antenna Alignment
Alignment of Microwave Antennas for Digital

Microwave Transmission Systems
This article contains generic instructions for alignment of Microwave antennas.

Specific products may have different features, in which case please refer to the doc-
umentation provided for those products:
CableFree Microwave Antenna Alignment
Antenna Alignment for Microwave Links
This guide explains how to achieve the optimal antenna alignment of microwave an-
tennas when used with modern digital microwave products. Before attempting to
do the alignment it is highly recommended that you read this guide in detail. For
specific commands please consult the manual of the product being installed
Step 1: Preparation:
Mount the antenna on the tower according to the antenna installation instructions:
Ensure that the adjustment bolts move smoothly and the range of motion is suffi-
cient for the expected angle of up and down (elevation) tilt. Ensure that the mount
itself is attached securely and all safety precautions have been taken.
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CableFree Microwave Antenna

Alignment using DVM
Step 2: Coarse Alignment:
Visually align the antenna with the far end. The most common ways to do this are :
1) If the visibility is good and the sun is in the correct position, have someone at
the far end location reflect the sun with a mirror so the location is obvious.
2) If visibility is poor, use GPS coordinates and a GPS compass to aim the antenna
coarsely.
CableFree Microwave Antenna Alignment

avoiding Sidelobes
Step 3: Fine Alignment.
Before conducting fine

Adsalignment,
by the ODUs at both ends of the link must be at-
HOT
tached properly
-33% to the antenna via the direct mount or remote mount
-53 (using
Waveguide) and the far end ODU must be powered on and transmitting. The ODU
lightning surge suppressors and grounding provisions should be put in place as well
before alignment. The local ODU must be powered on, but need not be transmitting.
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Ensure that:
1) Frequency of the far end transmitter matches the frequency of the local
receiver.
2) The TX output power is not set above the level of the license.
3) ATPC is turned OFF on the far end.
4) Alignment mode is ON for SP ODUs – Display on ODU and IDU will update at 5
times per second.
FINE ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE
1) Adjust the azimuth over a 30 degree sweep by turning the adjustment bolt in
increments of 1/10th turn to avoid missing the main lobe. When the highest signal
has been found for azimuth, repeat for the elevation adjustment.
2) Turn the local transmitter on to allow alignment at the far end.
3) Move to the far end of the link and repeat step 1.
4) Lock down the antenna so no further movement can occur.
5) Install the antenna side struts supplied with the antenna.
6) Verify the RSSI remains the same and is within 2-4 dB of the expected levels.
7) Check the ODU connector seals.
8) Turn alignment mode OFF
9) The alignment is complete.
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FDD and TDD Explained
The difference between FDD and TDD in Microwave

Transmission
Microwave links typically use

Frequency-division duplexing (FDD)
which is a method for establishing a
full-duplex communications link that
uses two different radio frequencies
for transmitter and receiver operation.
The transmit direction and receive dir-
ection frequencies are separated by a
defined frequency offset.
Microwave ODU with Antenna using FDD (Frequency

Division Duplex)
Advantages of FDD
In the microwave realm, the primary advantages of this approach are:
The full data capacity is always available in each direction because the send and
receive functions are separated;
It offers very low latency since transmit and receive functions operate simultan-
eously and continuously;
It can be used in licensed and license-exempt bands;
Most licensed bands worldwide are based on FDD; and
Due to regulatory restrictions, FDD radios used in licensed bands are coordinated
and protected from interference, though not immune to it.
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Microwave FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing)
Disadvantages to FDD
The primary disadvantages of the FDD approach to microwave communication are:
Complex to install. Any given path requires the availability of a pair of frequen-
cies; if either frequency in the pair is unavailable, then it may not be possible to
deploy the system in that band;
Radios require pre-configured channel pairs, making sparing complex;
Any traffic allocation other than a 50:50 split between transmit and receive yields
inefficient use of one of the two paired frequencies, lowering spectral efficiency;
and
Collocation of multiple radios is difficult.
TDD compared with FDD
Time-division duplexing (TDD) is a method for emulating full-duplex communication

over a half-duplex communication link. The transmitter and receiver both use the
same frequency but transmit and receive traffic is switched in time. The primary ad-
vantages of this approach as it applies to microwave communication are:
It is more spectrum friendly, allowing the use of only a single frequency for oper-
ation and dramatically increasing spectrum utilization, especially in license-ex-
empt or narrow-bandwidth frequency bands ;
It allows for the variable allocation of throughput between the transmit and re-
ceive directions, making it well suited to applications with asymmetric traffic re-
quirements, such as video surveillance, broadcast and Internet browsing;
Radios can be tuned for operation anywhere in a band and can be used at either
end of the link. As a consequence, only a single spare is required to serve both
ends of a link.
Disadvantages
Adsof
by TDD
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-33% -53
The primary disadvantages of traditional TDD approaches to microwave communic-
ations are:
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The switch from transmit to receive incurs a delay that causes traditional TDD
systems to have greater inherent latency than FDD systems;
Traditional TDD approaches yield poor TDM performance due to latency;
For symmetric traffic (50:50), TDD is less spectrally efficient than FDD, due to the
switching time between transmit and receive; and
Multiple co-located radios may interfere with one another unless they are
synchronized.
 August 27, 2015  admin  Microwave, Technology  4G, 4G/LTE, FDD, Frequency Division
Duplex, LTE, Microwave, Microwave Link, Microwave Radio, mobile backhaul, TDD, Technology, Time
Division Duplex
Microwave Mobile Backhaul
Packet Microwave Radios for Mobile Backhaul
To deliver a compelling quality of experience for subscribers, you must respond

quickly to growing traffic demands. Modern Packet Microwave Mobile Backhaul
products help you maximize the network’s performance by enabling rapid deploy-
ment of scalable backhaul to cell sites. Modern solutions include a portfolio of mi-
crowave products to address the backhaul needs of 2G, 3G, and LTE macro cells and
3G, LTE, and Wi-Fi® small cells. Radio spectrum is maximized using innovative tech-
niques to maximize payload capacity to support the evolution to LTE and heterogen-
eous networks. Unique, common radio support for indoor and outdoor deployments
enhances savings potential.
Packet Microwave Mobile Backhaul is a key component in a modern end-to-end mo-

bile backhaul solution, which provides the flexibility, scale and operational simpli-
city to lower the total cost of ownership and simultaneously enhance the mobile ser-
vice experience.
BENEFITS Ads by
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Economic benefits
Rapidly support the optimal cell site location

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Complete backhaul portfolio for macro cells and

small cells
Support for all sites including both end and in-
termediate cell sites
Space and power efficiency
Full outdoor option to meet different mi-
crowave site space requirements
Achieve maximum spectral performance

CableFree Microwave for Mobile
Backhaul
Maximum bandwidth per band
Intelligent compression
Advanced quality of service levels supporting subscriber quality of experience
Scale the network cost effectively
Reliably bond radio channels to create larger microwave links

Any topology, any number of microwave link directions
Network awareness for both Carrier Ethernet and/or IP/MPLS networks
Be operationally efficient
Common radio for all cell sites

Evolutionary path from hybrid microwave to packet microwave at the touch of a
button
Management beyond basic IP partner integration
Deployment, management, end-user benefits
Grow and retain subscribers by maximizing the mobile experience
Infrastructure support for increased subscriber bandwidth demands

Ability to react quickly to subscriber demand with optimally-located cell sites
Increased capacity that supports high bandwidth data applications
COMPONENTS
Packet Microwave Mobile

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Read on in our following pages to find

out more about technologies used in
mobile backhaul applications
4G/LTE Mobile Backhaul
 April 13, 2015  Stephen Patrick  Microwave, Mobile Backhaul, Technology  4G, 4G/LTE,
backhaul, IP, IP Network, IP Radio, Microwave, Microwave Link, Microwave Technology, mobile, mobile
backhaul, MPLS, Point to Point
Microwave Link Technology
Introduction to Microwave
Microwave is a line-of-sight wireless communica-

tion technology that uses high frequency beams
of radio waves to provide high speed
wireless connections that can send and receive
voice, video, and data information.
Microwave links are are widely used for point-to-

point communications because their small
wavelength allows conveniently-sized antennas
to direct them in narrow beams, which can be
pointed directly at the receiving antenna. This al-
lows nearby microwave equipment to use the
same frequencies without interfering with each
other, as lower frequency radio waves do. Example of a CableFree Microwave Link
Installation
Another advantage is that the high frequency of
microwaves gives the microwave band a very
large information-carrying capacity; the microwave band has a bandwidth 30 times
that of all the rest of the radio spectrum below it.
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Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point-to-point communication

systems on the surface of the Earth, in satellite communications, and in deep space
radio communications. Other parts of the microwave radio band are used for radars,
radio navigation systems, sensor systems, and radio astronomy.
The higher part of the radio electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies are above
30 GHz and below 100 GHz, are called “millimeter waves” because their wavelengths
are conveniently measured in millimeters, and their wavelengths range from 10 mm
down to 3.0 mm. Radio waves in this band are usually strongly attenuated by the
Earthly atmosphere and particles contained in it, especially during wet weather.
Also, in wide band of frequencies around 60 GHz, the radio waves are strongly atten-
uated by molecular oxygen in the atmosphere. The electronic technologies needed in
the millimeter wave band are also much more complex and harder to
manufacture than those of the microwave band, hence cost of Millimeter Wave
Radios are generally higher.
History of Microwave Communication
James Clerk Maxwell, using his famous “Maxwell’s equations,” predicted the exist-
ence of invisible electromagnetic waves, of which microwaves are a part, in 1865. In
1888, Heinrich Hertz became the first to demonstrate the existence of such waves by
building an apparatus that produced and detected microwaves in the ultra high fre-
quency region. Hertz recognized that the results of his experiment validated
Maxwell’s prediction, but he did not see any practical applications for these invisible
waves. Later work by others led to the invention of wireless communications, based
on microwaves. Contributors to this work included Nikola Tesla, Guglielmo Marconi,
Samuel Morse, Sir William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin), Oliver Heaviside, Lord
Rayleigh, and Oliver Lodge.
In 1931 a US-FrenchAds
consor-
by
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tium demonstrated
-33% an experi- -53
mental microwave relay link
across the English Channel us-
ing 10 foot (3m) dishes, one of
₹287
the earliest microwave₹200
com- ₹1 033 ₹299
munication systems.
Telephony, telegraph and fac-
simile data was transmitted
over the 1.7 GHz beams 40
miles between Dover, UK and Microwave Link over English Channel, 1931
Calais, France. However it
could not compete with cheap
undersea cable rates, and a planned commercial system was never built.
During the 1950s the AT&T Long Lines system of microwave relay links grew to
carry the majority of US long distance telephone traffic, as well as intercontinental
television network signals. The prototype was called TDX and was tested with a con-
nection between New York City and Murray Hill, the location of Bell Laboratories in
1946. The TDX system was set up between New York and Boston in 1947.
Modern Commercial Microwave Links
A microwave link is a communications sys-

tem that uses a beam of radio waves in the
microwave frequency range to transmit
video, audio, or data between two loca-
tions, which can be from just a few feet or
meters to several miles or kilometers apart.
Examples of Commercial Microwave links
from CableFree may be see here. Modern
Microwave Links can carry up to 400Mbps
in a 56MHz channel using 256QAM modula-
tion and IP header compression techniques.
Operating Distances for microwave links
are determined by antenna size (gain), fre-
quency band, and link capacity. The avail- Microwave Communication Tower
ability of clear Line of Sight is crucial for

Microwave links for which the Earth’s curvature has to be allowed
Microwave links are commonly used by television broadcasters to transmit pro-

grammes across a country, for instance, or from an outside broadcast back to a
studio. Mobile units can be camera mounted, allowing cameras the freedom to move
around without trailing

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CableFree FOR2 Microwave Link 400Mbps
Planning of microwave links
CableFree Microwave links have to be planned considering the following

parameters:
Required distance (km/miles) and capacity (Mbps)

Desired Availability target (%) for the link
Availability of Clear Line of Sight (LOS) between end nodes
Towers or masts if required to achieve clear LOS
Allowed frequency bands specific to region/country
Environmental constraints, including rain fade
Cost of licenses for required frequency bands
Microwave Frequency Bands
Microwave signals are often divided

into three categories:
ultra high frequency (UHF) (0.3-3 GHz);
super high frequency (SHF) (3-30 GHz);
and
extremely high frequency (EHF) (30-
300 GHz).
In addition, microwave frequency
bands are designated by specific let- Microwave Frequency Bands
ters. The designations by the Radio
Society of Great Britain are given be-
low.
Microwave frequency bands
Designation Frequency range
L band 1 to 2 GHz
S band 2 to 4 GHz
C band 4 to 8 GHz Ads by

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X band 8 to -33%
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Ku band 12 to 18 GHz
K band 18 to 26.5 GHz
Ka band 26.5 to 40 GHz
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Q band 30 to 50 GHz
U band 40 to 60 GHz
V band 50 to 75 GHz
E band 60 to 90 GHz
W band 75 to 110 GHz
F band 90 to 140 GHz
D band 110 to 170 GHz
The term “P band” is sometimes used for ultra high frequencies below the L-band.
For other definitions, see Letter Designations of Microwave Bands
-44% -38% -33% -53%
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Lower Microwave frequencies are used for longer links, and regions with higher
rain fade. Conversely, Higher frequencies are used for shorter links and regions
with lower rain fade.
Rain Fade on Microwave Links
Rain fade refers primarily to the absorption of a microwave radio frequency (RF)
signal by atmospheric rain, snow or ice, and losses which are especially prevalent at
frequencies above 11 GHz. It also refers to the degradation of a signal caused by the
electromagnetic interference of the leading edge of a storm front. Rain fade can be
caused by precipitation at the uplink or downlink location. However, it does not
need to be raining at a location for it to be affected by rain fade, as the signal may
pass through precipitation many miles away, especially if the satellite dish has a low
look angle. From 5 to 20 percent of rain fade or satellite signal attenuation may also
be caused by rain, snow or ice on the

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uplink or downlink
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radome or feed horn. Rain fade is not
limited to satellite uplinks or down-
links, it also can affect terrestrial point
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to point microwave links (those on the ₹1 033 ₹299
earth’s surface).
Possible ways to overcome the effects

of rain fade are site diversity, uplink
power control, variable rate encoding,
receiving antennas larger (i.e. higher
gain) than the required size for normal weather conditions, and hydrophobic
coatings.
Diversity in Microwave Links
In terrestrial microwave links, a di-

versity scheme refers to a method for
improving the reliability of a message
signal by using two or more commu-
nication channels with different char-
acteristics. Diversity plays an import-
ant role in combatting fading and co-
channel interference and avoiding er-
ror bursts. It is based on the fact that
individual channels experience differ-
Example of a 1+0 Unprotected Microwave Link
ent levels of fading and interference.
Multiple versions of the same signal
may be transmitted and/or received and combined in the receiver. Alternatively, a
redundant forward error correction code may be added and different parts of the
message transmitted over different channels. Diversity techniques may exploit the
multipath propagation, resulting in a diversity gain, often measured indecibels.
The following classes of diversity schemes are typical in Terrestrial Microwave

Links:
Unprotected: Microwave links where there is no diversity or protection are clas-

sified as Unprotected and also as 1+0. There is one set of equipment installed, and
no diversity or backup
Hot Standby: Two sets of microwave equipment (ODUs, or active radios) are in-
stalled generally connected to the same antenna, tuned to the same frequency
channel. One is Ads

“powered
by down” or in standby mode, generally with the receiver
HOT
active but transmitter muted. If the active unit fails, it is powered
-33% -53 down and the
standby unit is activated. Hot Standby is abbreviated as HSB, and is often used in
1+1 configurations (one active, one standby).
Frequency diversity: The signal is transmitted using several frequency channels
₹287 ₹200
or spread over a wide spectrum that₹1is033 ₹299
affected by frequency-selective fading.
Microwave radio links often use several active radio channels plus one protection
channel for automatic use by any faded channel. This is known as N+1 protection
Space diversity: The signal is transmitted over several different propagation
paths. In the case of wired transmission, this can be achieved by transmitting via
multiple wires. In the case of wireless transmission, it can be achieved by antenna
diversity using multiple transmitter antennas (transmit diversity) and/or multiple
receiving antennas (reception diversity).
Polarization diversity: Multiple versions of a signal are transmitted and received
via antennas with different polarization. A diversity combining technique is ap-
plied on the receiver side.
Diverse Path Resilient Failover
In terrestrial point to point microwave systems ranging from 11 GHz to 80 GHz, a

parallel backup link can be installed alongside a rain fade prone higher bandwidth
connection. In this arrangement, a primary link such as an 80GHz 1 Gbit/s full du-
plex microwave bridge may be calculated to have a 99.9% availability rate over the
period of one year. The calculated 99.9% availability rate means that the link may be
down for a cumulative total of ten or more hours per year as the peaks of rain
storms pass over the area. A secondary lower bandwidth link such as a 5.8 GHz
based 100 Mbit/s bridge may be installed parallel to the primary link, with routers
on both ends controlling automatic failover to the 100 Mbit/s bridge when the
primary 1 Gbit/s link is down due to rain fade. Using this arrangement, high fre-
quency point to point links (23GHz+) may be installed to service locations many kilo-
meters farther than could be served with a single link requiring 99.99% uptime over
the course of one year.
Automatic Coding and Modulation (ACM)
Link adaptation, or Adaptive Coding

and Modulation (ACM), is a term used
in wireless communications to denote
the matching of the modulation, coding
and other signal and protocol paramet-
ers to the conditions on the radio link
(e.g. the pathloss, the

Adsinterference
by due
HOT
to signals coming
-33% from other transmit- -53
ters, the sensitivity of the receiver, the
available transmitter power margin,
etc.). For example, EDGE uses a rate ad-
₹287
aptation algorithm that₹200
adapts the ₹1 033 ₹299
modulation and coding scheme (MCS)

according to the quality of the radio
Microwave Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)
channel, and thus the bit rate and ro-
bustness of data transmission. The pro-
cess of link adaptation is a dynamic one and the signal and protocol parameters
change as the radio link conditions change.
The goal of Adaptive Modulation is to improve the operational efficiency of

Microwave links by increasing network capacity over the existing infrastructure –
while reducing sensitivity to environmental interferences.
Adaptive Modulation means dynamically varying the modulation in an errorless
manner in order to maximize the throughput under momentary propagation condi-
tions. In other words, a system can operate at its maximum throughput under clear
sky conditions, and decrease it
gradually under rain fade. For example a link can change from 256QAM down to
QPSK to keep “link alive” without losing connection. Prior to the development of
Automatic Coding and Modulation, microwave designers had to design for “worst
case” conditions to avoid link outage The benefits of using ACM include:
Longer link lengths (distance)

Using smaller antennas (saves on mast space, also often required in residential
areas)
Higher Availability (link reliability)
Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC)
CableFree Microwave links feature ATPC which automatically increases the transmit
power during “Fade” conditions such as heavy rainfall. ATPC can be used separately
to ACM or together to maximise link uptime, stability and availability. When the
“fade” conditions (rainfall) are over, the ATPC system reduces the transmit power
again. This reduces the stress on the microwave power amplifiers, which reduces
power consumption, heat generation and increases expected lifetime (MTBF)
Uses of microwave links
Backbone links and

Ads“Last
by Mile” Communication for cellular network operators
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Backbone links for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and Wireless
-33% -53 ISPs (WISPs)
Corporate Networks for Building to Building and campus sites
Telecommunications, in linking remote and regional telephone exchanges to lar-
ger (main) exchanges without the need for copper/optical fibre lines.
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with HD-SDI and ₹299
SMPTE standards
Enterprise
Because of the scalability and flexibility of Microwave technology,

Microwave products can be deployed in many enterprise applications including
building-to-building connectivity, disaster recovery, network redundancy and tem-
porary connectivity for applications such as data, voice and data, video services,
medical imaging, CAD and engineering services, and fixed-line carrier bypass.
Mobile Carrier Backhaul
Microwave Links are a valuable tool in

Mobile Carrier Backhaul: Microwave
technology can be deployed to provide
traditional PDH 16xE1/T1, STM-1 and
STM-4, and Modern IP Gigabit Ethernet
backhaul connectivity and Greenfield
mobile networks. Microwave is far
quicker to install and lower Total Cost
of Ownership for Cellular Network
Operators compared to deploying or
leasing fibre optic networks Microwave Backhaul in Cellular Networks
Low Latency Networks
CableFree Low Latency versions of Microwave links uses Low Latency Microwave
Link Technology, with absolutely minimal delay between packets being transmitted
and received at the other end, except the Line of Sight propagation delay. The Speed
of Microwave propagation through the air is approximately 40% higher than
through fibre optics, giving customers an immediate 40% reduction in latency com-
pared to fibre optics. In addition, fibre optic installations are almost never in a
straight line, with realities

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isting telecom
-33%infrastructure, the fibre run can be 100% longer -53
than the direct Line
of Sight path between two end points. Hence CableFree Low Latency Microwave
products are popular in Low Latency Applications such as High Frequency Trading
and other uses.
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For Further Information on Microwave
To find out more about Microwave Link Technology and how CableFree can assist
with your wireless network, please Contact Us
 March 31, 2015  admin  Microwave, Technology  4G/LTE, ACM, Automatic Coding and
Modulation, Diversity, Frequency Bands, Microwave Link, Microwave Technology, Point to Point, Rain
Fade
All Website Content (C) 2022 Wireless Excellence Limited

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6/10/22, 3:59 PM 4G/LTE Archives - Microwave Link

ACM: Adaptive Coding and Modulation

Automatic Coding and Modulation (ACM)

Adaptive Coding and Modulation or

available transmitter power margin,

The Goal of ACM

The goal of Adaptive Modulation and

manner in order toAds

Longer link lengths (distance)

Importance to Operators of ACM

Adaptive Coding and Modulation in-

For Further Information on ACM and Microwave

For more information on Microwave Links with ACM please Contact Us

 March 13, 2016  admin

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Microwave Antenna Alignment

Alignment of Microwave Antennas for Digital

This article contains generic instructions for alignment of Microwave antennas.

CableFree Microwave Antenna Alignment

Antenna Alignment for Microwave Links

₹287 ₹200 ₹1 033 ₹299

CableFree Microwave Antenna

Step 2: Coarse Alignment:

CableFree Microwave Antenna Alignment

Step 3: Fine Alignment.

Before conducting fine

3) ATPC is turned OFF on the far end.

FINE ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE

2) Turn the local transmitter on to allow alignment at the far end.

3) Move to the far end of the link and repeat step 1.

4) Lock down the antenna so no further movement can occur.

5) Install the antenna side struts supplied with the antenna.

7) Check the ODU connector seals.

8) Turn alignment mode OFF

9) The alignment is complete.

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FDD and TDD Explained

The difference between FDD and TDD in Microwave

Microwave links typically use

Microwave ODU with Antenna using FDD (Frequency

In the microwave realm, the primary advantages of this approach are:

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Microwave FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing)

The primary disadvantages of the FDD approach to microwave communication are:

TDD compared with FDD

Time-division duplexing (TDD) is a method for emulating full-duplex communication

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