WORLD HISTORY

PUNIC WARS
First Punic War
Carthage vs. Rome
Carthaginians (Phoenicians) vs Romans

Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia were claimed by the Romans

23 years war – one of the longest wars

Rome: Consuls (praetors) - a term of 1 year

● Battle of Agrigentum
● Battle of Lipara
○ Consul: Scipio Asina
○ Romans copied the Carthagian ship – Quinquereme

● Battle of Cape Ecnomus - largest naval battle in history

○ Consul: Marcus Atilius Regulus and Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus
○ Corvus - innovation made by Romans to bring land battle on the ship
● Livy - Roman Historian

- Numidia - provided horses for Carthaginians

- Xanthippus - a Spartan from Sparta

● Battle of Bagradas River

● Battle of Cape Hermaeum
● Battle of Panormus
● Siege of Lilybaeum - nine-year siege
○ Hamilcar Barca - greatest general of all time (Carthaginian)
○ Clodius Pulcher - Roman consul
● Battle of Drepana - without corvus, led by Pulcher
● Battle of the Aegates

Treaty of Lutatius - agreement between Carthage and the Romans

Second Punic Wars

- Hannibal Barca - Hamilcar’s son who strategically crossed the Alps and crossed the infected marsh
- Saguntum
- Numidians and the Celts
- Battle of Lake Trasimene
- Battle of Cannae (biggest battles in history)

Consuls during this time:

● Scipio
● Dictator: Fabius Maximus (from the Roman Senate) - Fabius the Delayer
 ● Longus and Flavius
● Varro and Paullus
● Scipio Africanus

- Polybius - historian during this time

WORLD WAR I
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie
- Gavrilo Princip - student who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- Austria Hungary and Germany

Germany: Helmuth Von Moltke (general of Germany)

- Tried invading Belgium to fight France

US President Woodrow Wilson (28th US President)

- leading architect of the League of Nations
- his progressive stance on foreign policy came to be known as Wilsonianism

France: Joseph Joffre - commander in chief

- Battle of Marne
- Trench Warfare against Germany

Ottoman Empire attacked Russia on the Caucasus Mountains

- They were a threat to Britain as they wanted the land’s oil
- Armenian Genocide

Hague Conference/Convention
- Warfare guidelines
- Series of international treaties and declarations

- Germany: Zeppelin Air, chlorine gas, and submarines

- Luisitania sank

Dreadnought - powerful battleship during WWI

- Battle of Verdun
- Battle of the Somme
- Brusilov Offensive

Lawrence of Arabia (Thomas Edward Lawrence)

- British Intelligence Officer

Russia: Rasputin (holy healer during Nicholas II’s term)

- Bolsheviks (pushed communism)

Treaty of Versailles: War Treaty of WWI

WORLD WAR II
Italy: Benito Mussolini (Fascist) - moved from Italy to Switzerland to avoid military service
Germany: Adolf Hitler - Nazi
Japan

❖ Luftwaffe - German armed air forces

❖ Pact of Steel: Germany and Italy
➢ Signed by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini
➢ Rome-Berlin Axis agreement, linking the two countries politically and militarily.
❖ Phony War - no major battles
❖ Maginot Line
➢ Named after French Minister of War André Maginot
➢ an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s
❖ Tripartite Pact: Germany, Japan and Italy
❖ Pykrete (material that is bulletproof and bounces bullets): Project Habakkuk - aircraft made of pykrete
❖ Alan Turing - cracked Germany’s code
❖ Dwight Eisenhower
➢ 34th US President
➢ Commanded NATO in WWII
➢ Operation Torch
➢ Invasion of Normandy

COLD WAR
★ Vladimir Lenin, a Russian communist who was exiled to Switzerland
★ Iron Curtain - political boundary between Europe and Russia
★ NATO
★ Truman Doctrine - President Harry Truman
○ The United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic
nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces
○ To prevent communism
★ Marshall Plan
○ named for Secretary of State George Marshall
○ proposed that the United States provide economic assistance to restore the economic
infrastructure of postwar Europe.
★ COMECON and COMINFORM
○ Cominform formed a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and the West while Comecon
established trade control between the Soviet Union and its satellite states.
★ Berlin Airlift
★ US President after Truman: Dwight Eisenhower
★ Joseph Stalin died of cerebral hemorrhage and was replaced by Nikita Krushchev
★ Red Scare and McCarthy Trials
★ First Satellite: Sputnik
★ Warsaw Pact - a collective defence treaty established by the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet
satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Poland and Romania (Albania withdrew in 1968).
○ Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance
★ John F. Kennedy (US President)
 - Fidel Castro of Cuba - Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the first secretary of
the Communist Party of Cuba from 1965 until 2011. Under his administration, Cuba became a
one-party communist state; industry and business were nationalized, and socialist reforms were
implemented throughout society.
- Bay of Pigs Invasion - an abortive invasion of Cuba in April 1961 by some 1,500 Cuban exiles
opposed to Fidel Castro. The invasion was financed and directed by the U.S. government.
- Vasili Arkhipov - a Soviet submarine officer who was against the launching of nuclear torpedos during
the Cuban Missile Crisis
- Proxy Wars
- Stratified Arms Limitation Talk
- were a series of bilateral conferences and international treaties signed between the United
States and the Soviet Union
- reducing the number of long-range ballistic missiles (strategic arms) that each side could
possess and manufacture
- Mikhail Gorbachev - Nobel Peace Prize, he is praised for his role in ending the Cold War, introducing
new political and economic freedoms in the Soviet Union, and tolerating both the fall of Marxist–Leninist
administrations in eastern and central Europe and the German reunification

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

- Christopher Columbus
- Leif Erikson - thought to have been the first European to set foot on continental America,
approximately half a millennium before Christopher Columbus.
- Sugar Act of Britain
- Stamp Act - first British parliamentary attempt to raise revenue through direct taxation of all colonial
commercial and legal papers, newspapers, pamphlets, cards, almanacs, and dice.
- Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party
- Fort Ticonderoga - the first offensive victory for American forces in the Revolutionary War.
- Thomas Paine - total independence from Britain Colony (literary work entitled Common Sense)
- Thomas Jefferson wrote the official declaration of independence
- John Adams - first to live in the White House, president after George Washington
- George Washington
- Battle of Bemis Heights - General Horatio Gates
- Battle of Saratoga - Benedict Arnold
- Battle of Chesapeake
- Treaty of Paris - signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and
representatives of the United States on September 3, 1783 that ended the American Revolution.

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

- Abraham Lincoln - issuing the Emancipation Proclamation that declared forever free those slaves
within the Confederacy in 1863.
- Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
- Missouri Compromise Line - line between free states and slavery states
- John Brown - a prominent leader in the American abolitionist movement in the decades preceding the
Civil War. Prime leader in abolishing slavery.
- Harriet Beecher Stone - wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin (anti-slavery)
- Fredrick Douglass - father of the abolitionist movement, who advised Presidents Abraham Lincoln and
Andrew Johnson on the civil war and black suffrage
 - Harriet Tubman - “Moses of her people,” Harriet Tubman was enslaved, escaped, and helped others
gain their freedom as a “conductor" of the Underground Railroad. Tubman also served as a scout, spy,
guerrilla soldier, and nurse for the Union Army during the Civil War.
- Battle of Fort Sumter
- Battle of Bull Run
- General Ulysses Grant - led the Union Armies to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil
War (Unconditional Grant)
- Battle of Shiloh - The two-day conflict was at that point the bloodiest battle in American history.
Happened in Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee.
- General Robert Lee
- Emancipation Proclamation

HENRY VIII
- Cardinal Wolsey - the king’s adviser
- Field of the Cloth of Gold
- Cardinal Compaggio
- Six wives
1. Catherine of Aragon
2. Anne Boleyn
3. Jane Seymour
4. Anne of Cleves
5. Katherine Howard
6. Catherine Parr

FRENCH REVOLUTION
Social Hierarchy:
1. 1st Estate: Clergy
2. 2nd Estate: Nobility
3. 3rd Estate: Peasantry

- Tennis Court Oath

- Maximillien Robespierre
- Georges Danton
- Jean Paul Marat: wrote The Friend of the People
- Was in a bathtub due to an illness

Cult of Reason: Temples of Reason

French Republican Calendar
National Convention: Conscription Law

Counter Revolutions
The Owls led by John Owl in the Northwest

Napoleon Bonaparte
Jean Baptiste Carrier

Reign of Terror
The Great Terror
Cult of the Supreme Being

Thermidorians - restored French Government

The White Terror
The Directory: New Constitution

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes - approached Napoleon to dissolve the government

- Napoleon became a dictator and was the first consul of France
- Restored the Catholic church

NAPOLEONIC WARS
- Corsica - where Napoleon was born
- Army of the Interior: his own army
- Battle of the Lodi

War against the spread of revolution in European countries

First Coalition
Second Coalition
Third Coalition
Fourth Coalition
Fifth Coalition

The Consulate (a new government was formed with 3 consuls)

1. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes
2. Napoleon Bonaparte
3. Pierre-Roger Ducos

Treaty of Luneville - Austria and France

Second League of Armed Neutrality (against UK)

Treaty of Amiens

The Napoleonic Code - combined laws

Germany: Confederation of the Rhine

Emperor Francis dissolved the Holy Roman Empire

Treaty of Tilsit - after 4 years and 4 coalition

Sweden’s Crown Prince after overthrowing the previous one and siding with Napoleon:
- Bernadotte – Karl Joan

Battle of Borodino - single day Invasion of Russia

- Moscow fell into Napoleon’s hands
Battle of Leipzig (Battle of the Nations) - the bloodiest Napoleonic war

Island of Elba - Emperor of Elba

Dome of Les Invalides – where Napoleon’s remains are in Paris

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
- Serf - owned by their landlords
- Khodynka tragedy - stampede after coronation
- Bolsheviks = Majority
- Mensheviks

Leon Trotsky - St. Petersburg Soviet that supplied things to the first revolution
Sergei - manifesto – Duma - nobility’s assembly

Lenin and Stallin

Rasputin - holy homeless healer

Alexe had hemophilia