These two types of corrosion are both localized corrosion.

The main difference between pitting and crevice corrosion is the geometry of the corrosion site.
Whereas pitting corrosion occurs across the surface of a component, crevice corrosion is associated
with a crevice, be that one that forms around a fastener, washer or joint, in a sharp corner or in an
area where the flow of a liquid is slowed i.e. a dead spot.

If a corrosion pit is allowed to continue to corrode, in effect it forms its own crevice and the rate of
corrosion will accelerate as the conditions within the pit become more aggressive.

Surface defects
 heterogeneity means inconsistent
 sulfide (S) is an inorganic anion. Solution of sulfide sats are corrosive
sensitizing temperature
 the weakening of grain is actually caused by the alloying elements
 anodic dissolution of areas weakened by the alloying elements
surface finish
 differential aeration cell causes corrosion of metals as a result of the formation of an oxygen
concentration cell, which is caused by an uneven supply of air on the metal surface
cold work
 process of metal forming in which the deformation of metal occurs below its recrystallization
temperature
 susceptibility state or fact of being likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular
thing
velocity
 at intermediate velocities, pitting can occur at sand particle impingement points resulting in
extremely high penetration rates.
Environmental contamination
 most conducive environment for pitting is the marine environment

mechanism
pitting corrosion mechanism would be the corrosion that occurs when the metal is exposed to an
oxygen-rich sodium chloride electrolyte. The surface of the metal now acts as a cathode whereas the
pit acts as an anode

 The protective oxide film on the metal surface is depassivated, allowing aggressive ions to attack the
metal.
 Passive surface film protects metals from corrosive environments. Breakdown of the passive film
initiates pitting corrosion and a lacy cover may form on top of the pit. The presence of the lacy cover
affects the shape and size-evolution of the corrosion pit.
  high pH produced in these cathodic regions tends to destroy the protective oxide film, and
may even soften or weaken paint films, so that these sites can become anodic. The greater
supply of electrons promotes more intense cathodic action, which spawns even more anodic
sites, and so on.
 A passive-active cell is the concentration cell series where metals rely on an ultra-bonded
passiv film(typically an oxide) for protection against corrosion.

Effect of Temperature

 With the temperature increased, the diffusion rate increased and synchronously the electrolyte
resistance decreased, accelerating the corrosion
 Critical pitting temperature- the minimum temperature below which stable pitting does not
occur for a given alloy and environment

Alloy composition

 Molybdenum
 Chromium
 Nickel
 Vanadium
 Silicon
 Nitrogen
 Silver
 Rhenium
 The alloying elements made the rust layer cation-selective and the enhanced protective effect
of the rust layer inhibits the vertical development of pitting corrosion at 25 °C.

Prevention of Pitting Corrosion

(1) Use materials with appropriate alloying elements designed to minimize pitting susceptibility, e.g.
molybdenum in stainless steel.

(2) Provide a uniform surface through proper cleaning, heat treating and surface finishing.

(3) Reduce the concentration of aggressive species in the test medium, such as chlorides, sulfates, etc.

(4) Use inhibitors to minimize the effect of pitting, wherever possible.

(5) Make the surface of the specimen smooth and shiny and do not allow any impurities to deposit on the
surface.

(6) Minimize the effect of external factors on those design features that lead to the localized attack, such as the
presence of crevices, sharp corners, etc.

(7) Apply cathodic protection, wherever possible.

(8) Coat the metals to avoid the risk of pitting.

(9) Do not allow the potential to reach the critical value.

(10) Add anions, such as OH−or NO− 3 to chloride environment.

(11) Operate at a lower temperature, if service conditions permit.

Inhibition

 Inhibitors naturally present in water supplies, or which are added to mitigate corrosion, may prevent
pitting by interfering with any aspect of the electrochemical cell, including (1) preventing the transport
of anions that could accelerate corrosion into the pit or (2) blocking the oxidation and/or reduction
reaction sites.
 Chromates, nitrates, tungstate, molybdates are some examples of anodic inhibitors. Cathodic
inhibitors act by either slowing the cathodic reaction itself or selectively precipitating on
cathodic areas to limit the diffusion of reducing species to the surface

CREVICE

A Differential Aeration Cell consists of an oxygen concentration cell, the result of a potential difference
caused by different amounts of oxygen dissolved at two locations. A schematic of pit initiation and
tubercule formation due to an oxygen concentration cell under a biological deposit.

Temperature

 The type of passive film formed is important, as the breakdown of a passive film results in the onset of
crevice corrosion.

Filiform
 As mentioned above, filiform corrosion is a particular form of crevice corrosion. This type of
corrosion typically occurs on coated surfaces when moisture or a corrosive solution penetrates
through the defective coatings. It is caused by active galvanic cells across the metal surface.
Prevention
 one of the most effective methods for preventing corrosion on a metal surface.
 Cathodic protection is commonly used to protect numerous structures against corrosion, such
as ships, offshore floaters, subsea equipment, harbours, pipelines, tanks; basically all
submerged or buried metal structures.
 One of the most effective ways of prevention is to consider the causes prior to creating metal structures.
Instead of using riveted or bolted joints, use welded butt joints. Riveted or bolted joints are common
houses for crevice corrosion while welded butt joints help prevent it from forming.
 Non corrosive materials examples aluminum, titanium
 Corrosion-resistant weld overlays are often used to improve the service life of components
made with an otherwise corrosion-prone material. A major concern in an arc welding based
overlay is dilution or the extent of change in the chemistry of the deposited metal by the mixing
of base metal.