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Design
Design
Objective of design
• The aim of design is to achieve an acceptable
probability that the structure will perform
satisfactory during its life time.
• The structure must carry the load safely, not
deform excessively and have adequate durability
and resistance to the effects of misuse and fire.
• No structures can be made 100% safe, it is only
possible to reduce the probability of failure to an
acceptably low level.
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Failure modes in steel beam
Failure modes in steel beam
Limit state design
• Most modern structural codes of practice are
based on limit state approach.
• For steel – design codes available are BS 5950
and Eurocodes 3.
• For reinforced concrete – design codes
available are BS 8110 and Eurocodes 2.
• In Uk, Brittish Standard (BS) has been
superseded by Eurocodes. Malaysia is in the
transition process.
Limit state design
• There are two limit state design:
1. The ultimate limit state (ULS) – the whole
structure or its elements should not collapse,
overturn or buckle when subjected to design
load.
2. Serviceability limit state (SLS) – the structure
should not become unfit for use due to
excessive deflection, cracking or vibration
Design process
Determination of the design load s acting on the structure
Sizing of beams
1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk
1.0 Gk
Load transfer in structure
Example 2.2 (Chanakya Arya, 2009)
• A composite floor consisting of a 150 mm thick reinforced slab supported
on steel beam spanning 5 m and spaced at 3 m centres is to be designed
to carry an imposed load of 3.5kN/m2. Assuming that the unit mass of the
steel beam is 50 kg/m, calculate the design loads on a typical internal
beam.
Example 2.2 (Chanakya Arya, 2009)
Example 2.2 (Chanakya Arya, 2009)
Example 2.3 (Chanakya Arya, 2009)
The floor shown below with an overall depth of 225 mm is to be designed to
carry an imposed load of 3 kN/m2 plus floor finishes and ceiling loads of 1
kN/m2. Calculate the design loads acting on beams B1-C1, B2-C2 and B1-
B3 and columns B1 and C1. Assume that all the column heights are 3 m
and that the beam and column weights are 70 and 60 kg/m run
respectively.
Example 2.3 (Chanakya Arya, 2009)
Example 2.3 (Chanakya Arya, 2009)
Example 2.3 (Chanakya Arya, 2009)
Example 2.3 (Chanakya Arya, 2009)
Example 2.3 (Chanakya Arya, 2009)
Example 2.3 (Chanakya Arya, 2009)
Example 2.3 (Chanakya Arya, 2009)
Design moments and shear force in
beams using formulae in BS
Design moments and shear force in
beams using formulae in BS
Design moments and shear force in
beams using formulae in BS
Example 2.5 (Chanakya Arya, 2009)
• Calculate the design bending moments and shear forces in
beams B2-C2 and B1-B3 of Example 2.3.
Example 2.5 (Chanakya Arya, 2009)
Example 2.5 (Chanakya Arya, 2009)