Replace the forces system acting on a post

by a resultant force at point O

………. Al-Shahrani1
1Department of Mathematics, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

The concept of force is described. The definition of moment is provided. Types of force
are reviewed. The definition of gravitational force is defined. Newton laws in gravitation are
displayed. A numerical example is presented with significant illustrations, as an application of
the topic.
1. Introduction

Mechanics is the physical science which deals with the effects of forces on objects.
Although the principles of mechanics are few, they have wide application in engineering. The
principles of mechanics are central to research and development in the fields of vibrations,
strength of structures and machines and other fields. A thorough understanding of this subject
prerequisite for work in these and many other fields. Mechanics is the oldest of the physical
sciences. The earliest recorded writings in mechanics are those Archimedes (287 – 212 B.C).
on the principle of the lever and the principle of buoyancy. Substantial progress came later with
the formulation of the laws of vector combination of forces by stevinus. The accurate
formulation laws of motion, as law the of gravitation, was made by Newton.
Mechanics is one branch of physics that seeks studying movement physical bodies when
a force acts on them and moves them from one place to another place. and its impact on the
surrounding environment. Its origins and scientific bases in ancient Greece by Aristotle and
Archimedes.
The branches of mechanics are divided into two sections, the section of statics, or the
science of stationary static bodies, and the section of dynamics, which is the science that studies
the forces acting on moving bodies. Mechanics are classified into two categories: classical
mechanics, quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, or quantum mechanics.

‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
norahalshahrani852@gmail.com
 Classical mechanics explains the movement of bodies under influence of one or more
forces. Quantum mechanics or quantum mechanics is the science that studies physical
phenomena in nanoscale conditions in which the event remains based on Planck constant.
Quantum mechanics, derived from classical mechanics, provides a mathematical solution to
the behavior and interactions of energy particles such as actual waves and matter.

2. Theoretical Discussions
2.1 Definition of a force:
Action which tends to cause acceleration of a body. A force is a vector quantity, because
its effect de pends on the direction as well as on the magnitude of the action.
2.1.1 Rectangular Components
The most common two-dimensional resolution of a force vector is into rectangular
components. It follows from the parallelogram rule that the vector 𝐹 of Fig.1 may be written
as

𝐹 = 𝐹𝑥 + 𝐹𝑦 (1)
Where 𝐹𝑥 and 𝐹𝑦 are vector components of F in the 𝑥- and y-directions. Each of the two vector
components may be written as a scalar time the perpendicular projections are also called
orthogonal projections.

Fig. 1: Rectangular Components of force.

2.2 Types of force:

A weight (gravitational force): a force created between masses; each mass affects the other
strongly without the masses touching together, and this effect is from a distance, such as the
force of attraction of the earth to our bodies, or the force of attraction of the sun to the earth. A
direction that is always down (toward the center of the Earth).
• Frictional force: This force arises between surfaces that slide over each other, and opposite
to the direction of movement.

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• Are Tension force: It is the force that affects objects by pulling them by an external force
such as a rope or something else.
• Vertical force: It is the force that a surface exerts on an object it touches, and it is always
perpendicular to the surface.
• Electrostatic force: It is the force that results from the accumulation of electric charges,
resulting from the friction of two or more materials, which attracts these materials.
• Magnetic force: It is the force that affects the attraction of a magnet to another magnet, or
to one of the magnetic materials such as iron, chromium and nickel; Since a magnet consists
of positive and negative poles; similar poles repel, and different ones attract.
• Net force (resultant force): One or more forces may act on the body; since if two or more
forces are affected in a body, then these forces can be replaced by one force called the net
force, which is a single force equivalent in its effect to the group of forces acting on the
body.

2.3 Units of the force:

We can measure a force either by comparison with other known forces, using a
comparisons or calibrations have as their basis a primary standard. The standard unit of force
in SI units is the newton (𝑁) and in the U.S. customary system is the pound (𝐼𝑏).
The newton (𝑁) for force is derived from the preceding three by Eq. 2. Thus, force
(𝑁) = mass (𝑘𝑔) acceleration (m/𝑠 2 ). Thus, 1 newton is the force required to give a mass
of 1 𝑘𝑔 an acceleration of 1 m/s.
Consider a body of mass m which is allowed to fall freely near the surface of the earth.
With only the force of gravitation acting on the body, it falls with an acceleration g toward the
center of the earth. This gravitational force is the weight 𝑊 of the body,
m
𝑊(𝑁) = 𝑚(𝑘𝑔) × 𝑔 (𝑠2 ). (2)
2.4 Newton ’s Laws:
Sir Isaac Newton was the first to state correctly the basic laws governing the motion of a
particle and to demonstrate their validity. Slightly reworded with modern terminology, these
laws are:
Law I. A particle remains at rest or continues to move with uniform velocity (in a straight line
with a constant speed) if there is no unbalanced force acting on it.

Law II. The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the vector sum of forces acting on it
and is in the direction of this vector sum.

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Law III. The forces of action and reaction between interacting bodies are equal in magnitude,
opposite in direction, and collinear (they lie on the same line).

2.5 Law of Gravitation:

Gravity forces acting on masses that are a large distance apart Consider two masses 𝑚1
and 𝑚2 that are a distance 𝑟 apart. Newton’s law of gravitation states that mass 𝑚1 will
experience a force
G𝑚1 𝑚2
F = 𝑒̂12, (3)
𝑟2
where 𝑒̂12 is a unit vector pointing from mass 𝑚1 to mass 𝑚2 , and 𝐺 is the Gravitation
constant. Mass 𝑚2 will experience a force of equal magnitude, acting in the opposite
direction. In SI units 𝐺 = 6.673 × 10−11 𝑚3 𝑘𝑔−1 𝑠 −2 .

Fig. 2: The gravitation.

2.6 The free-body diagram:

The subject of statics is based on surprisingly few fundamental concepts and involves
mainly the application of these basic relations to a variety of situations. In this application the
method of analysis is all important. In solving a problem, it is essential that the laws which
apply be carefully fixed in mind and that we apply these principles literally and exactly. In
applying the principles of mechanics to analyze forces acting on a body, it is essential that we
isolate the body in question from all other bodies so that a complete and accurate account of
all forces acting on this body can be taken. This isolation should exist mentally and should be
represented on paper. The diagram of such an isolated body with the representation of all
external forces acting on it is called a free-body diagram.
The free-body-diagram method is the key to the understanding of mechanics. This is so
because the isolation of a body is the tool by cause and effect are clearly separated, and by
which our attention is clearly focused on the literal application of a principle of mechanics.
2.7 Classification of forces: External forces, constraint forces and internal forces:
When analyzing forces in a structure or machine, it is conventional to classify forces as
external forces, constraint forces or internal forces. External forces arise from interaction
between the system of interest and its surroundings. Examples of external forces include

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gravitational forces; lift or drag forces arising from wind loading; electrostatic and
electromagnetic forces; and buoyancy forces; among others.
Constraint forces are exerted by one part of a structure on another, through joints,
connections or contacts between components.
Internal forces are forcing that act inside a solid part of a structure or component. For
example, a stretched rope has a tension force acting inside it, holding the rope together. Most
solid objects contain very complex distributions of internal force These internal forces
ultimately lead to structural failure.

Fig. 3: The classification of forces.

2.8 The moment:

In addition to the tendency to move a body in the direction of its application, a force can
also tend to rotate a body about an axis. The axis may be any line which neither intersects nor
is parallel to the line of action of the force. This rotational tendency is known as the moment
𝑀̅ of the force. Moment is also referred to as torque.
2.9 Moment about a point:

Fig.4: The moment vector.

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 Figure 4 shows a two-dimensional body acted on by a force F in its plane. The magnitude
of the moment or tendency of the force to rotate the body about the axis 𝑂 −𝑂 perpendicular to
the plane of the body is proportional both to the magnitude of the force and to the moment arm
d, which is the perpendicular distance from the axis to the line of action of the force. Therefore,
the magnitude of the moment is defined as

𝑀=𝐹𝑑 (4)
The moment is a vector 𝑀̅ perpendicular to the plane of the body. The of 𝑀̅ depends on
the direction in which 𝐹̅ tends to rotate the body. The right-hand rule is used to identify this
sense. We represent the moment of 𝐹̅ about 𝑂−𝑂 as a vector pointing in the direction of the
thumb, with the fingers curled in the direction of the rotational tendency.
2.10 Units of the moment:
The moment 𝑀̅ obeys all the rules of vector combination and may be considered a sliding
vector with a line of action coinciding with the moment axis. The basic units of moment in SI
units are newton-meters (𝑁m), and in the U.S. customary system are pound-feet (lb-ft).
2.11 Mathematical definition of the moment:
In some two-dimensional and many of the three-dimensional problems to follow, it is
convenient to use a vector approach for moment calculations. The moment of 𝐹̅ about point 𝐴
of Fig. 4 may be represented by the cross-product expression

𝑀̅ = 𝑟̅ × 𝐹,
̅ (5)
where 𝑟̅is a position vector which runs from the moment reference point 𝐴 to any point on the
line of action of 𝐹̅. The magnitude of this expression is given by

𝑀 = 𝐹 𝑟 sin 𝛼 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑. (6)
which agrees with the moment magnitude as given by Eq. 4. Note that the moment arm 𝑑 =
𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 does not depend on the particular point on the line of action of 𝐹̅ to which the vector r
is directed. We establish the direction and sense of 𝑀̅ by applying the righthand rule to the
sequence 𝑟̅×𝐹̅. If the fingers of the right hand are curled in the direction of rotation from the
positive sense of 𝑟̅ to the positive sense of 𝐹̅, then the thumb points in the positive sense of
𝑀̅.

We must maintain the sequence 𝑟̅×𝐹̅ because the sequence 𝐹̅×𝑟̅ would produce a vector
with a sense opposite to that of the correct moment. As was the case with the scalar approach,
the moment 𝑀̅ may be thought of as the moment about point 𝐴 or as the moment about the line
𝑂−𝑂 which passes through point 𝐴 and is perpendicular to the plane containing the vectors
𝑟̅and 𝐹̅. When we evaluate the moment of a force about a given point, the choice between using
the vector cross product or the scalar expression depends on how the geometry of the problem

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is specified. If we know or can easily determine the perpendicular distance between the line of
action of the force and the moment center, then the scalar approach is generally simpler. If,
however, 𝐹̅ and 𝑟̅are not perpendicular and are easily expressible in vector notation, then the
cross-product expression is often preferable.
2.12 Types of the moments:
Torque can be either static or dynamic.

1. A constant torque is a torque that does not result in angular acceleration. Here are some
examples of constant torque:

A person pushing a closed door applies a fixed door because the door does not rotate
despite the force applied.
Pedaling at a constant speed is an example of static torque, where there is no acceleration.
2. The steering column of a racing car accelerating from the starting line shows dynamic
torque, because it must produce angular acceleration to the wheels, since the car is
accelerating along the track.

We note that the total force acting on the body is zero, and therefore, the body is in
transitive equilibrium, but the rod tends to rotate, and thus the effect of rotation caused by the
torque of the force, or the torque, for example, if we use the force near the hinge, it will require
It's more power to rotate the door.
2.13 The torque and horsepower:
Which is better, torque or horsepower?

Torque and horsepower are closely related, because in an internal combustion engine you
can't have one without the other, it's back to math again. This means that if you compare two
engines with different torque outputs, the higher torque engine will always generate more
horsepower at any given engine speed, however, not many higher always generate more
horsepower at any given engine speed, however, not many higher torque engines are designed
to accelerate that high (think powerful diesels), so final power numbers are often compromised,
in contrast, a high-rev petrol sports car may be designed to have lower torque, but its delivery
of maximum power at high engine speeds allows it to move faster.
2.14 Force–Couple Systems:
The effect of a force acting on a body is the tendency to push or pull the body in the
direction of the force, and to rotate the body about any fixed axis which does not intersect the
line of the force. We can represent this dual effect more easily by replacing the given force by
an equal parallel force and a couple to compensate for the change in the moment of the force.

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 The replacement of a force by a force and a couple is illustrated in Fig.5, where the given
force 𝐹 acting at point A is replaced by an equal force 𝐹ത at some point 𝐵 and the
counterclockwise couple 𝑀 = 𝐹𝑑. The transfer is seen in the middle figure, where the equal
and opposite forces 𝐹ത and −𝐹ത are added at point B without introducing any net external
effects on the body. We now see that the original force at A and the equal and opposite one at
𝐵 constitute the couple 𝑀 = 𝐹𝑑, which is counterclockwise for the sample chosen, as shown
in the right-hand part of the Fig 5. Thus, we have replaced the original force at 𝐴 by the same
force acting at a different point 𝐵 and a couple, without altering the external effects of the
original force on the body. The combination of the force and couple in the right-hand part of
Fig5. is referred to as a force–couple system.
By reversing this process, we can combine a given couple and a force which lies in the
plane of the couple (normal to the couple vector) to produce a single, equivalent force.
Replacement of a force by an equivalent force–couple system, and the reverse procedure, have
many applications in mechanics and should be mastered.

Fig 5: The replacement of a force by a force and a couple.

2.15 Resultants:
Equilibrium of a body is the condition in which the resultant of all forces acting on the
body is zero. This condition is studied in statics. When the resultant of all forces on a body is
not zero, the acceleration of the body is obtained by equating the force resultant to the product
of the mass and acceleration of the body. This condition is studied in dynamics. Thus, the
determination of resultants is basic to both statics and dynamics.

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 Fig.6: The resultant.

The most common type of force system occurs when the forces all act in a single plane,
say, the 𝑥−𝑦 plane, as illustrated by the system of three forces 𝐹̅ Fig. 6a. We obtain the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force 𝑅̅ by forming the force polygon shown in part b
of the figure, where the forces are added head-to-tail in any sequence. Thus, for any system of
coplanar forces we may write

𝐹̅ = 𝐹̅1 + 𝐹̅2 + 𝐹̅3 + ⋯ = ∑ 𝐹,

̅

𝑅𝑥 = ∑ 𝐹𝑥 , 𝐹𝑦 = ∑ 𝐹𝑦 , 𝑅 = √(∑ 𝐹𝑥 ) + (𝐹𝑦 ),
𝑅 ∑ 𝐹𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1 𝑅𝑥 = tan−1 ∑ 𝐹 . (7)
𝑦 𝑥

Graphically, the correct line of action of 𝑅̅ may be obtained by preserving the correct lines
of action of the forces and adding them by the parallelogram law. We see this in part a of the
figure for the case of three forces where the sum 𝑅̅ this in part a of the figure for the case of
three forces where the sum 𝑅̅1 of 𝐹̅2 and 𝐹̅3 is added to 𝐹̅1 to obtain 𝑅̅ . The principle of
transmissibility has been used in this process.

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3 Numerical model
The two structural members, one of which is in tension and the other in compression, exert
the indicated forces on joint O. Determine the magnitude of the resultant R of the two forces
and the angle which R makes with the positive x-axis?

Fig. 7: The system of force acting on structure.

3
∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 4 cos 45 + 6 ( ) = 6.641𝑁,
5
4
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 4 sin 45 − 6 ( ) = −2.202𝑁,
5

2
𝑅 = √(∑ 𝐹𝑥 )2 + (∑ 𝐹𝑦 )

= √(6.641)2 + (−2.202)2
= √44.102 + 4.848 = √48.95 = 6.996𝐾𝑁,
∑ 𝐹𝑦 −2.202
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (∑ 𝐹 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = −°.
𝑥 6.641
‫طلعي الناتج الن مفروض قيمة في البسط‬
𝐹𝑦
4 Conclusion
The force concept and moment force have been defined in the presented study. Types of
force have been reviewed. Some concepts related to torque have been forces are discussed. The
moment force has been classified into two types either static or dynamic. The difference
between the power and torque units has been discussed. Some torque applications have been
displayed. As an application of the topic, a numerical example has been presented with
significant illustrations.

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References:

[1] M. Spiegel, General mechanics and its applications, 2004.

[2] M. Spiegel, Physics for universities: part one mechanics, 2000.
[3] J.L. Merlam, L.G. Kraige, engineering mechanics, 1978.
[4]. Newton, Principia. california press, 1934.

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