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Large Phantom Guidance
Large Phantom Guidance
Guidance
0.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
0.1 Overview and Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
0.2 The Phantom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
0.3 The Required Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
0.4 The Image Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
These regions have the highest signal. Lower the 1.4 Recommended Action Criteria
display level until the signal in these water-only All measured lengths should be within ± 2 mm of their
regions is all white. true values.
3. Raise the display level until about half of the total 1.5 Causes of Failure and Corrective Actions
area of the water-only regions has turned dark. This is
The most common cause of failure of this test is 1 or
illustrated in Figure 5 for the localizer. The level is
more miscalibrated gradients. A miscalibrated gradient
now set to a numerical value approximating the mean
causes its associated dimension (x, y, or z) in the images
signal of the water-only regions; note this value.
to appear longer or shorter than it really is. It will also
(This is really estimating the median signal, but that cause slice position errors. It is normal for gradient
will be sufficiently close to the mean for our calibration to drift over time and to require recalibration
purpose.) by the service engineer.
4. Lower the level setting to half of the mean signal NOTE: Gradient amplifiers need time to warm up and
value found in step 3. Increase the window setting to stabilize when they are turned on. Some sites
equal the mean signal value. power off their scanner hardware, including
gradient amplifiers, overnight. Those sites
NOTE: Some older scanners have a numerical value
should make sure their hardware has been on at
of 1024 as the zero pixel intensity value. For
least an hour before acquiring images of the
such scanners this zero offset must be taken
phantom.
into account when figuring the half value of
the mean signal. Another possible cause of failure is use of too low an
acquisition bandwidth. It is common practice on some
1.3 How the Measurements Are Analyzed
scanners and at some facilities to reduce acquisition
The length measurements are compared with the known bandwidth to increase signal-to-noise ratio. This can be
values of the distances in the phantom. pushed to the point that the normal inhomogeneities in B0
The inside end-to-end length of the phantom is 148 mm. manifest themselves as spatial distortions in the image.
On most scanners the default bandwidth for T1
The inside diameter of the phantom is 190 mm. acquisitions is set high enough to avoid this problem.
5. If all 4 holes in any single row are distinguishable 6. Look at the holes in the LR array and adjust the
from one another, score the image as resolved right- display window and level to best show the holes as
to-left at this particular hole size. distinct from one another.
One needs to be very clear about what is meant here 7. If all 4 holes in any single column are seen to be
by the word “distinguishable.” It is not required that distinguishable from one another, score the image as
image intensity drop to zero between the holes; that resolved top-to-bottom at that particular hole size.
is not normal. What is required is that a single
The remarks made in step 5 about distinguishability
window and level setting can be found such that all 4
of holes within rows apply here to holes within
holes in at least 1 row are recognizable as points of
columns.
brighter signal intensity than the spaces between
them. Figure 9a shows the typical appearance of 8. Move on to the pair of arrays with the next smaller
well-resolved holes. hole size, and evaluate as in steps 4 through 7.
Continue until the smallest resolvable hole sizes have
When the hole size is comparable to the resolution in
been found for the right-to-left and top-to-bottom
the image, there is a tendency for groups of 2 or more
directions.
holes in a row to blur together and appear as a single
irregularly shaped spot of signal. In this case the 9. Make a note of the smallest hole size resolved in each
holes in that row are considered unresolved. An direction; that is the measured resolution for that
example of this is shown in row 1 of the UL array of direction.
Figure 9b.
Figure 9:
(a) Typical appearance of well-resolved holes. Rows 2 through 4 of the UL array are resolved, and columns 1 through 3
of the LR array are resolved. (Rows and columns are numbered starting from the upper left corner of each array.)
(b) Example of barely resolved rows and unresolved columns. Row 2 of the UL array is resolved because all 4 holes are
discernible from each other, even though the holes at either end of the row blur together with their neighbors in the
row below. So, the horizontal direction would be scored as resolved at this hole size. None of the columns of the LR
array show more than 3 discernible spots within the column, so the vertical direction is not resolved at this hole size.
2.3 How the Measurements Are Analyzed contrast resolution test. Ghosting is a very nonspecific
There is no analysis. One simply notes the measured symptom of a hardware problem. In general, it is caused
resolution in both directions for both of the axial ACR by instability of the measured signal from pulse cycle
series. to pulse cycle, which can have its origin in the receiver,
2.4 Recommended Action Criteria transmitter, or gradient subsystems. Motion of the
phantom can also cause ghosting. Make sure the phantom
The field of view and matrix size for the axial ACR series
is stable in the head coil and not free to move or vibrate.
are chosen to yield a resolution of 1.0 mm in both
Having ruled out phantom motion, it will usually be
directions. For both directions in both axial ACR series
necessary to ask the service engineer to track down and
the measured resolution should be 1.0 mm or better.
correct the cause of ghosting.
2.5 Causes of Failure and Corrective Actions
Geometric errors from gradient miscalibration, B0
Excessive image filtering can cause failure. Many types inhomogeneity and too-low acquisition bandwidth can
of filtering that are used to make the images appear less cause failure of this test. However, it is unusual for the
noisy also smooth the image, which blurs small geometric errors to be large enough to do that. In such
structures. A site that has failed the high-contrast cases the image will usually be obviously misshapen, eg,
resolution test should check that any user selectable the circular phantom may appear elliptical or egg-shaped.
image filtering is either turned off, or at least set to the If the scanner passes the geometric accuracy test, it is
low end of the available filter settings. very unlikely that geometric error could be the cause
Poor eddy current compensation can cause failure. The of failure of the high-contrast spatial resolution test. On
scanner’s service engineer should check and adjust the the other hand, if the scanner fails the geometric accuracy
eddy current compensation if this problem is suspected. test by a large margin, then the failure of this test and the
Excessive image ghosting can cause failure. The presence geometric accuracy test may have a common cause. Refer
of excessive ghosting will be obvious elsewhere in the to section 1.5 of the geometric accuracy test for
image if it is sufficient to cause failure of the high- discussion of causes and corrective actions for geometric
error.
5. Use the on-screen length measurement tool of the Extremely bad gradient calibration, or poor gradient
display station to measure the lengths of the top and switching performance can also cause failure of this test.
bottom ramps. This is illustrated in Figure 12. Record All of these possible causes for failure require corrective
these lengths. They are the only measurements action by the service engineer.
required for this test.
Often there are horizontal striations in the signal
intensity of the ramps that cause the ends to appear
scalloped or ragged. The striations are a
manifestation of truncation (Gibbs) artifact, and are
normal. In this case one must estimate the average
locations of the ends of the ramps in order to measure
the ramp lengths. Figure 12 is an example of this
problem and how the measurements should be made.
Estimating the ends of the ramps introduces a source
of error, but a millimeter of error in the ramp length
measurement corresponds to only a tenth of a
millimeter error in the slice thickness, so the errors
introduced are small in effect.
3.3 How the Measurements Are Analyzed
The slice thickness is calculated using the following
formula:
Figure 12: Magnified region of slice 1 showing slice
slice thickness = 0.2 x (top x bottom)/(top + bottom) thickness signal ramps. The display window
is zero and the level is half the average
where top and bottom are the measured lengths of the top
signal level of the ramps. The length
and bottom signal ramps. For example, if the top signal
measurements for the ramps are shown on
the image (gray lines).
a b
bars bars
Figure 13: Images of slice 1 (a) and slice 11 (b) with the pairs of vertical bars from the 45° crossed wedges indicated. On
these images the length difference between the right and left bars is small and typical of well-positioned slices.
Figure 14: Images of slice 1 illustrating measurement of slice position error. The arrows indicate the bar length difference
measurement that is to be made.
(a) The bar on the right is longer, meaning the slice is mispositioned superiorly; this bar length difference is assigned a
positive value.
(b) The bar on the left is longer, meaning the slice is mispositioned inferiorly; this bar length difference is assigned a
negative value.
4.3 How the Measurements Are Analyzed referenced on the localizer: slices 1 and 11 will not be
This test requires no analysis of the measurements. The aligned with the crossed-wedge vertices on the localizer
action criteria are specified in terms of limits on the bar image. Other causes of failure do not show up as slice
length difference measurements. position error on the cross-referenced images. It is
important to prescribe the slices as carefully as possible
However, because the crossed wedges have 45° slopes, since errors introduced here can add to other sources of
the bar length difference is twice the actual slice error and push an acceptable level of performance to an
displacement error. For example a bar length difference unacceptable level.
of –5.0 mm implies the slice is displaced inferiorly by 2.5
mm from the vertex of the crossed wedges. Many scanners shift the patient table position in the
inferior-superior direction to place the center of a
4.4 Recommended Action Criteria prescribed stack of images at gradient isocenter. This
The absolute bar length difference should be 5 mm or table shift occurs after the localizer is made, and thus
less. error in the table positioning mechanism leads to slice
position error. If the bar length difference for slices 1 and
As explained in section 7.5, a bar length difference of
slice 11 are the same in sign and similar in magnitude,
more than 4 mm for slice 11 will adversely affect
this type of table positioning error may be the cause.
the low-contrast object detectability score. So, although 5
A particularly bad gradient calibration or poor B0
mm is acceptable for this test, it is advisable to keep the
homogeneity can cause failure of this test. In this case the
bar length difference to 4 mm or less.
problem also will usually be apparent as a failure or near
4.5 Causes of Failure and Corrective Actions failure of the geometric accuracy test.
An error by the scanner operator in the prescription of the Sometimes a failure of this test is an unfortunate
slice locations can cause a failure. This is probably the combination of 2 or 3 of the problems just mentioned—
most common cause of failure of this test. This type of inaccurate slice prescription, error in the table positioning
error will be evident when the axial images are cross- mechanism, and poor gradient calibration or B0
a b
Small
ROI
Small
ROI
Figure 16: Image of slice 7 showing windowing of the image and placement of small, 1 cm2 ROIs for image uniformity
measurements.
(a) Example of windowing and ROI placement for measurement of the low-signal value. In this case the proper location for
placement of the small ROI is not entirely clear. The guidance given in step 3 above has been followed. The ROI has been
placed at what is visually estimated to be the largest 1 cm2 dark area inside the largest of the 2 dark regions inside the large
ROI.
(b) Example of windowing and ROI placement for measurement of the high-signal value. Following the guidance in step 5 above,
the ROI has been placed at what is visually estimated to be the brightest 1 cm2 of the bright area inside the large ROI.