CLUSTER 1

 At any given velocity, wavelength and frequency are

- inversely proportional

 inverse square law

- mag decrease and intensity pag mag taas/layo ang distance ng source or mag increase
and intensity pag mas malapit ang distance ng source

 3. Mass equivalence formula

- E=mc2

 all circuit elements are connected in a line along the same conductor
- series circuit

 circuit contains elements that are connected at their ends rather than lying in a line
along conductor.
- parallel circuit

 most likely happen inside the x ray tube

- radiant heat

 Excessive heat results in reduced x ray tube life

 maximum radiographic techniques should never be applied to cold anode
 approximately 99% of the kinetic energy of electrons from cathode is converted to heat
only 1 % x ray
 interaction of matter that only excites the target atom
- coherent/ Thompson/classical (same lang to sila )

 interaction in the outer shell

- Compton scattering

 interaction of matter that produces characteristic radiation

- photoelectric effect

 interaction in the inner shell

-photoelectric effect

 pair production occurs w/ x rays that have energy

- 1.02 MeV

 interaction between high energy x rays and nucleus

 - Photodisintegration

 most sensitive cell type

- lymphocytes

 stem cells are radiosensitive, mature cells are radioresistant

- Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

 non- threshold, linear

- stochastic

 has threshold, non linear

- deterministic

 the immediate response of radiation sickness

- prodromal period

 is the time after exposure during which there is no sign of radiation sickness
-latent period

 most radiosensitive cell during female germ cell development

-oocyte

 most radiosensitive stem cell in male

- spermatogonia

 radiation measuring device

- dosimeter

 More radiosensitive
- neonatal or new born children

Cluster 2
 geometric factors
-magnification, distortion, focal spot blur
 factors that affects image magnification
-SID, OID
 Low contrast ( long gray scale ) high contrast (short gray scale)
 Straight line portion is the diagnostically useful
 The degree of sharpness of structural lines
 -recorded detail
 Primary factor that affects the optical density
-mAs

 Quantity refers to mAs while kvp refers to quality

 Emulsion consist of
-silver bromide, silver iodide
 Silver halide crystal is the active ingredient of emulsion
 Protect the emulsion from rough handling
-overcoat
 Invisible change that is induced in the silver halide crystal
-latent image
 Active layer of intensifying screen
-phosphor layer
 A material that is used as base in intensifying screen
-polyester
 Chemical that produces black tones slowly
-hydroquinone
 Chemical that maintain balance
-sodium sulfite
 An activator that neutralized the Ph of emulsion and stops developer action
-Acetic acid
 Removes undevelop silver bromide from emulsion
-ammonium thiosulfate
 Watts used w/ colored filter placed in front of the bulb
-7.5-15 watts
 Kodak GS-1filter
-green sensitive
 Temperature is monitored at each stage ,requires precise temperature control
-temperature control system
 Continually mix the processing chemicals
-circulation system
 Meters the proper quantity of chemicals into each tank to maintain volume and chemical
activity
-replenishment system
 Study the Grid conversion solving and magnification factor
 15% Rule : when the kVp is lowered by 15% the mAs needs to be increased by a factor of
2, and when the kVp is increased by 15% the mAs needs to be multiplied by 0.5 (i.e.
divided by 2).
-example: 90 kvp would be lowered by 15% so automatically the mAs will increase by
50% or 2
90 x .15=13.5 then just subtract 13.5 from 90 then then answer is the new kvp which is
76.5. And in getting the new mAs just multiply the given mAs into 2
 Oldest language for scientific, engineering, and mathematical problem
-FORTRAN
 Transfer of images and patient reports to remote sites
- teleradiology
 Capture element of indirect DR
-cesium iodide, gadolinium oxysulfide

Cluster 3

 Clubfoot also called as

-tallipes

 Projection to reduce radiation dose to the breast

-PA Projection

 Position best demonstrates apices below the clavicle

-lordotic position or Lindblom method
 Best position to demonstrate scapular Y
-RAO AND LAO

 May method
-IOML // with the IR
-RP: 1 ½ inch posterior to outer canthus

 Superior Orbital Fissures

-central ray 20-25 caudad both PA axial projection
 Inferior Orbital Fissures
-central ray 20-25 cephalad
 Recumbent position ( prone position and ventral position or ventral decubitus are the
same)
( supine position and dorsal position or dorsal decubitus are the
same)
 Parietoorbital oblique projection (prone)
 Orbitoparietal oblique projection (supine)
 ROTATE MSP 50*
RHESE METHOD
 2 Inches superior to EAM
-General survery
 ¾ inch superior and ¾ inch anterior to EAM
-sella turcica
 Use for trauma patients
-crosstable
 AP Axial Projection - Towne Method
-SS
• Symmetric view of the petrous pyramid

 Posterior portion of the foramen magnum

 Posterior clinoid processes within the shadow of the foramen magnum
and dorsum sellae Occipital bone
 Posterior portion of the parietal bones
• Remember: SPPOP

 recommended for patients who cannot extend their head enough for a satisfactory
submentovertical projection
- Lysholm method
 fontanel is between parietal occipital and temporal bones
- mastoid fontanel
 Valdini Method- PA Axial
- DILA (IOML 50°): Dorsum sellae
Internal Auditory Meatus (IAM);
Labyrinth
-ETB “EaT Bulaga” (OML 50°):
External auditory meatus
Tymphanic cavity
Bony part of Eustachian tube
 Caldwell method
-central ray exits to NASION
 Vertebral column
-5

 Best demonstrates cranial base

-smv or vsm or schuller method

 Lateral projection
-IPL perpendicular, MSP parallel

 Stenvers Method
-posterior profile
-12 cephalad
 Arcelin Method
-anterior profile
-10 caudad
 Mayer Method Structure shown:
- tympanic cavity and ossicles
 A leaded contact lens is palced directly over the cornea
-Pfeiffer-Comberg method
 Sphenoid strut
-Hough method