Feproduce Lan and Foye CRLP 6 & ont ply cy vai ph ed acral hnan "rs pepe: ‘roti net we re coe ee te min ft 9 rat Co teens pub Det a En ue 8 foc a Come Seth Su heen tt we ovltcn pole and fas tonne with wonens ous werkt o0 ent fetes Sen acannon ETE ear hips osc Cn sy nc es ars Se of Re Pe a i a ea mw cf tert athe fm of Geary Gate seen 8 Haron ton, SESS iat pine nee Seems “rom Be Coksbia rivers Saker nar Beef on weno ron ronment arias Eee set oeraantenscttie Grater Se oS as ae tea iecrome (ESR even ee cee weet tegen it peng a alapeae Ein ntatrpe sce ooubimnmynnea none Female Genital Mutilation AGe fe to Laws and Policies Worldwide Edited by Ania Rahman and Nahid Toubla @a6 Ses ew Yo To CA Nese 8 Baby Se WE, Ne a A RSA Daneel he USA ed Mat ee leh © cine fo Re La ey RAD 2 Tare Sy aml senate Co Sp SSIS Bee Kon la Ata woned| Tate sep Te a Contents Now on Termincoey fare A HUMAN RIGHTS APPROACH aground ad Hit ‘ern Hina Rie an tke brane rg ed FOR 3 ace of Goermuts Under Human Rigs Lw pt mei 3 lime 85 Lap an Pate Setages oe NGOS wh Bt Roi of Ein preaches feral ogame pons Te Nason! Le Meares momen Crtaned Ro rte. 95 ‘ibe tee ateaton bc 0D “he owns rr ol an ait FORGE in Democrat Repub of Congo Dhtows Fone hops ine ans ‘7 ho oy a 19 Norway Seep Sern Lnone nes Kingdom Sele Boge "8 29 m a‘Acronyms and Abbreviations scan Chet Chien Rights Convenson (Cir Plt Rigs ‘iat Rags Coveane Enron Conrrion ‘Atican Chater ote Right and Wiel of the Cd _Atcan Comision of Hose Right gies come Aero tm uth Wedd Conference om Women ‘Bacrniin Again Women Coaenion 0 he Rigs of the Ce Pose ik Came fo Repeocte Law and Dene Dae on Region Denogrpic and Heth Saree Soc snd Calarge opean Convention fo she Prien of rman Rig sod FojFoM. man igh Consison 1g ice CPD Programme of Astin Mao Rigs Decision ann? sea steal Deaton Ferme cemsso/feale eal nied Nits Commision on aman Rie Ractee Altec be Hed ot Topulation snd Developmcss society Settee Non gore npnisnons Plea Rebs nO Nerwock forthe Bodily Tategy of nl Precton 9 Hama Rg Conrenon Agi Trae and Ober Geta oc epg Uses Nstoos Che Punt river Declan of Horm Rights Wold Heath Open Coovenion on de hninton of Al Sino Dito hgNote on Terminology te sppronhing ths tp, eof the mot conor ue ‘be Tome cteusion” (FO) o “ema genial molson” (FCM) 1 th weiminclogy to deve he proce, Proposes of the eo cy af ams dw of Se Shed a» mena sel people nd te calurs fm whith By come ‘lta be erm “eae cecion” ee wed in the israel “The erm FGM ha been sloped bys wie age of woes bea and hema sits bot ib ad oie Ay, bem they Seder ints te dg cued by he racic. Thi erm ur Been ‘in several United Nations conference dcanents. I the late 19h, some ‘Sots apd nteratonlsraions began wing ee eae sch te gil maga” (FO) nel "lone pel og” CO sonoma geil mtn” (C/FGM) bas ben ated ns pe Teson toner ache he aby of bh expe the Intent of the proce creuacia andthe fet mon Hom snamite of the pobation ata tol for lege poey ad stim Acknowledgements Pro Abdals Abed An Nem, Poesor of La Eaary Urey Shoal of Lew + Pot Rebeee Cook, rte, ety of Lan Unive of Toon + Pot. tynn Freedpn, Dicer, Law snd acy Uni, Cob Un he Heh and Poplon ‘Aron The flsiog perc inhe CRLPs Tenn Popa so ‘relate he prepcton of hs bck: Mae Feats Sa Aton, ‘Manas sgh iplcnion of FC/EEM, Cyne Eyam Ene ots of aon ee! effet alters FO/FEM: Frame RAINED pete ao ne a ed coe loos snd pie, wore completed by se fling india ad seo + These UL Akamads, Wormer Cente for Ree at Deen ge): + Keen Bg, Women Heth in Wome Hd Comma Hes Cane (CaBackground and History Whats FOIRGM Fee ncn es F/M be SE pce vento dts Steals mua cet and peycologcal damage that FC/FGM can cause. Howees, the act Sati inscares Se Sole So ger os ‘ice So li ics flees Sok ona ears Scan -such a the terms tar in Egypt, bwin Sudan and dol in Mali. Local cacy eyeraticnacea pears4. FRALE G&NATAL MUTILATION. Ines ftom Sade, forex, hoc eferd toa a, tn inflata esr tt lomo, In ese seocted Fenchipeing Aizen FC/EGM i commodly tered ta ao ‘ila Engen Ae, he term "scamesion”predomlaat vn ved fot many ya to dee te pence Other expense ieee cing” female ei sarge "ia nl urge” tossed latin have sho ben wed Hower he ps dead, {Nese sem peial mutaon” ht hen agape! by wide ge of ‘Sone ah nd hun sighs cis Bene ey eet he fn etd byte pn. The Woe Hea Organon (WHO) a> Tel Pscies Metin the Het of Women and Chea GAO) formaly doped this tm. Scecqend, te meena commiy ‘rel hs expen inser United Nats confereee document ‘Sloig toe lag to the 1984 Iron Cote on Ppeason {tu Developmen a Cao (Cai Canfrne), he 1995 We fae Socal Devlapent i Capechagen (Capeaogen Sens) snd the 195 Fou Word Confrne on Watenn Bing (Bag Conf). ‘Although te ten "ene geil tation” hat ben eye sve piy and abocacy fo onainone wesking with commutes tht prctce FOM have found tat hi erm an be fesse oes Shocking © vomen who have never cone the pace # ton. sof rpc ny, ny omar al gel cating” when wong with hee populate ‘of the appease dal erm “FC/BGM™ as ben wed fortis book ep rhe qing nen fm Und Neon confer ‘ce docunen td atonal lgtaon Thee "ere ccueson” mr ee py an analogy wi tle chcumcsnm, However, wide some say ep tat bh plies session hs gh pci. he ‘Crain om de ofthe pes wiou nage eg ale The ge of coin in fre Con ently sch ot ex {rine Thea equals of eltecony a whieh al ope of Se Seng ie semoves, woul be the ampotaton of mos of the pss The ‘tale equaln of ifblton whith owome noe onlyeandecom, the enor or doing af ofthe sna dese tnd he agin = ‘oul be renova of all Be ens roof so ave dp ofthe ‘oul si Ameer imporaatdincon vol snd ec menage i soci with ech prec, Male cacanstion fies manhood with i enly ied wo shows woman he conc ral in acer td seit h sn de ere fe nd under “The Right to be Feee fom All Poems of Disesmination Apaicat “Women” For ill etion of the snes and ference beeen Ia sd femal icon so Neild Tonics "Eoloongey Ct “he maton for FC/2GM are comple, rete each ote and ‘renal late eapbonton fo he pte PC/EOML ep seen tt pa ang my anor ay ‘ole we ean enplain FC/PGM we mat andersand thae i dependent tec on a age Besos, b on tn en bl tn sod ye et tom and taken 1s iy coon rein pte a+ of pe ‘Mf anding macs, bbe ad crn The pce of "e ‘oming” 4 waa tus sone tthe tanec of cut td tran by alg the ilo he ite ad ren payed by oe stom, FC/FOM repens a9 at of roca in ual vais (Corse at pscice FC/FOM tffem thr rlsonshie mi the Wen’ seat ‘ted wore sabe Beate eli & scy comer, ha, “fees ening epelng ont covet, For may commune ne rte FC/PCM, «fly och ove dependh aa gas wity JFC/FGM is pexcived at 2 way to cata premarin) cx and preserve “poy nots concern, FC/FOM pened rede the wom‘serum er band th loving him to ae een wes. ‘Newer the fen eons to sontel women tena FY FGM nando eee woe sonal eae rome woes ii and potsing marl Bly in be nee of male cay FON deen rc of woes ee ne Pein “inp me ha ROM scat iio pc, leno satament oF she eon. I fa, FC/EGM pated by Jos, Cham Malin ad nlgenna eligous prope ot AS. Towers, de the ft that P/F okay sn contiey it stongy Het wih Iam ln sever Ate a ‘Sd may members ef he Mas commysdvcne oe he pee Whie citer the Quis, ee pam sore for Team lam, or he “tai collections of he ie ofthe Proper Mohammed lees ieee or FC/FGM? dae ovr intepeon of sae fn oe hah condaues Mont recent, dung he letra Confrence (p Popeon sn Repadusve Heath be Mos Woda ype sare con ah pn cg FFM we ek Soci presure ‘ere gost women ae ccd fy feds and alors ee {emionnent in bic the pace of coin becom xp tet ceeuing my 1 be tn epte, Fear of cont ogres Prova The proses boeoner cea bp Belg he cea ‘rrr forse mopeny and ane FC/FOM grows iniporance How Widespread is FCIFGM? orkid, ae eimsed 139 millon gle and women have degen C/PGH, Arlee co in git ete Seo eon oe foem of the procedure” Hic RC/FOM thought fo ave 0g = BACKGROUND AND HISTORY 7 ed in sors Egypt o porte Sha and ws paced by many ‘ss, nclaig he Phocians, Hits sad he sat Eee, ‘Cron FC/FGM i pace n 28 Alan cows ithe Satan st Nontesern ego: Naonl exits of preven ave Segment oe 2 Alcan hie may of (Mali Suan and Tanz hve eclabe dea base on specie questions rll to FC/FCM in the Demographic sod els Srey (OHS). 50 per cnt x higher! However, eelnce vast wey fom coum tyson ange em ed pe ce oie Eg Ee, tod Coe doo, wo § per eat a the Democrat Repu of Cong td Ups Thre tao great patna pence vi cous Fer expo Mal proves in hemi Tuck i Gao 8 le than 10 percent whe in Banat and Kolo the rate 95 ft cea and 9 pr on sept" In As the pce he een ‘ecard among eb Dan aa Mules ina» ew Noon se opin Ln he Sa ay hr eo he “As ecendy a he 19% gga othe Unie King ad che Ute Sts alk petformed FC/FGM to “rat hye, ela, ‘leone FC/EGM ae ao found sncoy Aen orig, conees Shen mee Cand Amen nh Une etn Howrey se lect of FE/FCM among thes The ting poeta ip feb ance the ao sjtente docomentd cence Of she pte ceeng i mmiga seting, Wise are the Healh Conrequences of FCIFGH? fore dco the ah consssees ofthe prc is iapertiot smexpin ie diferent peso FC/FGN, Wie proces ier ey ‘ane grouped broadly into foc categorie, a etublhed by de WHO.” + te I (ommonly ered w “dhoidetomy Excion of the ‘epics wv o ioa exo of pst rao the eos(FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION + Tie ommaaly werd to a8 “acon scion of the pepe sd coc together with pital or ol econ ofthe ers ‘pr I (omsony rer aa “nedaony Ean of part ot sof the eral gana ad sbching/arowing of he "ae pane + Tipe ented Al ees proces ht ave pri ton emorl of the femal ere geil anor ry oe fle {ol opus fren o any ther no ope aon Te rsh ping ping ung or bung of te cs and/or C/FGM has noua potential hein conten fe i and women These inde thee of pil conpeon 9 wel pycholegl Priel compestins ‘The pouble immediate complenion of per of FC/EGM ince severe pia ad eng TF prolonge the cei eal to amin ‘ich may aft te grow of» asd ren elong Weegee Sok st alo rel a henorge ad hepa ov tums of the procalue IF Beedng i ey sever aod encomelt ie an a sey common andes compan sine wih PC/ECME sine ced by eng uses eating irmuments Sach nen fy alo cew wii s fev das of the procedure ifthe puna ek Eccomer commited ih toe ofc Ttecon can ado pe ei he barra eae he ode we eson ‘out fom sveling snd infammation aro the aod Reventon ‘uly reread a led a wey ss foo ‘ongeeum peblons can ake fom ay FC/FGM proce, Howee, ‘Types land IT oss celine acer eompeoes. Commie complesions of ‘nition inf: reented usr tact sft, ‘hronc pel infaions (ee may ete epable dae ere poducine ori and eran infra In he tno ad Exc ewenive growth of sear hue or cat ate te of the ate od ‘rate (a tne) erent nes ad th gin or een ‘hereto and vg Another common longer compo at i t i t I i i | { : L i fing val ner Woe wh FC/FGM maya alte om rots ding inh A payed won esebcaropn (ct) ag dey of ks ac tr hv dove tor a Se ear un tin we eerenag colts fer oh Seto dhe cl Soe es tg ined ween Stipend pus ein” ag oe fil in need Sohn may aru ee sgh swum any ber edo of peas ag ‘eirorlon ha wag toe pes ete de yeh fee ‘While there ae for sues on the peyote of RC/RCML sale lfm ines sg peal pect on tees of {ae and women, Gis he reported darn ia cg der, oe fd copsion shorty afer expecting the perdu. Many ps ee ‘onte experince er simu o iio and speed flings ‘sf anges es raya Sate rom Soma an Sa nde ng oopine eft ene sod snledenti Ther afew sis om thefts of RC/EGI on he sey of side swomen.Infrmston om sible ss” ie ta whl a ‘pe of FC/PGN can intr to sme degie with nomen sre ‘apes, the proceed ot serrate te one a ‘srl plane od cS When ptt of th genta oe het ‘oes fs dy sn a rest an vee neal nes Ins. However tbe seal epenene of emt! woes ll ot Hiseorcl Accoune of Atcampts to Bring Attention to oF Stop FOIFGM ‘Te ot dacamene sons 1 ring ston 0 the pace of FC/ GM dite ack ote ttn of he reat etary. Howes ov ‘let vost rs ad fates eal pst se { opping the pacer were eed mt pet ie te nthe et) 19005 eco ndnieatons ate mites fo te cour of Busia Fi eye an Sun ate ep prior Uy eoeing lve and couch rly, but ech scons oly scsi it otlang sige aps frag ervenson Lt ene the oven teas of Soa aed ype ps oy on FC/PCA i he 20 oad10 FEMALE GENITAL MUTLATION 19501 wera intone, aly betas of the ck of por east Tn the 960 on 1970 niga Aca acm gine BC/POM further developed In many cou, womens grap ll ttoient, amps wo elo the popaion tose the hrm ees of the Practice Tn ado, doctors mest im Sen, maa sad Niger — ‘nto ober pt suring rn complains of FC/EGHE Sosa "© document the pocdute ad wit Soa i lnk complete in ei orale ‘Khoa, Soin Fran Hacer an Ae cals wo ad ted trough Aes to coll infornten on FO/FCN, pence ber Fa fagz A tog pene of wore orn sve Afton coon ed 4 ‘rete anda heme ofthe rac ant sagen fm the il Peicpane for + mer frm of the pote tobe pred der perc condor The rcommenatoor ince! deeb of ‘onal commiion forte coment of scrapie PO/POME Despre 2irhatncl wp of woes dros fo top al forms of C/FGDK, te fore ae il epaely reed tye tegesof | ‘heel commensy i Afssa he Ws to medi the pace. In the 198, Assen women conned to orpaine 10 ae the pace of FC/FGM Ta 1980 for Ann ween svi ened oe fee, he cris teen te apace of indigenes Alan Wome m wop the pac and wove of easier wos paca, fw Woe ‘women who spe oat unt pote re erin hy Aten ‘omen t be conceding ted talons Unirunsy tat [ident nll tered a he peat sein bros Wee fois fd Af ele conterdonis ina rae eating a the hea the prc In 84» proup of Afian women oe ecg of ‘sean NGOs i Dis, Sener,” wich vet nthe format of ‘he laser Afean Commies on Tol Pies Aeing he Henly Of Womes sed Chen GAC) Ore the TS yes negent te Dadar siz IAC afer mee funded ore 96 Aft oon. oat he bam fc of PJP, ng te 98s wa ae oer ‘eane FC/FGM ars Homan hsv Ts dee tie food F shia esceciceipparnmerreoren grovingsholuship and taking bina ans pl echobus ted ahoewes Thy bem nceningy to gout the ack of gener We ofthe manne in which mot action! le ane ‘a eis snl focus urn ca the “pac” apere— at the wl of poten, govern and est Ll non ws pid fo kept dems o he fal and oct dept tet hate ‘ow bequet vlauns of women ironed oth cones. {ron of the five Scotmy bereen “ple” and pete” per, tity ofthe naes ince opon wort by pire ne fom of donee ven, dowry Sh td PC/PGM ~ were ot gre ear viewed at banana aurs for wich goveoments cold be Seid scoube Ie 58, eon of gemma’ pony 9 Stes waltions of seen gs by both goverment seas snd ‘hs perce war ade enpch the Conrecton onthe Elton of [Al Poems of Diceminason Again Women (Wor Coneron)™ Azo daring he 1980, Nev Haka Embuck Wares» mem of he {kteConmisia onthe Promoten td Proeson of Hames Rigs (Gocnedy te Sb- Coron on Prato of Diceeinan and Po tecton of Minded, ws sped by dt body to seve Spel apponec on Tiina Practes feng the Heh of ore an Inurl eel aro to dere BC/FGM™ Ta the 19%), ong Alcan aerip on PC/FGN edt growing ierntond every hich eda he recoguton of PC/EOM ot 2 fundamen wlan of women pes In 180, be Commies ot Se Een of Diino Ape Ween (CEDAW, he co ‘Coney eee» genalcomencodroon peeing pee FC/FGN™ Moree e193 Une! Neon Deca 0 he Es sion of Vier Apt Women ext ince F/T wii ‘Conmumiy nln addr te ham ger tnpcatons of harm acs sacha FC/PGM aa ee nema conenee Tere ‘ernonal Coference 0 Population snd Development, Cairo 1994 sd he Fours Wend Conference on Woe, Being 1985-The Vora {Sh ly whch canada oes 0 women pte aed Coe ‘Gite beeen women cnfeace a Belg thr preenon of EY FGM’ ons pen spa aeton td tues for ppropsne postd wos wee oti th sl doce approved byte goer Inns One te of te eennd peste by the woe moves she apocemen, by he Commision on Human Ri 994, of da Couey a: Specl Reportar on Viseace apt Ween Sis he madi FC/PGN, er eps hare dws stenton Ingo ep PC/FGM icangnomest NGOs, ad eh, an igh fn lel pins: They are bee idl impr by mamber af ea ad inerstol doner tad eine agacies For erie sven Unued Nao ages lave bra sive in promotng EC/FOM. iewein mnie Te WHO, he Ute aes Chao ad {UNICED, and the Ute NatooePoplaso Fand (UNFPA) have po- ‘ed ech, aint apd Sune spor 0 wide ge of ‘rstaasos in may sper of sty. These ies ve a deed «asec mine fo A ot pro wud ‘eee ogo tht wating isthe pace song tht ‘Aten snipe communie. esa ies tat ea om lo Caton and adping tos now envionment ve ceed eed for ee ‘ees sad appeacer folds FC/POA i 1 Boner sting “jt at dcutons slow FC/EGM have edegone «rao fo he pasta pat so hee progam teresn nay ch of he fees So on base Infomation Eauroon sed Commmaleaton (IB) state {Ge These canned on nerming be popalton about he afl ath tfc of FC/FGN. Wale provision of information wa et ‘ent ar hese has ben intned te of insert ach the poplin soc sr through si hatred fe The hae 20 Tener, slpoas ator snd vilge eden i oe expe: In 2st har bee he development of more eae aces Oa FC/EGM vig ncrposton of norman ad ato gams ia te bah Sector, ston a yu grows Along wth these neon, heb ited ce on aesing | the prance m2 wlasoa of womarh sighs. Ll sd haan ih ‘iment ncding information on FC/FCM in ting pop fn women ii Tr Iyer, oles a sce in general: Mevene, tes emaling he pce have bo ected ot nee a may ‘counties flor to make the ln seponinet PC/EGM, eter by { Soe i pig ee i f t : i é | i i leet osc aes inching FC/G, ae ao anders in eve Ser ccurtses Whe eof ep meses oecs be cet con ‘Sed sd se in cojncon wh ctr sco elles tvs cs he Stel ol fo henge, gag NCOr sd nds ese eee a FFOM ssowleige the vege impornoce of Ea the ate a ‘mie: ofinenona hus ihe sad caring gore Gh eimest tli ppp tp to mp ie genie, Pacing 2 Pais wndaina poece win» lpg import for ‘sding «iv ray -actinenon spat women Moreoree ‘Bee of iteration Eevee impor io cing ad wa, ‘ining intro pee fo change Alsop devin eft ee ‘ison campigs ist compo tse eke doa tt ise [tnd pestre i ln arom infor to op FC/FGM, Tae book ‘far suming gece’ responses der eon han ‘i meats egal ely tod pokey meas unten tt ‘it and pres nesemeaton for fate efor to sp FCVFCN. Spain of FC/FGM ns a buna eg hue eal al Tong Notes 1. Naa fa Gia Matin Calf Gil At ee), New Sa RAINES |e Gearge C Denno, Frock Masti Hodges ind Masiya Fare Box Ste ene mari etmeres RED eicehwny Inwood aT one Bale rman aca san aetoety in Ovi ipronton 08 policing i ae a ao1 te te Sno Crone net! Woe a, ans leet! Aan nde Ofte of tam Ata, ae 3 Deny, no igh an atoe US Depa of See” ma Cn sas (READ oa Ged Cog 1) me 19 ‘ent Frat Co Man 9h Fervent nat ——— ‘Teeth Orton (WHO) Fil Maa: opr « HO Tr yp, Cenr WHO p ‘eboney of he Path comes of BC/POM, we N eta Cn Him 9 Cama Now Toss RAIN, 1 and ‘etn in Fen Ct ae et et ia, Gana Ga ad F Mors Mal, fee Creston ate ene xine Dee 1,197 2,9 UNS tet foe spe 8 {ge Hc of eran Rpt Sy Cae Fe Soa ton asia ‘Smt he min of Dann sit omen CEDAW, ‘cre ecnmeniaca Nath Seo, 9, Pose Crna Sea 8/4558 ener Caen ‘Unel Nete Geel Al Deen o he non of i ‘stg Woo 8) Roy Ney 99, NARA International Human Rights Law: A Framework for Social Justice ‘Wil ference to han de” common, he exes Bas ace {bean atrial Senet Human ghee generaly thought to [tloe hove ora and postal ears tht every hema eng as wpe “ hecor hs goveramest ot sxe 3 mare of 42h a0 by vie tines or cary? To regu PC/FGM a «ion of the aman its of wen sgl oo vew Bs rice wen ingest by {ertamens ni ost pon the onl and pb chins mes ‘Sol den, Howse, © ues the impheaton of power ‘iencwout sod the stuger second wth Only then an scat and NGOr beat ew shaman tps approach a ar of _ Songer proces of ple olen and aoe for danse “Ts caper els examine FC/FGM a ih of ein Boman sig Ine Aor peoriing tome tulgroud shoot human ih, i = Srces teint! human sig afc by FC/PGML. The pe ‘Sonor of sven hey human ight ster hve been sree to | Sapper somen ght abandon the cc, However ese com 5 petbenune aman his ape sho eben te coatesegunens = hae wo lee at ueronl low does ot abe governs (> ere wth he pace of PC/FOM, Background Mon centenary an hae td oo nemo ea gd Sp goremnees in he pe Wadd War Hem Sace hee of the wom, man res hee Bec colin eal armen abot he ner (satel pd tered! lel Is gee these wee sought Sto. St neal sid by ecoging fname igh of people and ‘by roping government tie scons © eo Bt Sock gh ee | reypated: Moet bunan sighs wees conta telnet shor ad spe Sate reudng te ihn 9 peop the tr Of sch wee Me