Project Report on

EVALUATING STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MADE BY

ADDING SILICA FUME TO CEMENT

Submitted by
Kaustubh Santosh Narkar
Himanshu Prashant Khairnar
Abhishek Chandrakant Waghmare
Ajay Khushal Lakhapati

Guided by
Prof. Nikhil Mulik

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INDIRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
2021 – 2022

1
 INDIRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
(SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the following students have satisfactorily carried out the first semester B.E.
project work titled“Evaluating strength of Concrete made by adding silica fume to cement.”.
This work is being submitted for the award of degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering. It is
submitted in the partial fulfillment of the prescribed syllabus of Savitribai Phule Pune University,
Pune for the academic year 2021 – 2022 (Semester - I).

Examination Seat No. Name of the Student

A. Kaustubh Santosh Narkar Himanshu
B. Prashant Khairnar
C. Abhishek Chandrakant Waghmare
Ajay Khushal Lakhapati
D.

Prof. Nikhil Mulik

(Guide)

Dr. Vijay Wairagade Dr. Sunil Ingole

(H.O.D Civil) (Principal)

External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With immense pleasure, we are presenting the Project Report as

part of the curriculum of B.E. Civil Engineering. We wish to thank all the
people who gave us an unending support right from the stage the idea
was conceived.
We take this opportunity to convey our sincere thanks to our
beloved principal Dr. Sunil Ingole for his continual support and
encouragement that made the Project Report a great success.
We express our profound thanks to our respected Guide Head of
Department, Dr. Vijay Wairagade whose advice and valuable guidance
helped us in making this Project Report interesting and successful one.
We are grateful to our internal guide Prof. Nikhil V. Mulik for his
support and guidance throughout our report. We also thank all those
who have directly or indirectly guided and helped us in preparation of
this Project.

Kaustubh Santosh Narkar

Himanshu Prashant Khairnar
Abhishek Chandrakant Waghmare
Ajay Khushal Lakhapati

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 CONTENT

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1. INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT

1.2. USING SILICA FUME IN BLENDED CEMENT
1.3. OBJECTIVE
1.4. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY
1.5. LIMITATIONS

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Chapter 3: Planning Schedule
Chapter 4: References

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 INTRODUCTION
1.1. GENERAL
• Silica fume or Micro silica is co-product of the ferrosilicon and
silicon alloy industry which is very rich in amorphous nearly 90%.
Realizing the pozzolanic potential of the materials, this has been
used successfully as an admixture in producing concrete. Initially,
the use of micro-silica was as a cement replacement, due to its very
high pozzolanic reactivity, but as more data came from laboratory
and field, the material becomes as additional cementitious
component giving increased performance in both fresh and hardened
states. In the recent times, use high performance concrete is in
demand in the construction industry. For improved strength and
durability, the use of silica fume as the replacement of cement has
been tried with success. Some of the notable researches in making
concrete using silica fume as admixture includes the works of
Yogendran et.al (1982), Khedr and Abou-Zeid (1994), Sabir (1995)
and Bayasi and Zhou (1993). The mechanical property especially
compressive strength of the concrete was investigated with aim to
find optimum silica fume replacement percentage. Different
researchers have arrived at different optimum value. Bhanja and
Sengupta (2005) investigated influence of silica fume on the tensile
strength of concrete. The important finding was strength increases
with silica fume addition but optimum replacement level was not
constant which depends on the water-cementious material ratio of
the mix.

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• Mazloom et.al. (2003) presented experimental results on the
workability, strength and autogeneous shrinkage with different
percentage of silica fume. Gonen and Yazicioglu(2006) presented a
laboratory study on the performance of concrete by adding mineral
admixtures, silica fumes or/and fly ash. The test results, in general,
showed that mineral admixtures improved the performance of
concretes. Silicafume contributed to both short and long-term
properties of concrete, whereas fly-ash shows its beneficial effect in
a relatively longer time. Silica fume is also found to enhance
durability of concrete in terms of its increased resistance to chemical
attacks, combating alkali silica reaction (Thomas, 2001). Micro-
silica is also found to improve the corrosion protection and strength
of concrete by reducing the permeability of the concrete and forming
more calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) which provides strength and
durability to concrete (Asrar et. al, 1999). In view of increased use
of silica fume in high performance concrete, the present
investigation aims at obtaining the workability, strength and
permeability of concrete of two different mixes with varying level
of cement replacement by silica fume. The ultrasonic pulse velocity
during compression of silica fume concrete specimen is also
reported which may be useful to anticipate failure of the specimen
by means of non destructive technique.

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1.2. USING SILICA FUME IN BLENDED CEMENT
Using silica fume in blended cements The use of silica fume in blended
cements has also attracted interest. Aïtcin (1983) reported that one
Canadian cement manufacturer had been making a blended cement
since 1982. At present, several Canadian cement companies are selling
blended cement containing 7 to 8 percent silica fume. The use of
cement containing 6 to 7 percent silica fume to combat alkali-silica
reaction in Iceland was described by Asgeirsson and Gudmundsson
(1979) and by Idorn (1988). Since 1979, all Icelandic cement is blended
with silica fume. Lessard, Aïtcin, and Regourd (1983) have described the
use of a blended cement containing silica fume to reduce heat of
hydration. Typically, the properties of cements containing silica fume as
a blending material may be expected to be the same as if the silica
fume were added separately. As with any blended cement, there will be
a loss in flexibility in mixture proportioning with respect to the exact
amount of silica fume in a given concrete mixture. Unless otherwise
stated, the results and information presented in this document were
derived from concretes made with separately added silica fume.

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 1.3. OBJECTIVES

 The main aim of this study is to investigate the effort of using

different dosage or percentage of Silica fume in ordinary concrete
under 28 days curing conditions on its compressive strength,
tensile strength and flexural strength.
 To build high-rise buildings by reducing column sizes and
increasing available space.

 To satisfy the specific needs of special applications- such as

durability, modulus of elasticity, and flexural strength. Some of
these applications include dams, grandstand roofs, marine
foundations, parking garages, and heavy industrial floors.

 To Prevent Severe Flood situation affecting the surrounding area

near to the coastline.
 To provide a suitable time interval to move the people leaving near
the coastline to a safer space.
 In an attempt if reducing the stresses on current defenses new
defenses are built further out in the sea.

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 1.4. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

To achieve the objectives of this study, an experimental

programming was planned to investigate the effect of
silica fume on compressive strength and split tensile
strength of concrete. The various tests have been
conducted on cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,
water, silica fume and on the hardened concrete
specimen (cubical and cylindrical) after suitable time
period of curing 7, 14 and 28 days with and without
replacement of cement with silica fume.

Materials:-

The required strength or target strength of concrete can

be obtained by careful selection of ingredients, correct
grading of ingredients, accurate water measurements
and adopting a good workmanship in mixing,
transporting, placing, compacting, finishing and curing of
concrete in the construction work. The properties of
material used for making the concrete mix are
determined in laboratory as per relevant codes of
practice. Different materials used in present study were

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cement, coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, water and
silica fume. The aim of studying of various properties of
materials is used to check the appearance with coal
requirements and to enable an engineer to design a
concrete mix for a particular strength.

Ordinary Portland cement:-

Although all materials that go into concrete mix are

essential, cement is very often the most important
because it is usually the delicate link in the chain. It
constitutes only about 20 percent of the total volume of
concrete mix; it is the active portion of binding medium
and is the only scientifically controlled ingredient of
concrete. Portland cement referred as (Ordinary
Portland Cement) is the most important type of cement
and is a fine powder produced by grinding Portland
cement clinker. The OPC is classified into three grades,
namely 33 Grade, 43 Grade, 53 Grade depending upon
the strength of 28 days.

The cement as determined from various tests conforming

to Indian Standard IS: 8112:1989 are listed in Table 1.
Cement was carefully stored to prevent deterioration

10
in its properties due to contact with the moisture. The
various tests conducted on cement are initial and final
setting time, specific gravity, fineness and compressive
strength.

Aggregate:-

Aggregates constitute the bulk of a concrete mixture and

give dimensional stability to concrete. The aggregates
provide about 75% of the body of the concrete and
hence its influence is extremely important. They
should therefore meet certain requirements if the
concrete is to be workable, strong, durable and
economical. The aggregates must be proper shape,
clean, hard, strong and well graded.
Coarse aggregate:-
The aggregate which is retained over IS Sieve 4.75 mm
is termed as coarse aggregate. The coarse aggregates
may be of following types:-
1. Crushed graves or stone obtained by crushing of
gravel or hard stone.
2. Un-crushed gravel or stone resulting from the natural
disintegration of rock.

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3. Partially crushed gravel obtained as product of
blending of above two types.

The normal maximum size is gradually 10-20 mm;

however particle sizes up to 40 mm or more have been
used in Self Compacting Concrete. Locally available
coarse aggregate having the maximum size of 20 mm
was used in this work. The aggregates were washed to
remove dust and dirt and were dried to surface dry
condition. The aggregates were tested as per IS: 383-
1970. Specific gravity and other properties of coarse
aggregates are given in.

Fine aggregate:-
The aggregates most of which pass through 4.75 mm IS
sieve are termed as fine aggregates. The fine aggregate
may be of following types:
1. Natural sand, i.e. fine aggregate resulting from natural
disintegration of rocks.
2. Crushed stone sand, i.e. fine aggregate produced by
crushing hard stones.

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3. Crushed gravel sand, i.e. fine aggregate produced
crushing natural gravel. According to size, the fine
aggregate maybe described as coarse, medium and fine
sands. Depending upon the particle size distribution IS:
383-1970 has divided the fine aggregate into four
grading zones (Grade I to IV). The grading zones
become progressively finer from grading zone I to
IV. In this experimental program, fine aggregate was
locally procured and conformed to Indian Standard
Specifications IS: 383-1970. The sand was sieved
through 4.75 mm sieve to remove any particles greater
than 4.75 mm and conforming to grading zone II. It was
coarse sand light brown in colour. Sieve analysis and
physical properties of fine aggregate are tested as per IS:
383-1970.
Cement:-
Cement is considered as the best binding material
and is being commonly used as a binding material in
the construction of various engineering structures these
days. Portland cement is referred as ordinary Portland
cement is the most important type of cement and is a fine
powder produced by grinding Portland cement clinker.
Concrete is

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Made by Portland cement, water and aggregates.
Cement constitutes about 20 % of the total volume of
concrete. Portland cement is hydraulic cement that
hardens in water to form a water-resistant compound.
The hydration products act as binder to hold the
aggregates together to form concrete. The name
Portland cement comes from the fact that the colour and
quality of the resulting concrete are similar to Portland
stone, a kind of limestone found in England.

Classification of OPC:-

Depending upon the strength of the cement at 28 days

when tested as per IS 4031-1988. Cement is classified
as
a) 33 grade cement
b) 43 grade cement
c) 53 grade cement
If 28 days strength is not less than 33N/mm^2, it is
called 33 grade of cement, if the strength is not less
than.

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 2
43N/mm , it is called 43 grade of cement, and if the
2
strength is not less than 53N/mm , it is called 53 grade
of
Cement. But actual strength obtained by these cements
at the factory is much higher than the BIS specifications.

Water:-

Generally, water that is suitable for drinking is

satisfactory for use in concrete. The potable water is
generally
Considered satisfactory for use in concrete. The water
was taken from Arno University Civil Engineering
Department. This was free from any detrimental
contaminants and was good potable quality.

Test methods:-
The methods used for testing cement, coarse
aggregates, fine aggregate and concrete are given
below:

Specific gravity:-

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It is ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance
to the weight of an equal volume of some reference
substance, or equivalently the ratio of the masses of
equal volumes of two substances. Figure 1. Shows
estimation
Of specific gravity.

Figure 1:- Specific gravity of aggregate.

Compressive strength of concrete:-

The compressive strength of concrete is one of the most

important and useful properties of concrete. Test
specimens of size 150mm×150mm×150mm were
prepared for testing the compressive strength concrete.
The concrete mixes of percentage (20%) of silica fume
as partial replacement of cement were cast into cubes
for subsequent testing. In this work, to make the concrete
coarse aggregate of size 20mm, fine aggregates sand of
zone ІІ, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and Silica
fume were mixed properly with appropriate proportions
for dry mix followed by addition of water and then mixed
efficiently to achieve uniform and high workable mix.
Before placing concrete in the moulds the interior surface

16
of the moulds and the base plates were oiled with
lubricant before the concrete has been placed than the
concrete has been placed in 150 mm ×150 mm×150 mm
rd.
cube. The concrete is filled up to 1/3 height of the
mould. Each layer is tamped at least 35 strokes of the
tamping rod. After 24 hours the specimens were
removed from the moulds and placed in clean fresh
water at a temperature of 27 ± 2ºC.
The specimen was cast were tested after 7, 14 and 28
days of curing measured from the time specimen placed
for curing. For testing in compression, no cushioning
material was placed between the specimen and the
plates of the machine. The uniform applied loading of
4KN is given to sample in compression testing machine
(CTM).

Figure 2:- Casting of cube.

The load was applied axially without shock till the
specimen was crushed. Results of the compressive
strength test on concrete with and without varying
proportions (20%) of silica fume replacement at the age
of 7days, 14 days and 28 days were noted. The cubes
were tested using compression testing machine (CTM).

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P/A = Compressive stress.
2
Where, P = Load (N) and A = Area (mm ).
Split tensile strength:-
Concrete being a brittle material is not expected to resist
direct tensile forces. However tension is of importance
with regard to cracking, which is a tensile failure. Most of
the cracking is due to the restraint of contraction induced
by drying shrinkage or lowering of temperature the
tensile strength of concrete varies from 7% to 11%
of the compressive strength but on average it is taken
as 10% of compressive strength. Further it has been
observed that higher the compressive strength, lower the
relative tensile strength. The split tensile strength of
concrete is determined by casting cylinders of size
100mm ×200mm (Figure 3). Sample is prepared similar
to that for cubical specimen. The magnitude of tensile
stress (T) acting uniformly to the line of action of applied
loading. For Cylinder specimen concrete mix were made
as cubes specimen given above. The concrete was
thoroughly mixed until it achieved homogenous and
uniform consistency. The fresh concrete was casted in
cylinder in three layers each layer is compacted by a
tamping rod. All freshly cast specimens were left in

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moulds for 24 hours before being demoulded. The
demoulded specimens were cured in water for 28 days
at a temperature of 27±2ºC, were air dried and then
tested for its split tensile strength as per Indian
standards. Two specimens were prepared for each
proportion of silica fume i.e., 5%, 10% and 15% for 28
days tests. Split tensile strength test was carried out
conforming to IS 516-1959 to obtain tensile strength of
concrete at the age of 28 days. The cylinders of size
100mm in diameter and 200mm in length were tested
using compression testing
Machine (CTM). The uniform applied loading of 2KN is
given to sample in compression testing machine (CTM).
The split tensile strength of concrete is most often
evaluated using a split cylinder test, in which a cylindrical
specimen is placed on its side and loaded in diametrical
compression, so to induce transverse tension.
Practically, the load applied on the cylindrical concrete
specimen induce tensile stresses on the plane containing
the load and relatively high compressive stresses on the
plane containing the load and high compressive stresses
in the area immediately around it. The split tensile
strength obtained by formula given below:

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T = 0.637P/DL

Where, T

= split tensile strength in MPa.

P = Applied load.
D = Diameter of concrete cylinder sample in mm.
L = length of concrete cylinder sample in mm.

Concrete mixes:-
Mix design for M30 grade of concrete was carried out

using the guidelines prescribed by IS: 10262- 1982. The

designed concrete mix for M30 served as basic control
mix (CM). Silica fume concrete mixes were obtained by
adding silica fume to basic control mix in percentages
varying from 0 to 15% at an increment of 5% by weight
of cement. (SFC0, SFC5, SFC10, SFC15).

Batching, mixing, and curing:-

The concrete ingredients viz. cement, sand and coarse
aggregate were weighed according to M30 and are dry
mixed on a platform. To this the calculated quantity of
silica fume was added and dry mixed thoroughly. The

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required quantity of water was added to the dry mix and
homogenously mixed. The homogeneous concrete mix
was placed layer by layer in moulds kept on the vibrating
table. The specimens are given the required compaction
both manually and through table vibrator. After through
compaction the specimens were finished smooth. After
24 hours of casting, the specimen were demoulded and
transferred to curing tank wherein they were immersed
in water for the desired period of curing.

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 LIMITATIONS
 Due to shortage of time, other tests were not conducted on silica
fume concrete.
 Others tests like split flexure test, abrasion test…. (Water
absorption test).
 Silica fume concrete shrinkage rate is high (dry shrinkage).
 Temperature cracks may produce easily of proper care while
curing not taken.
 The workability of concrete becomes poor if silica fume used in
large amount.
 With high dose of silica fume setting time increases.
 Use of silica fume in concrete is comparatively expensive than
conventional concrete.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW

Kumar& Dhaka (2016) High performance concrete produced by partial

replacement of cement with silica fume in this study. The achievement
of the present study obtained with the replacement of cement by 5%,
9%, 12% and 15%silica fume The Compressive strength split tensile
strength and the flexural strength test were observed for the mixes at
the age of 7 days and 28 days. Thus high performance concrete
obtained by replacement of cement up to 12% silica fume leads to
increase in compressive strength, and the flexural strength of concrete.
The compressive strength mainly depend on percentage of silica fume.
High performance concrete with silica fume can be effectively used in
high rise building since high early strength is required with the reduced
construction period. The percentage of increase in compressive
strength is 17.76%, split tensile strength 20.74% and the flexural
strength is 40.67%at the age of 28 days by replacing partial replacement
of cement with silica fume. The optimum percentage of partial
replacement of cement with silica fume is 12% for compressive and
flexural strength and 9% for split tensile strength of concrete.

Han mesh, Varun & Harish (2015) observes the Mechanical Properties of
Concrete Incorporating Silica Fume as Partial Replacement of Cement.
The main aim of this work is to study the mechanical properties of M20
grade control concrete and silica fume concrete with different
percentages (5, 10, 15 and 20%) of silica fume as a partial replacement

23
of cement. The result showed that the compressive strength of concrete
is increased by the use of silica fume up to 10% replacement of cement.
From 10% there is a decrease in compressive strength and the split
tensile strength of concrete is increased by the use of silica fume up to
10% replacement of cement. From 10% there is a decrease in split tensile
strength. The optimum percentage of replacement of cement by silica
fume is 10% for M20 grade of concrete.

Jain &. Pawade (2015) studied the Characteristics of Silica Fume

Concrete. The physical properties of high strength silica fume concretes
and their sensitivity to curing procedures were evaluated and compared
with reference Portland cement concretes, having either the same
concrete content as the silica fume concrete or the same water to
cementitious materials ratio. The experimental program comprised six
levels of silica-fume contents (as partial replacement of cement by
weight) at 0% (control mix), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, with and
without superplasticizer. It also included two mixes with15% silica fume
added to cement in normal concrete. Durability of silica-fume mortar was
tested in chemical environments of sulphate compounds, ammonium
nitrate, calcium chloride, and various kinds of acids.

Amarkhail (2015) observed Effects of Silica Fume on Properties of High-

Strength Concrete. He found that up to 10% cement may be replaced by
silica fume without harming the concrete workability. Concrete
containing 10% silica fume replacement achieved the highest
compressive strength followed by 15% silica fume replacement with a
small difference. Concrete with 15% silica fume content achieved the
highest flexural strength.10% and 15% silica fume content as
replacement of cement were found to be the optimum amount for

24
significantly enhancement of compressive strength and flexural strength
respectively.

Ghutke& Bhandari (2014) examined the Influence of silica fume on

concrete. Results showed that the silica fume is a good replacement of
cement. The rate of strength gain in silica fume concrete is high.
Workability of concrete decreases as increase with % of silica fume. The
optimum value of compressive strength can be achieved in 10%
replacement of silica fume. As strength of 15% replacement of cement
by silica fume is more than normal concrete. The optimum silica fume
replacement percentage varies from 10 % to 15 % replacement level.

Shanmugapriya& Uma (2013) carried an Experimental Investigation on

Silica Fume as a partial Replacement of Cement in High Performance
Concrete. The concrete used in this investigation was proportioned to
target a mean strength of 60 MPa and designed as per A The water
cement ratio (W/C) adopted was 0.32 and the Super Plasticizer used was
CONPLAST SP 430.Specimens such as cubes, beams and cylinders were
cast for various mix proportions and tested at the age of 7,14and 28 days
CI 211.4R-08.The investigation revealed that the partial replacement of
cement by silica fume will develop sufficient compressive strength,
flexure strength and split tensile strength for construction purposes. The
optimum dosage of silica fume found to be 7.5% (by weight), when used
as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement.

Pradhan and Dutta (2013) investigated the effects of silica fume on

conventional concrete the optimum compressive strength was obtained
at 20% cement replacement by silica fume at 24 hours, 7days and 28

25
days. Higher compressive strength resembles that the concrete
incorporated with silica fume was high strength concrete.

Abhinav Shyam, Abdullah Anwar, Syed Aqeel Ahmad(2017)Cement with

Silica fume reveals that there is a significant change in the strength
properties of concrete such as compressive strength, flexural strength,
split tensile strength. These experiments were carried out in various
grade concrete to find out the result. From the above literature reviews
optimum percentage of Silica Fume varies from 5% to 15%. Up to these
Percentage Replacement improvement in the strength of concrete has
been observed in terms of Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength and
Tensile Strength on partial replacement of Cement with Silica fume.
Previous studied also shows that Silica Fume concretes possess superior
durability properties.

Ajileye (2012) Cement replacement up to 10% with silica fume leads to

increase in compressive strength for M30 grade of concrete. From 15%
there is a decrease in compressive strength for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days curing
period. Compressive strength of M30 grade of concrete was increased
from 16.15% to 29.24% and decrease from 23.98% to 20.22%.

26
Harleen Kaur (2018)The review of studies related to partial replacement
of cement with silica fume reveals that there is a drastic change in all the
properties of concrete like compressive strength, flexural strength, split
tensile strength, workability et cetera. High performance concrete with
silica fume can be effectively used in high rise building since high early
strength is required with reduced construction period. From the above
literature review it is observed that the optimum percentage of silica
fume varies from 10% - 20% whereas the split tensile strength and
compressive strength increases by 10% - 25% and the flexural strength is
more effected by silica fume as increases up to30% within 28 days of
water curing period. Workability increases up to a certain limit of partial
replacement and beyond the limit it decreases instantly.

27
 Planning Schedule

MONTH JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR

ACTIVITY

Selection of
topic

Literature
review

Objectives

Scope of
project

Presentation

Casting of mix

Testing of
cured mix

Result and
Interpretation

Final report

28
 REFERENCES

1. Partial replacement of cement with silica fume, Kumar, Dhaka,

International journal of recent technology and engineering (IJRTE)
2016.

2. Observe mechanical properties of concrete using silica fume, Han

mesh, Varun & Harish, International journal of recent technology
and engineering (IJRTE) 2015.

3. Studied the characteristic of silica fume in ,Jain & Pawade,

International journal of recent technology and engineering (IJRTE)
2015.

4. Effect of silica fume on high strength concrete, Amarkhail, SSRG

International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) 2015.

5. Influence of silica fume in concrete, Ghutke & Bhandari,

International journal of civil and structural engineering 2014.

6. Experimental investigation on silica fume as a partial replacement

of high performance concrete, Shanmugapriya & Uma, Ijret 2013.

7. Effect of silica fume on conventional concrete, Pradhan & Dutta,

Silica fume Association 2013.

29
8. A Literature Review on Study of Silica fume as Partial Replacement
of Cement in Concrete, Abdullah Anwar, Syed Aqeel Ahmad,
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and
Science 2017.

9. Investigations on Micro silica (Silica Fume) As Partial Cement

Replacement in Concrete, Ajileye, Global Journal of researches in
engineeringCivil And Structural engineering2012.

10. Effect of Silica Fume on the Properties of Concrete, Harleen

Kaur, International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and
Research 2018.

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