A REPORT ON

“Minor Project – No Fine Concrete”

SUBMITTED TO

MIT ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING, ALANDI(D)

PUNE

SUBMITTED BY

1. Saurabh Surale - 220 3. Jayesh Andhale – 139

2. Monika Sakhare – 132 4. Avinash Jadhav - 224

Course – Minor Project – CV213T

Course Faculty Guide

Mr. BHASKAR D WABHITKAR Mr. SUMIT PATIL

2018-19
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL & CIVIL ENGINEERING
MIT ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING ALANDI (D)
PUNE

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 An Autonomous Institute

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Saurabh , Jayesh , Monika , Avinash have completed the minor
project work on NO FINE CONCRETE Under the course Minor Project (CV213T) & hereby
submitting a Project Report.

Mr. B D. WABHITKAR Mr. P R HATTE

Course Teacher Dean & Associate Prof.

SMCE

Mr. SUMIT PATIL

Guide

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 ABSTRACT

No-fine concrete has been in use in many countries over more than a century. Its
higher porosity helps in percolating rain water directly to ground and thereby helps in recharging
groundwater aquifer. No-fines concrete is a type of light weight concrete which is made by either
omitting fine aggregate particle completely or by using small amount of sand content in a
concrete mix, which allows interconnected void spaces to be formed in the concrete.
The purpose of this project is to analyze the feasibility of producing highly
sustainable no-fine concrete mixtures and evaluating the effect of fine aggregate on their
properties. No-fine concrete is produced by using ordinary Portland cement, coarse aggregates,
and water.
This concrete is tested for its properties, such as slump value, porosity and
compressive strength. The results showed that porosity has significant effect on compressive
strength of no-fine concrete. Including polypropylene fibers in the previous concrete mix
resulted in significant increases in resistance in all three freeze-thaw durability tests.
Performance of pervious concrete was evaluated in terms of air void, absorption, compressive
strength, tensile strength and water permeability.
Usage of No fines or pervious concrete for the development of pavements,
vehicle parks and driveways is turning into popular. The permeability of no fines concrete is
extra because it having more voids. The power of no-fines concrete is a good deal while
compared to ordinary concrete.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Here by we wish to express deep sense of gratitude and thanks to Prof. B. D.

Wabhitkar and Guide Mr. Sumit Patil for his continuous and constant
valuable advice, inspiration, encouragement and guidance throughout and
even during the lockdown period. Due to Lockdown period it was not
possible to complete actual project work and carrying out the regarding tests.
Because of this situation Prof. B.D. Wabhitkar and Guide Mr.Sumit Patil
suggested us to do complete the project work with trustful reference material
available on the internet. Such as Research papers. So, it was a great
experience to work under the guidance of such generous faculties.
Finally, we are thankful to all those who have helped us directly or indirectly
in completing project successfully.

1. Saurabh Surale - 220 3. Monika Sakhare - 132

2. Jayesh Andhale – 139 4. Avinash Jadhav - 224

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 INDEX

No Topic Page No

1 Abstract 3
2 Acknowledgement 4

3 list of figure 6
4 list of table 7

5 chapter 1 introduction 8
6 chapter 2 literature review 9-12

7 Problem Identification 13
8 Methodology 13-14

9 Implementation 15
10 No fine concrete with PET 15-16
plastic

11 Result Analysis 17
12 Testing 18-20

13 About no fine concrete 21

14 About plastic in concrete 21-22

15 Conclusion 23
16 Reference 24

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 LIST OF FIGURE

FIG :- This Picture at the time of to making Blocks

FIG :- this picture of casting a blocks

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 LIST OF TABLES

FIG :- Result of 7 days of Concrete block without sand

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 Chapter 1 : - INTRODUCTION

Among various waste parts, plastic waste merits extraordinary consideration on

record decay able material which is dragged our attention to it. Nearly 60 million tons of waste is
disposed annually in developing nations like India which is growing 2.5 to 4% rapidly. Among the
wastage, plastic occupy significant position (12.3%) which is from disposed of water jugs. The PET
disposal is very complex issue whose degradation or incineration causes harmful effects on the
environment and surrounding ecological conditions, which might also cause damage to vegetation.

The issue of organizing and supervising solid waste materials in all countries has been
able to be one of the real common, reasonable, and societal related issues. A comprehensive integrated
waste management system comprising of reuse, incineration, proper disposal of non-decaying waste,
usage of non-bio degradable items as auxiliary equipment in other fields like construction industry and
other areas, other waste exchange issues.

the material plastic cannot be reutilized and people are not really very interested to
rapidly consider recycling of these materials. There is growing awareness in the recycling and reuse of
plastics nowadays due to growing concern for ecological aspects among the mankind. But the recycling
involves many technical and scientific procedures as recuperated one cannot be utilized again with regard
to the structural changes and temperatures required for melting. The driving ideology of this paper is to
examine the possibility and to what extent the plastic can be used again. Among the applications which
suit for plastic recycling, construction industry generally promises to maximum extent of usage. Sand in
case of hard composites in concrete technology is vividly replaced by plastic.

No-fines concrete is generally made with aggregate- cement ratio of 5:1. Coarse
aggregates used are normally of size passing through 20 mm and retained on 10 mm. The water-cement
ratio for satisfactory consistency varies between 0.46 to 0.49. The 28-days compressive strength is
calculated, with porosity different, and permeability coefficient varies . The effects of aggregate-cement
ratio, aggregate sizes and type of binder material on strength of No-fine concrete have been reported in
the past. Pioneering research on No-fine concrete has been carried out worldwide for the past few decades
to make it suitable for major pavement application works.

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 FIG :- No Fine Concrete

Chapter 2 : - LITERATURE REVIEW

1) Ms. K.Ramadevi, “Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Concrete with Plastic

PET (Bottle) Fibers as Fine Aggregate”

This project deals with the possibility of using the waste PET bottles as
the partial replacement of aggregate in Portland cement. Concrete with 1%, 2%, 4% and 6% PET
bottle fibers for fine aggregate were produced and compared against control mix with no
replacement.
Cube specimens, cylinder specimens and prism specimens of 18 numbers
each were cast, cured and tested for 7 day and 28 days strength. Compression test, splitting
tensile test and flexural strength tests were done and the results were compared with control
specimens. The findings revealed an increase in compression and tensile strength hence with the
increasing demand for fine aggregate, PET bottle fibre replacements can be adopted. The
replacement of fine aggregates reduces the quantity of river sand to be used in concrete and also
plastic fibers are proved to be more economical

The concrete with PET fibers reduced the weight of concrete and thus if mortar
with plastic fibers can be made into light weight concrete based on unit weight. It was observed
that the compressive strength increased up to 2% replacement of the fine aggregate with PET
bottle fibers and it gradually decreased for 4% and 6% replacements. The flexural strength
increased up to 2% replacement of the fine aggregate with PET bottle fibers and it gradually
decreased for 4% and remains the same for 6% replacements. Hence, the replacement of the fine

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aggregate with 2% of PET bottle fibers will be reasonable than other replacement percentages
like 4% and 6% as the compression and split tensile strength reduces gradually. It was observed
that the split tensile strength increased up to 2% replacement of the fine aggregate with PET
bottle fibers and it gradually decreased for 4% and 6% replacements. Hence, the replacement of
the fine aggregate with 2% replacement will be reasonable with high split tensile strength
compared to the other specimens casted and tested.

2) F. Tittarelli at all “Effect Of Hydrophobic Admixture And Recycled Aggregate On

Physical–Mechanical Properties And Durability Aspects Of No-Fines Concrete”
Elsevier,15 May 2014.

In their project they studied that No-fines concretes with three different mix
design were manufactured. The water/cement ratio from 0.41 to 0.34 and the
aggregate/cement ratio from 8 to 4.
an alkyl-triethoxy-silane was used as hydrophobic silane.
The effect of hydrophobic admixture, at two different dosages, and recycled
aggregate on the performances of no-fines concrete was investigated.
Phenolphthalein test on no-fines concretes without and with hydrophobic
admixture after 30 days of exposure to carbonation chamber is adopted.

3) Manendra Vaitla at all “Study On Behavior Of Concrete With Partial Replacement Of

Fine Aggregate With Waste Plastics”, Elsevier,2019

In this paper they have discussed about the behavior of concrete with partial
replacement of fine aggregate with plastic wastes ranging from 15-30% with small grain
size are incorporated.

Performance of M20 grade of concrete is being studied. The blocks casted using
this concrete can be used for dividers and temporary structures.

They can also be used for bedding of banks since there is no vertical load acting
on them. Slump test, water absorption test, water permeability test and compressive
strength test were conducted on the concrete.

The compressive strength of waste plastic concrete blocks has increased

compared to conventional concrete blocks.

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 4) Azad A. Mohammed, “Modelling the mechanical properties of concrete containing PET
waste aggregate” , Elsevier, 9 OCT 2016.

Properties of concrete containing PET plastic wastes are now well

understood as a result of many experimental tests. Aspects of structural design and
analysis of concrete members made from concrete containing PET waste need accurate
equations for mechanical properties.
In this paper, available data on mechanical properties of normal strength
concrete containing PET waste were collected, analyzed, and equations were developed
for calculating elastic modulus, splitting and flexural tensile strengths. Results of analysis
indicate that, in general, there is a good correlation between the three properties and
compressive strength of concrete containing PET plastic waste.
The proposed equations were found to be safe and accurate, and can apply
for recycled concrete containing different types of plastic waste other than shredded PET
waste. The models proposed for mechanical properties can be utilized in the analysis and
design of those structural members made from recycled concrete containing PET waste
and some other plastic wastes.
Concrete is an excellent material mainly because it provides good structural
properties with a reasonable total cost. However; the other excellent behavior of concrete
is that this construction material has flexibility for modifications on basic constituent
materials to obtain other desired properties.

5) Abdulkader Ismail Al-Hadithia, “Mechanical properties and impact behavior of PET

fiber reinforced selfcompacting concrete (SCC)” , Elsevier, 15 Sept 2019.

Green concrete composite produced from Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

fibers may be considered an important issue in sustainable construction. Therefore, the behavior
of self-compacting concrete (SCC) slabs containing PET fibers under impact loads was
investigated. PET fibers from waste plastic were added to SCC with an aspect ratio of 28.
One reference concrete mix, from which all other mixes were developed, was
used to produce eight SCC mixers containing different volumetric ratios of plastic fibers
percentages (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, and 2%). Experiments showed that
the inclusion of PET fibers in SCC results in an increase in compressive and flexural strengths.
The behavior of SCC slabs under impact loading was studied.
A significant improvement was found in the resistance to impact load and
energy absorption capacity of slabs containing PET fibers. The increment in the time of max
deflection for the concrete mixes containing PET fibers increased significantly, thereby
indicating the enhanced capacity of SCC to absorb further energy under low velocity impact.
This improvement in the behavior of SCC under impact by the inclusion of PET fibers may lead
to further applications of this type of concrete in sustainable structures.

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 6) Mariaenrica Frigione, “Recycling of PET bottles as fine aggregate in concrete”, Elsevier,
25 jan 2010.

An attempt to substitute in concrete the 5% by weight of fine aggregate

(natural sand) with an equal weight of PET aggregates manufactured from the waste un-washed
PET bottles (WPET), is presented. The WPET particles possessed a granulometry similar to that
of the substituted sand. Specimens with different cement content and water/cement ratio were
manufactured.
Rheological characterization on fresh concrete and mechanical tests at the
ages of 28 and 365 days were performed on the WPET/concretes as well as on reference
concretes containing only natural fine aggregate in order to investigate the influence of the
substitution of WPET to the fine aggregate in concrete.
It was found that the WPET concretes display similar workability
characteristics, compressive strength and splitting tensile strength slightly lower that the
reference concrete and a moderately higher ductility.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most common consumer
plastics used and is widely employed as a raw material to realize products such as blown bottles
for soft-drink use and containers for the packaging of food and other consumer goods. PET
bottles have taken the place of glass bottles as storing vessel of beverage due to its lightweight
and easiness of handling and storage.

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 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Pet Plastic is a major factor of pollution by reusing it in construction we are planning

in reducing problems caused by plastic waste.

Need of pet Plastic in no fine:

 The presence of plastic on earth is increasing in an enormous rate, due to lack of proper
disposal the plastic can be found anywhere hence affecting the livelihood
 By introducing the plastic waste in no fine concrete we are generating a solution to
eliminate the plastic
 Its higher porosity helps in percolating rain water directly to ground and thereby helps in
recharging groundwater aquifer

METHODOLOGY

 Collection of research papers and literature review

 Decide mix design and parameters of project. Ex- W/C, A/C etc.
 Material availability and testing.
 Casting of Cubes and testing.
 Final results analysis of compression test.
 For best compression results find bending and flexural strength.
 One aggregate cement ratio 5:1
 For four different water cement ratio 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49
 Total no of cubs around 30+

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FIG :- This data are required at the time of carried 7 days testing

FIG :- Mixture of Cement, Coarse aggregate, Water

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 IMPLEMENTATION

 In that carried out taking one aggregate cement ratio and four water cement ratio

 and then prepare each water cement ratio nine block this block having without
plastic only in that cement , water, course aggregate

 and then checking three block each 7days, 14days, 28days testing and then observe
that which water cement ratio give more strength

 and then this water cement ratio using 8 % plastic is add in that and then check its
compressive strength is increase or decrease after 7, 14, 28 days.

No fine concrete with pet bottles

 This project is to analyze the feasibility of producing highly sustainable no-fine

concrete mixtures by using pet bottles.

 For different water cement ratio and aggregate cement ratio this concrete will get tested
for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days.

 By analyzing the results of test find best proportion of water cement ratio, aggregate
cement ratio and percentage of pet flaks.

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16
 RESULT ANALYSIS

FIG :- 7th day Compressive strength

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 TESTING

To Find Compressive Strength By Using Compressive Testing Machine

FIG :- Compressive Testing Machine

 What is Compressive Strength :-

Compressive strength is the capacity of material or structure to resist or

withstand under compression. The Compressive strength of a material is determined by the ability of
the material to resist failure in the form cracks and fissure.

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 Concrete gains maximum strength at 28days. Since in construction sector
great amount of capital is at stake, so instead of checking strength at 28 days we can check
strength in terms of concrete strength psi at 7 and 14 days to predict the target strength of
construction work.

From the below table it is clear that, Concrete gains 16 % of its strength within 24 hrs, whereas
concrete gains 65% of the target strength by the time of 7 days of its casting.

Till 14 days concrete shows 90% of the target strength and thereafter the gain in strength slows
down and it takes 28days to achieve 99% of strength.

We cant judge the strength of concrete until it becomes stable. And we also won’t wait for 28
days to judge the concrete whether it suitable for construction or not to keep it balanced, concrete
is tested at various intervals.

 Procedure for Compressive strength of concrete or Cube test :-

 Place the prepared concrete mix in the steel cube mould for casting.
 Once it sets, After 24 hours remove the concrete cube from the mould.
 Keep the test specimens submerged underwater for stipulated time.
 As mentioned the specimen must be kept in water for 7 or 14 or 28 days and for
every 7 days the water is changed.

 Testing specimens are placed in the space between bearing surfaces.

 The concrete cubes are placed on bearing plate and aligned properly with the
center of thrust in the testing machine plates.
 The loading must be applied axially on specimen without any shock and
increased
 Due to the constant application of load, the specimen starts cracking at a point &
final breakdown of the specimen must be noted.

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 Compressive strength of Concrete Formula :

The Compressive strength of specimen can be calculated by

dividing maximum load carried by the specimen by cross-sectional area of the
specimen cubes.

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 About No Fine Concrete

The initial use of No-Fines concrete was in the United Kingdom in 1852 with
the construction of two residential houses and a sea groyne. The strength of concrete depends on
many parameters such as amount, quality and type of cement, aggregate, water and admixtures.
Lian and Zuge pointed out the effect of size of aggregate on the strength of porous concrete and
concluded that grading of aggregate also need to be controlled in order to achieve the best
strength of porous concrete. He stated that smaller size aggregate gives more strength as
compared to the larger one.
YangZhifeng, Ma Wei, Shen Weiguo and Zhou Mingkai investigated the effect
of proportion of aggregate, the maximum size of the aggregate on the porous concrete.The
results found correspondence with the results of previous researcher. Crouch et al. stated that not
only the size of aggregate, but also the gradation and amount of aggregate could affect the
compressive strength of porous concrete.
Compared with related results on strength of porous concrete very limited
research had been conducted on the effect of aggregate sizes on its strength. No work had been
done on the workability of the pervious concrete neither on optimization of the strength and
workability of it. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of aggregate sizes on the
compressive strength and workability of No-Fines concrete and to provide the optimal strength
for workable porous concrete. Also study investigates the effect of particle size of coarse
aggregate on the strength and workability of No-Fines concrete.

About Plastic in concrete

Among various waste parts, plastic waste merits extraordinary consideration

on record decay able material which is drawing attention of everybody. Nearly 60 million tons of
waste is disposed annually in developing nations like India which is growing 2.5 to 4% rapidly.
Among the wastage, plastic occupy significant position (12.3%) which is from disposed of water
jugs. The PET disposal is very complex issue whose degradation or incineration causes harmful
effects on the environment and surrounding ecological conditions, which might also cause
damage to vegetation.
Extensive research and numerous scientists are working in this area of
plastic waste disposal in eco-friendly manner. Especially, the First World Countries like United
States, Britain are very much interested in this subject.
The focus is shifting to utilization of plastic in the architectural field and
construction industry which is very much feasible in construction driven and intensive countries
like India. Poly-ethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle granules are explored for usage in

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construction industry and the effect of morphological change on physiological behaviour of the
manufacturing materials is studied in this paper with the help of some tests.

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 CONCLUSION

Our Group experience of this report, PPT and project is very good. we learn how
to work to carried in group. Also how to be compressive testing done or carried. Also we learn
that how to be calculation to be calculate and materials to be calculate. Also we take picture at
the time of carried a work . then in which how to be calculate compressive strength of blocks. in
which also what are changing strength at a 7, 14, 28 days. in which a PET plastic is use so we
observe how to varies strength. Every one in group give a hundred percent for carried fully work
and finally we finish our work.

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 REFERENCES

o Ms. K.Ramadevi, “Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Concrete with

Plastic PET (Bottle) Fibers as Fine Aggregate”

o F. Tittarelli at all “Effect Of Hydrophobic Admixture And Recycled Aggregate

On Physical–Mechanical Properties And Durability Aspects Of No-Fines
Concrete” Elsevier,15 May 2014.

o Manendra Vaitla at all “Study On Behavior Of Concrete With Partial Replacement

Of Fine Aggregate With Waste Plastics”, Elsevier,2019

o Azad A. Mohammed, “Modelling the mechanical properties of concrete

containing PET waste aggregate” , Elsevier, 9 OCT 2016.

o Abdulkader Ismail Al-Hadithia, “Mechanical properties and impact behavior of

PET fiber reinforced selfcompacting concrete (SCC)” , Elsevier, 15 Sept 2019

o Mariaenrica Frigione, “Recycling of PET bottles as fine aggregate in concrete”,

Elsevier, 25 jan 2010.

o www.quara.com

o www.nofineconcrete.com

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