GOVERNMENT

POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
KALAMASSERY

Seminar Report
On
GLASS WASTE AS REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETE
(GREEN CONCRETE)

Submitted By
FAHMITHA A JAMAL
(Reg.No.19010318)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

2021-2022
 GOVERNMENT
POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
KALAMASSERY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled Transparent Concrete was
presented by FAHMITHA A JAMAL with Reg.No.19010318 of final year
Civil engineering, Government College, Kalamassery in partial fulfilment of
the requirement for the award of Diploma in Civil Engineering under the Board
of Technical Education, during the year 2021-2022.

Internal Examiner: Staff in Charge:

External Examiner: Head of Section:

Place:
Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am taking this opportunity to thank all who supported me with their valuable advice and co-
operation throughout the entire seminar work.

First and foremost I bow my hands before God Almighty, who bestowed upon me. His
unequalled blessings that imparted me the capability to complete the seminar in the most
successful manner. I would like to express my profound gratitude to our head of department
Mr. ANTONY K.A for encouragement, support, and blessing given always to me .I wish to
record my sincere thanks to my seminar guide Mr. ABY VARGHESE for his timely advice
and guidance received through this endeavour.

My parents, who always encourage me towards my studies, took great interest to way
seminar work. Their enquiries regarding the seminar gave me mental strength and conviction
towards the completion of work. I sincerely acknowledge them all love and affection. I place
my heart full thanks to all my friends for their support and encouragement to make the
seminar success full.

FAHMITHA A JAMAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1
2. GENERAL...................................................................................................................... 3
3. HISTORY ...................................................................................................................... 4
4. WASTE GLASS IN THE PRODUCTION OF CEMENT AND CONCRETE .................................... 6
4.1 WASTE GLASS AS AN AGGREGATE .................................................................................. 6
4.1.1 The effect of the particle size of the waste glass aggregate .................................... 7
4.1.2 The effect of waste glass aggregate on the mechanical properties of concrete ..... 7
4.1.3 Thermal properties of the waste glass aggregate .................................................... 8
4.2 GLASS POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE .................... 9
4.3 GLASS POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF SAND IN CONCRETE……………………………….

4.3.1 Material And Method ............................................................................................... 9

4.3.2 TESTS ...................................................................................................................... 10
4.3.3 Concrete samples after being tested ..................................................................... 14
5. MERITS OF GLASS REPLACED CONCRETE ..................................................................... 15
6. DEMERITS OF GLASS REPLACED CONCRETE................................................................. 16
7. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 17
8. REFERENCES............................................................................................................... 18
ABSTRACT

Cement and glass industries are facing a lot of challenges due to the high greenhouse gases
emissions, the intensive use of energy and the intensive use of the earth’s natural resources. The
current situation of discarding waste glass to landfills is also not offering an environmental friendly
management for the Waste glass, due to the non-biodegradable form of the waste glass. However,
the chemical composition and the pozzolanic properties of waste glass are encouraging for the use
of this waste in the cement and Concrete industries and to provide an environmental friendly
solution for the glass and cement Industries. This paper reviews the different uses of waste glass in
cement and concrete and the effect of the glass properties on the performance and durability of the
produce cement and concrete.

Concrete is commonly used as the main component in a building. Concrete is obtained By mixing
Portland cement, water, aggregates, and sometimes added ingredients at certain comparisons in
the form of chemicals, fibrous materials, and non-chemical materials. Utilization of glass powder
waste for concrete mixtures is now being developed. This research was conducted to determine the
optimum composition of glass powder as a partial replacement of Sand against the compressive
strength of concrete. The content of the glass powder mixture used Is 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30% of
the weight of sand in the concrete mixture.
 1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a material commonly used as the main component in a building structure.
Concrete is obtained by mixing Portland cement, water, aggregates, and sometimes added
ingredients at certain comparisons in the form of chemicals, fibrous materials, and non-
chemical building materials. The development of concrete innovation in the current era
continues to experience improvements. Utilization of glass powder waste for concrete
mixtures is now being developed.

Glass is principally composed of silica. Use of milled (ground) waste glass in concrete as
partial replacement of cement could be an important step toward development of
sustainable infrastructure systems. Experimental results revealed that additional
compressive strength of 40 MPa can be gained with combination of glass powder and
silica fume. The use of glass powder is an alternative that can be used as a partial
substitution of cement in a concrete mixture because the chemical elements contained in
glass powder are almost the same as the chemical elements contained in cement.

The use of glass powder in concrete will affect the compressive strength. Compressive
strength of concrete with glass powder substitution is higher than the design compressive
strength, and continues to increase with the addition of glass powder content. At 28 days,
the compressive strength of specimens with various amount of glass sand replacement
were all higher than that of the design strength when soaked in sulphate solution. Beyond
10% glass powder the strength of concrete reduces and is lower than that of the control.
When glass powder was used as an aggregate replacement material, the compressive
strength of concrete depended on the type containing crushed glass aggregate increased
while the compressive strength of concrete containing natural mineral aggregate
decreased.
Figure 1: Pile waste glass
 2. GENERAL

Glass powder can be used as a filler because it has potential as a pozzolan material.
Concrete with the highest compressive strength value was achieved at 10% glass powder
composition while the lowest compressive strength can be at 15% glass composition.

2.1 Why glass was used ?

➢ Glass is a non-biodegradable material.

➢ Its principle component is silica.

➢ When glass is milled down to micro size particle it is expected to undergo

pozzolanic reaction with cement hydrate and Form calcium silicate hydrate bond
(C-S-H bond ).

➢ It is easily available.

➢ It’s fineness should be 0.9% (#200 sieves)

Figure 2: Glass concrete (Architecture)

 3. HISTORY

During the 20th century different studies had been done for the use of crushed waste
glass as aggregate in the production of concrete .Pike and Hubbard studied the use of
different forms of glass as aggregate (quartz, opal, fiber glass and glass) with cement.
They found that the cement made up with these aggregates cracked due to the destructive
alkali silica reaction (ASR). Johnston studied the use of crushed glass as aggregate with a
maximum particle size of 19 mm and with high and low alkalis cement content, 0.58 and
1.13 respectively. This results were in agreement with that of Pike and Hubbard the
alkali-silica reaction caused cracking to the produced cement.

Figure 3: Glass aggregates

Figure 4: Glass concrete
 4. WASTE GLASS IN THE PRODUCTION OF CEMENT AND
CONCRETE

4.1 WASTE GLASS AS AN AGGREGATE

Waste glass and natural sand have approximately the same physical properties, as shown
in table . The comparison between the properties of waste glass and the properties of
natural sand shows that the absorption rate of waste glass is lower than that of sand by
14%, i.e. this means that concrete made up with glass as an aggregate has a lower
absorption rate for water. These properties make waste glass an interesting material to
be used as an aggregate in the production of concrete.
Table 1
Physical properties of waste glass and sand
Physical property Waste glass Sand
Specific gravity 2.19 2.57
Density (kg/m3 1672 1688
Absorption (%) 0.39 2.7
Pozzolanic index (%) 80

Because of the concern of the environmental impact of waste glass, a lot of studies have
been done recently for the use of waste glass as aggregate in concrete. These studies
investigated the properties of the waste glass aggregate and tried to find the optimum
percentage of waste glass that can be used as aggregate without any effect on the
properties of the produced concrete. It was found that the particle size of the waste glass
aggregate plays a vital role in the alkali-silica harmful reaction.

4.1.1 Factors affecting the usage of waste glass as aggregate

• Particle size.
• Mechanical properties.
• Thermal properties.
4.1.2 The effect of the particle size of the waste glass aggregate

Bottle’s waste glass with the particle sizes of (4.75–0.15 mm) was used with a different
percentage as a partial replacement to the aggregate (0–100%). The results showed that
the expansion due to the ASR increased with increasing the particle sizes of the waste
glass aggregate. Moreover, the expansion due to the ASR increased as the percentage of
the waste glass increased. The optimum percentage of waste glass and the particle size
aggregate that did not show any harmful effect of the ASR were 20% and less than 1.18
mm respectively. It was found that a particle sizes less than (0.9–1 mm) did not show any
expansion due to the ASR with a 20% of partial replacement of waste glass aggregate.
With a lower particle sizes (mean diameter equal to 150mm) a higher percentage of waste
glass aggregate can be used safely, up to 40%. And 70% of waste glass can be used
safely as an aggregate with particle sizes of (36–50mm).

Reducing the particle sizes of the waste glass increases the pozzolanic properties and
leads to produce a material as a result for the pozzolanic reaction between fine waste
glass aggregate and cement. The cementitious material improves the strength of the
cement paste and a higher resistance for the expansive stresses of the ASR gel is
produced.

4.1.3 The effect of waste glass aggregate on the mechanical properties of concrete

Concrete, as the main construction material, must have specific mechanical properties to
overcome the high stress of the weight of the construction loads. To specify the effect of
the waste glass on the properties of concrete the compressive strength, the flexural
strength and the tensile strength for the produced waste glass concrete were studied by
different researchers.

The compressive strength was found to decrease as the percentage of the waste glass
increased. The compressive strength decreased by 49% as the waste glass percentage
increased to 60%.
Also, the experimental results from different studies showed that the flexural strength of
concrete decreased with increasing the percentage of the waste glass aggregate due to the
decrease in adhesive strength at the glass particle surface. Also results showed an
increase in the flexural strength of waste glass concrete with the increase of the fine
waste glass aggregate up to 20%. They explained that the increase in the flexural strength
was due to the surface texture and strength of the glass particles compared to that of sand

The tensile strength of the concrete made from waste glass aggregate showed an increase
in the tensile strength with increasing waste glass aggregate up to 20% and even up to
25%. Increasing the waste glass further decreased the tensile strength of the waste glass
concrete.

There is no clear information about the effect of waste glass aggregate and the particle
size of the waste glass on the mechanical properties of concrete.

4.1.4 Thermal properties of the waste glass aggregate

The effect of temperature, from -200C to 600C, on the Properties of concrete made up
with waste glass aggregate was studied. The waste glass concrete showed a lower rise in
temperature at 600C and a lower reduction in temperature at -200C compared with
concrete made from natural sand. The experimental results proved that concrete made up
with waste glass aggregate has greater temperature stability to both High and low
temperatures because glass has a lower specific heat compared to that of natural sand and
because of the pozzolanic activity of glass.

When studied the properties of waste glass aggregate at high temperature up to 8000C.
Different percentages of waste glass aggregate were used to produce concrete, 0–100%.
and, different particle sizes were studied (coarse, fine and coarse and fine mixture). The
results showed that the compressive strength decreased with increasing temperature up to
700–8000C and with increasing the percentage of waste glass over 10% for all the particle
sizes. This was because that glass is approaching to its melting threshold at 700–8000C.
however, concrete made up with 10% coarse waste glass aggregate showed a higher
compressive strength compared to normal concrete at ambient temperature and at higher
temperatures.

4.2 GLASS POWDER AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN

CONCRETE

The use of waste glass as a coarse and fine aggregate in the production of concrete was
very limited and did not show satisfactory results because of the alkali-silica destructive
reaction between the cement and the waste glass aggregate and also because of the low
performance of the produced concrete, i.e., low compressive, tensile and flexural
strengths. The pozzolanic properties of glass aroused the idea of using waste glass as a
cementitious material or as a partial replacement of cement in the production of concrete.
The pozzolanic properties of glass are highly affected by the particle sizes of glass.
However, in all the studies concerning the pozzolanic properties of waste glass, nobody
has succeeded to identify the products of the pozzolanic reaction or to propose its
mechanism.

4.3 GLASS POWDER AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF SAND IN CONCRETE

4.3.1 Method and Material

The percentage of glass powder added to sand of weight 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% in
each mixed Plan. The test object is used in the form of a concrete cylinder of diameter
15cm and height 30cm. Concrete compressive strength values are obtained through
standard testing procedures. Using a testing machine providing multilevel compressive
loads with a certain rate of increase in load in the test object. Then the test object is
pressed with the test equipment until it breaks. The maximum compressive load when the
specimens are broken and divided by the cross-sectional area of the test specimens, it is
the value of the concrete force strength expressed in MPa or kg/cm2 .

This test procedure is commonly used in the ASTM C 39 standard. The formula used for
the calculation of the compressive strength of concrete is:

𝑓‘𝑐 =P/𝐴
Where f ʹc is strength of concrete (MPa), P is maximum load (N), and A is test object
cross-sectional area (mm2)

Coarse aggregate and fine aggregate that is split and sand are examined before being
used as a material for making concrete mix. Material testing for fine aggregate includes
examination of aggregate gradation, organic sludge content, water content, specific
gravity and absorption. Normal concrete mix plans (mix designs) are made using
concrete designs according to SNI 03-2834-2000. The test object used is cylindrical with
height 30cm, diameter 15cm for compressive strength test.

The composition of the concrete mix material in this study was determined through a mix
of design calculation in advance from the results of the fine and rough aggregate test
graphs. Determination of the weight of the cement demand is determined by a
comparison of the cement water factor and the maximum cement demand. Sand and
gravel requirements are calculated using grading zone graphs from the results of specific
gravity measurements. The use of glass powder in a concrete mixture is determined by
using a comparison of the volume of sand in the mix design.

Furthermore, the normal concrete is given a code BK of glass concrete, for concrete
with a mixture of coarse glass powder given the code BK.K, concrete with a mixture of
fine glass powder is given the Code BK.H and the code for concrete with a mixture of
glass powder mixture is BK.C.

4.3.2 TESTS

4.3.2.1 Slump Test

Slump test is carried out to determine the thickness of a mixture of fresh concrete in order
to meet the specified requirements. The value of the slump is checked by testing the fresh
concrete before pouring it, by taking it directly from the mixer using a bucket or a device
that does not absorb water. Slump testing is carried out using a cone with a diameter of
10 cm, a bottom diameter of 20 cm and a height of 30 cm.
Concrete with a variation of coarse glass decreases in slump due to lack of bonding
capacity between the aggregates. In concrete, the variation of fine glass has decreased
slightly because the fine glass powder absorbs too much water. Value of the complete test
result are as in table 2.
Table 2
Slump test

No Variation Slump(cm)
1 10% Rough glass 3,5cm
Smooth glass 2cm

Mixed glass 3cm

2 15%Rough glass 5cm
Smooth glass 1,5cm
Mixed glass 4,5cm
3 20%Rough glass 2,8cm
Smooth glass 1cm
Mixed glass 2,5cm
4 30%Rough glass 3cm
Smooth glass 0
Mixed glass 1,5cm

4.3.2.2 Compressive Strength Test Results

Concrete compressive strength testing is performed on 28-day-old concrete using

Compression Testing Machine (CTM) to determine the maximum compressive strength
that can be held by concrete until the Concrete cracks or breaks. Test material is
cylindrical with a diameter of 15 × 30 cm.

In the 28-day test it can be seen the average compressive strength of concrete with 0%
addition Variation results in compressive strength of concrete which is 20.82 MPa.
Concrete compressive strength
 Table 3

Compressive strength

No Addition of Concrete Test Object Concrete Compressive

glass powder Cylinder Code Age Strength
Weight (Kg) (MPa)
1 0% 13,2 BK. 0% 28 21,97
13,3 BK.0% 28 19,65
12,9 BK.0% 28 20,84
2 10% 12,9 BK.K. 10% 28 13,08
12,9 BK.H. 10% 28 15,97
13 BK.C. 10% 28 19,53
3 15% 12,9 BK.K. 15% 28 22,8
13,1 BK.H. 15% 28 17,7
12,8 BK.C. 15% 28 19,7
4 20% 12,8 BK.K. 20% 28 10,9
12,8 BK.H. 20% 28 16,2
13 BK.C. 20% 28 16,19
5 30% 13,1 BK.K. 30% 28 15,34
12,9 BK.H. 30% 28 20,44
13 BK.C. 30% 28 21,12
4.3.3 Concrete samples after being tested
Concrete test specimens after being tested for compressive strength will certainly be
damaged. The damage that occurs is then visually analysed. Normal concrete samples are
damaged as in general, in the form of fine cracks.
 5. MERITS OF GLASS REPLACED CONCRETE

➢ It is economical

➢ It is Environment friendly

➢ It is supposed to give the strength when its size is in powdered form

➢ It is non-biodegradable
 6. DEMERITS OF GLASS REPLACED CONCRETE

➢ Glass powder size as decrease than strength of concrete increase but below 50-micron
glass powder affect strength of concrete.

➢ To make the glass into powdered form is difficult task.

➢ It requires machinery and labor to convert glass into powdered form

➢ During conversion of glass into powdered form this can affect our eyes, hands and
through respiration glass powder can reach to our respiration system.
 7. CONCLUSION

The non-biodegradable nature of waste glass makes this waste a challenge for all the
countries all over the world due to the lack of spaces in landfills and the lack for
spaces for new landfills.However, glass and cement industries have huge challenges
these days like: the intensive use of the earth’s natural resources as raw materials, the
intensive use of energy and the high emission of greenhouse gases which are
responsible for the climatic changes. Using glass waste in the construction industry
can offer an environmental friendly solution for this waste and reduces the problems
encountered with the glass and cement industries too.

The reviewed studies showed that waste glass can be used in cement and concrete but
the particle size of the glass waste plays a vital role in the ASR destructive reaction
and the performance of concrete. The pozzolanic properties of glass increased with
decreasing its particle sizes under 100mm, while, all the experimental results showed
that increasing the percentage of waste glass aggregate reduces the maintenance of
concrete.
 8. REFERENCES

1).G.M.sadiqul Islam, (2016). “Waste glass powder as partialreplacement of cement for

sustainable concrete practice”.
2).Hongjian du,Kiang hwee Tan. “Waste glass powder as cement replacement in
concrete”.

3).Abbas mohajerani,john vajna,(2017). “Practical recycling applications of crushed

waste glass in construction materials”.
4).N.A. Soliman,A.Tagnit-Hamou,(2016). “Development of ultra-high performance
concrete using glass powder”.
5)Fasih Ahmed khan,Muhammad Fahad,khan Shahazada,Haris Alam,Naveed Ali,(2015).
“Utilization of waste glass powder as a partial replacement of cement in concrete”.
6).Islam GMS, Rahman MH and Kazi N 2017 Waste glass powder as partial replacement
of cement
For sustainable concrete practice Int J Sustain Built Environ 6 37–44
7).Du H and Tan KH 2017 Properties of high volume glass powder concrete Cem Concr
Compos 75 22–9.
8).M. Carsana, M. Frassoni, L. Bertolini, Comparison of ground waste glass with Other
supplementary cementitious materials, Cement and Concrete Compo-Sites 33 39–45.