Chemical Report

INDEX NUMBER 403104030387
NAIROBI TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
NOTIFICATION: REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING CHEMICAL OPTION
PROJECT TITLE: CONVERSION OF PLASTICS WASTE FOR USE IN ASPHALTING OF

ROADS.
PRESENTED BY: KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE
INDEX NUMBER:4031040387
PRESENTED TO KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
SUPERVISOR: MR DAVID OYARO
SERIES: NOVEMBER 2021
KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
DEDICATION
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3. JUSTIFICATION
1.4. OBJECTIVES
1.4.1. MAIN OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. UTILIZATION OF WASTE PLASTIC
2.2. MODIFIED BITUMEN
2.3. IMPROVED PROPERTIES
2.4. GROWTH AND SOCIAL PATTERNS IN USE OF PLASTIC PRODUCTS
2.5. PLASTICS IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
CHAPTER THREE: MASS BALANCE

3.0. INTRODUCTION
3.1. FLOW DIAGRAM
3.2. SHREDDING | WEIGHING
3.3. MILLING | SCREENING
3.4. METAL SEPARATOR
3.5. TREATMENT
3.6. SORTING
3.7. PYROLYSIS PLANT
3.8. COOLANT
CHAPTER FOUR: ENERGY BALANCE

4.0. INTRODUCTION
4.1. MILLING
4.2. TREATMENT
4.3. PYROLYSIS PLANT
4.4. SORTING
CHAPTER FIVE: EQUIPMENT DESIGN

5.0. INTRODUCTION
5.1. BASIC DESIGN PROCEDURE
5.2. SHORT VERTICAL EQUIPMENT DESIGN
5.2.1. HEAT TRANSFER AREA
5.3. EVAPORATOR TUBES
5.3.1. EVAPORATOR BUNDLE
5.4. EVAPORATOR SHELL
5.4.1. SUMMARY OF EVAPORATOR DESIGN
5.5. TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PYROLYSIS PLANT

5.5.1. COMPOSITION OF PLANT
5.5.2. EFFECTIVE WORK
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION, REFERENCES
6.0. CONCLUSION
6.1. RECOMMENDATION
6.2. REFERENCES

ABSTRACT
Asphalt is a mixture of aggregates, binder and filler, used for constructing and maintaining roads,
parking areas, railway tracks, ports, airport runways, bicycle lanes, sidewalks and also play- and
sport areas. Aggregates used for asphalt mixtures could be crushed rock, sand, gravel or slags. This
project has been grouped into six chapters. The threat of a proper disposal of plastic will not be
solved until the practical steps are initiated at the ground level. It is possible to improve
performance of bituminous mixed used in the surfacing of roads. Studies reported in the use of
recycled plastic mainly polythene in the manufacture of blended indicated reduced permanent
deformation and reduced low-temperature creating of the pavement surfacing. The field tests
withstood the stress and proved that plastic waste used after proper processing as an additive would
enhance the life of the roads and also solve environmental problems. Plastic is such a versatile
material due to its industrial resolution and its large scale production. Plastic seemed to be a cheaper
and effective raw material. Chapter one comprises an introduction in which asphalting plastics is
stated how it was arrived at. Also in this chapter we have problem statement and main objective and
specific objectives.Chapter two comprises of literature review. In chapter three mass balance and
calculation of waste plastic is clearly given in the details.
Chapter four comprises of energy and material balance of the plant. Chapter five consists of
equipment design and finally the conclusions and references are clearly given.

DECLARATION
I hereby declare this project to be my original work through my extreme effort and great effort from
teacher Mr. Oyaro. This work has never been presented for any examination purpose for award of
marks and is subjected to KNEC as fulfillment of a diploma certificate in Chemical Engineering.
STUDENT NAME:
Signature __________________________________________
Date ____________________________________________
SUPERVISOR MR DAVID OYARO
Signature __________________________________________
Date ____________________________________________

DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to family and friends for their pieces of advice they gave me throughout for
making the research of this project successful and also my supervisor Mr. David Oyaro for the
advice and supervision and proper attention paid to ensure successive completion for this project.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many thanks and gratitude goes to the almighty God for his sufficient grace and good health
throughout the completion of my course.
I would also acknowledge my loving parents, brothers and sisters for their moral and financial
support making life a success in college. I also acknowledge my classmates for their continued
support.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background Information
The threat of a proper disposal of plastic will not be solved until the practical steps are initiated at
the ground level. It is possible to improve performance of bituminous mixed used in the surfacing
of roads. Studies reported in the use of recycled plastic mainly polythene in the manufacture of
blended indicated reduced permanent deformation and reduced low-temperature creating of the
pavement surfacing. The field tests withstood the stress and proved that plastic waste used after
proper processing as an additive would enhance the life of the roads and also solve environmental
problems. Plastic is such a versatile material due to its industrial resolution and its large scale
production. Plastic seemed to be a cheaper and effective raw material.
Today every important sector in the economy starting from agriculture to packaging to automobile,
electronics, electrical building, construction, communication centers have all been revolutionized by
the applications of plastic. Plastic is a non-biodegradable material and researchers found that the
material can remain on earth for 4500 years without degradation. Several studies have proven that
health hazards caused by improper disposal of plastic waste. In current world we cannot ban the use
of plastic but we can re-use, recycle plastic waste.
1.2 Problem Statement
The plastic waste could not be used in road construction and the field tests withstood the stress and
provided that plastic waste used after proper processing as an additive would enhance the life of
roads and also solve environmental problems. The rapid rate of urbanization and development has
led to increasing plastic waste generation. As plastic is non-biodegradable in nature it remains in
the environment for several years and disposing plastic waste in landfills is are unsafe since toxic
chemicals reach out into the soil and underground water and pollute the water bodies. Scarcity of
bitumen in future needs for deeper thinking to ensure fast road construction.
Due to littering habits, inadequate waste management systems, infrastructure, plastic waste disposal
continues to be a major problem for the civic authorities especially in urban areas. As stated above,
plastic disposal continues to be a major problem for developing countries like Kenya. At the same
time Kenya needs a large network of roads for smooth economic and social development.
1.3 Justification
The quality of plastic waste in municipal solid waste is increasing due to increase in population and
urbanization development activities. Also changes in lifestyle thus continued littering all around the
town hence disposal of plastic has become a nuisance and a serious problem not only on Kenya but
globally due to their non-degradable since they are not disposable scientifically hence their
possibility to ground and water pollution is very high.
Due to their non-biodegradable they can then be used to partially replace the conventional materials
to improved desired mechanical characteristics for particular roads.
In the present people have developed techniques to use plastic waste for construction purpose of
roads and flexible pavements. In conventional road making process bitumen is used as a binder. The
bitumen can be modified with waste plastic and bitumen can be used as a top later coat of flexible
pavement. This waste plastic modified bitumen mix show better binding, proper stability, density
and more resistance to water.

1.4 Main Objectives
Objective means the main goal or purpose of using plastic in asphalting of roads
1.1.4 Other Objectives
To dispose plastic materials in the best way possible

To reduce environmental pollution
To build long lasting roads for Kenya
To increase binding property of bitumen
To make urban cities look cleaner
To create employment for Kenyan Youth

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Utilization of waste plastic
The concept of utilization of waste plastics in construction of flexible road pavement had been done
since 2000. In the construction of flexible pavements , bitumen plays the role of binding the
aggregate together by coating over the aggregate. It also helps to improve the strength and life of
road pavement but its resistance to water is poor. A common method to improve the quality of
bitumen is by modifying the properties of bitumen by binding with synthetic polymers like rubber
and plastics.
2.2 Modified Bitumen
Use of plastic waste in the bitumen is similar to polymer modified bitumen. The binding of
recycled plastics to asphalt mixture required no modified bitumen to existing plant facilities or
technology. Polymers modified bitumen has better resistance to temperature and water. This
modified bitumen is one of the important construction materials for flexible road pavements
since90’s.
Considerable research has been carried out to determine the suitability of plastic waste. Modified in
construction of bituminous mixes. The researcher reported the use of recycled plastics composed
predominantly of polypropylene and low density polythene in plain bituminous concrete mixtures.
2.3 Improved Properties
With increased durability and improved fatigue life, dense bituminous macadam with recycled
plastics mainly low density polyethylene (IDPE) replacing 30% aggregation reduced the mix
density by 16% and showed 250% increase in stability.
Plastic content is recommended for improvement of performance. The mixture was subjected to
performance tests including material stability, tensile strength and comprehensive strength tests.
Stabilizing additives are needed in the mixture to prevent the binder from draining down the mix.
2.4 Plastics in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Nairobi
The refuse collection and disposal systems in Nairobi city are inadequate. As a result plastic wastes
are commonly dealt with in several ways. Terminal* disposal, disposed into streams, drainage
channels and rivers each having serious consequences. Plastic bags, juice and waste bottles are
discarded onto the grounds. Be it streets, fields, unused areas, when the consumers have finished
with them. These plastics are not biodegradable and remain at their point of disposal until moved by
wind or the rain.
In this case of latter plastics wash downhill and are eventually deposited into rivers and eventually
into the sea. Other plastic mingle* with other plastic materials in drainage pathways. These form
miniature dams and water flow obstructions disrupts sewage run-offs system and cause serious
urban flooding and mosquito breeding grounds.

CHAPTER THREE
MASS BALANCE
Introduction
Mass balance provides a principle tool for analyzing a process according to its reference input and
their output hence creating an environment for maximum utilization of material. The law of
conversion of matter cannot be destroyed and thus the material entering any system must either
leave or accumulate within it. Any material may change physically or chemically but their masses
of their output of the system must be equilibrium with the quantity entering the same system.
This chapter describes mass balance of the solid recovered* fuel production process produced from
various types of waste stream through mechanical treatment. The stream of municipal solid waste
used here as input waste material to produce solid recovered fuel is energy waste collected from
households of municipality. These balances are based on proximate as well as the ultimate analysis
and the composition determination of various streams of material produced in solid recovered fuel
production plant. All the process streams are sampled and treated according to CEN standard
method for solid recovered fuels.
3.1 Flow Diagram
Screening
Primary ShreddingMetal
/ Separator
Weighing
Treatment
Cooler Shredding / Weighing Pyrolysis Plant Sorting
Fuel Storing

3.2 Shredding / Weighing
Basis of calculation 3.889 kgs of feed (14 tonnes)
Mass in 3.889 Kgs Mass Out
Mass in = Mass Out
Therefore 3.889 Kgs is fed to the mills
3.3 Milling / Screening
Water
Feed Plastic Shredding / Weighing Waste Plastic
Mixed Plastic
Calculations of Plastic
70% polythene papers

15% plastic bottles
15% Water
Feed to the mill is 3.889 Kgs

But for every 2.78 Kgs plastic fed in the mill, 0.833 Kgs is waste plastic
2.78 Kgs feed = 0.833 Kgs of waste plastic

3.889 Kgs = ?

Waste Plastic = 3.889 x 0.833 = 1.17 Kgs of waste plastic
2.78
Assumtion : Water added to the mill is 20% of the feed
20 x 3.889 = 0.75 Kgs100

Overall mass balance
Fend + Water = Waste plastic + mixed plastic
= 3.889 + 0.78 + 1.78 + mixed water
Mixed plastic = 3.49 Kgs
3.4 Metal Separation
Mixed Plastic Metal Separator HDPE
LDPE
If 99% 3.499 Kgs

100% ?
= 100 x 3.499 Kgs
Plastic = 3.499 Kgs
3.5 Treatment
Chemical Additive
Mixed Plastic Mixed Plastic 20%

HDPE Plastic
IDPE
0.5 of chemical additive is 1 tonne of mixed plastic
1000Kg 0.5 Kgs 349.9 Kgs ?
0.5 x 349.9 = 0.17495

1000
0.175 Kgs of chemical
The amount of chemical added per second is too small hence neglected in mass balance
Assumption 80% mixed plastic is treated
80 x 349.9 = 179.92 Kgs
100
Mixed Plastic = 20 x 349.9 = 69.98 Kgs
100
3.6 Sorting
Treated Plastic Metal Separator HDPE Kgs
349.9Kgs 349.9 Kgs
Mass of plastic = Mass of HDPE
15 x 349.9Kgs = 52.485Kgs
100
70 x 349.9Kgs = 244.93Kgs
100

Solids in Plastic
349.9Kgs – (244.93 + 52.485)
= 52.485Kgs
Assumptions plastic that was sorted = 96%
96 x 52.485Kgs = 50.3856Kgs
100
3.7 Pyrolysis Plant
Vapour
Sorted Plastic HDPE 65% Mixed Plastic
14% Mixed Plastic
Sorted Plastic = 50.3856 Kgs

Concentration of sorted plastics = 14% mixed plastic
Concentration of HDPE = 65% mixed plastic
Overall Balance
Feed = HDPE + Vapor

F=H+Y
F = 50.3856 = H + Y
Material Balance
Feed x Plastic = (HDPE x Plastic) + Vapour

50.3856 x 0.14 = 0.65H + Y
7.054 = 0.65H + Y
7.054 = 0.65H
H = 10.852Kgs
50.3856 = 10.852Kgs
50.3856 = 10.852 + Y
Y = 39.5336Kgs
HDPE = 10.852Kgs
Waste evaporated = 39.5336Kgs

Solid in the sorted plastic = 15% feed

15 x 50.3856 = 7.55784 Kgs of Solids 100
Solvents in HDPE = 10.852 – 7.55784

= 3.29416Kgs
3.8 Cooler
Cooler
Mass in HDPE Mass Out
3.29416Kgs 3.29416Kgs
Mass in = Mass Out
3.29416Kgs
CHAPTER FOUR
ENERGY BALANCE
4.0 Introduction

Energy may be transformed across the boundary of a system in a form which is not associated with
mass hence the law of conservation of mass/matter which bases on the argument that matter can
neither be created nor destroyed for any system that is undergoing change hence material entering
any system must leave or accumulate within it.
Energy entering – Energy leaving + Energy Generated = Accumulated Energy
Assumption : Accumulation = 0
Temperature = 293 K
4.1 Milling
Water ( CP = 4.187Kgs/KgK-1
CP = 0.301 Kg/KgK-1
Feed Plastic Milling Waste Plastic
CP = 0.32 Kg/KgK-1
Waste Plastic
7 = 310K
Energy entering with feed = McpDT

= 3.889 x 0.301 x (273 – 293)
= 0 Kgs
Energy entering with water = McpDT

3.449 x 14.345 (310 – 293)
= 853.28Kgs
Energy leaving with waste plastic McpDT

=1.17 x 0.32 (310 – 293)
= 13.853Kgs
Energy generated = Energy leaving with force + Energy leaving with waste plastic -
Energy entering with feed and water
=(853.28 + 13.853) – 0
= 867.14Kgs
4.2 Treatment

Chemical Additive
( CP = 9.8722Kgs/KgK ) -1
Mixed Plastic Treated Plastic – Waste T = 323
7 = 310 Kg
7310K
Energy leaving with waste = McpDT

0.175 x 13.113 (323 – 293)
68.843 Kgs
4.3 Pyrolysis Plant
Vapour = 398K
Treated Plastic Milling HDPE 7 = 365K
7 = 323K Condensate 350K
Steam 390K
Energy leaving with HDPE = McpDT

= 10.852 x 10.461 (368 – 293)
= 8514.2 Kgs
Energy Leaving with vapour = YHY

= 39.5336 x 2662
= 105238.44
Energy given out by steam = Energy Leaving – Energy entering

= (8514.2 + 105238.4) – 68.843
= 113683.8 Kgs
4.4 Sorting

Steam Condensate
10.852 Kgs HDPE 7 = 380K
Treated Plastic
7 = 365K
Energy entering with HDPE =

8514.21Kgs
Energy leaving with HDPE = McpDT

= 10.852Kgs x 10.461(380 – 293)
= 9876.5Kgs
Energy given out by steam = Energy leaving with HDPE – Energy entering with feed
=(9876.5 – 68.843 Kgs)
9807.657 Kgs
CHAPTER FIVE

EQUIPMENT DESIGN
5.0 Introduction
The design of on evaporate or evaporation unit for a pyrolysis plant requires practical application of
date or heat transfer to the boiling liquid with a realization of what happens to the liquid during
condensation.
Evaporation is achieved by adding heat to the solution to vaporize the solvent. Heat is supplied
principally to provide latent heat of evaporation.
5.1 Basic Design Procedure for heat transfer equipment
The general equation fr heat tranfer across a surface is
Q* = uADT where
Q = Heat transferred per unit time
u = The overall heat transfer coefficient
DT = Temperature difference
The prime objective in design is to determine the surface area required for the rate of transfer of
heat using temperature difference. Overall co-efficent is the reciprocal of overal resistance of heat
transfer which is the sum of all several individual substances* due to scalling of the relationship
between overall coefficient where coefficients is H’F, XW, K, u where
H’F = Individual film coefficient

X,W = Thickness of wall
K = Thermal conductivity of the wall materials
u = Overall heat transfer coefficient
5.2 Short Vertical Evaporation Design
The evaporator design can be drawn from the design equations of the shell and tube heater
exchanger.
An evaporator consists of a bundle of tubes enclosed in a cylindrical shell. The ends of the tube are
fitted into the tube sheets which separates the shell sides and tube side fluid.
5.2.1 Heat transfer area
Overall heat transfer coefficient between steam and solutions (HDPE) allowing for cooling lies
between 1000 – 1500 w/mk2k (chemical engineering volume 6 design)
Taking the heat highest overall heat transfer coefficient = 1500 w/m2k
mean temperature difference = 35k

Q = uADT
A = Q/uDT
A = 54261 (35 x 1.5)
= 103m2
Total heating surface area is 103m2

5.3 Evaporator Tubes

Each tube has a diameter of 5 – 7.5 cm
The length of each tube is 1.2 – 1.8m
Employing the maximum diameter of the tube and its length therefore
Tube diameter = 0.075m
Tube Length = 1.8 m
Surface area for a single tube
Surface Area = Pie*d2 + Pie*dh

4
S.A = (Pie* x 0.75 + ( Pie* x 0.075 x 1.8)
2
= 0.42m2
Total number of tubes = Total heating surface area / heating surface for one tube
= 103/0.42
245 tubes.
5.3.1 Evaporator Bundle

Base area for each tube
A = Pie*d2
4
A = Pie* x 0.075 2/4 = 0.0042m2
245 tubes arranged in a rotated square of 16 by 16 tubes allowances between the tubes =
6.4mm
The length of the bundle = (0.075 + 0.4) x 16

= 2.224m
Rotated square area of the bundle

= 2.224 x 2.221
= 4.95m2
Total area of the bundle + area left surface = 4.95m2

Diameter of the bundle A = Pie*d2/4
d2 = 4A/Pie*
d2 = 4 x 4.95/Pie*
d2 = 0.3
d = 2.3m
5.4 The evaporator shell

Given the required clearance (allowance) between the outermost and the shell inside diameter of
15cm
The shell diameter is given by (bundle diameter + clearance)

Shell diameter = 2.5m + 0.15m
= 2.65m
Shell base area = Pie*d2/4

Pie* x (2.65)2/4
5.52m2
The height of the shell of the short tube vertical evaporator ranges between 3.6 to 4m and a
maximum height of 4m volume of the shell
Pie*d2
4
Pie* x (2.65)2 x 4/4
=22.08m3
5.4.1 Summary of Evaporator Design

Shell tube evaporator
Heat transfer ……………………………………………………………………………….1033
Tube diameter ……………………………………………………………………………… 0.075m
Tube Length ………………………………………………………………………………..1.8m
Number of Tubes …………………………………………………………………….…….245 tubes
Tube Bundle base area ………………………………………………………….…………. 1.03m2
Rotated Square Bundle ………………………………………………………………….16by16 tubes
Bundle Length ……………….……………………………………………………………….2.224m
Allowance space between tubes………………………………………………………….…. 0.064m
Bundle Diameter………………..………………………………………………..…………. 2.5m
Shell Diameter…. ……………………………………………………………………..……. 2.65m
Shell Base area..………………………………………………………………………….…. 5.52m2
Shell height …...………………………………………………………………………….…. 4m

5.5 Technical Characteristics
The main products obtained in the waste recycling process are liquid pyrolysis product produce
(pyrolysis oil) carbon acoustic residue (pyrocarbon) metal cord (in the case of used tyres) and
pyrolysis gas. The quantity of products obtained depends in the type of recycled waste.
Capacity m3 per day
Furnace 5.2
The nominal value of the load chamber m3
Installed power capacity Kil 1,1
Voltage Y 380

Nominal Frequency, Hz 50
Height (with pipes) m 5,6

When you recycle certain types of waste the capacity be increased by 1-5-2 times due to the use of a
catalyst.
The necessary performance is achieved due to the corresponding number of modules.
5.5.1 The composition of the plant
Name Number
Module of Pyrolysis 1
Retort and Lid Assembly 2
Fridge exchanger 1
Collector Separator 1
Maintenance Area 1
Transporting Stand for furnace 1
Control panel 1
Pipeline and cheque valves Set
5.5.2 Effective Work
Is done on two modules – The excess gas from the first furnace can be used to heat up the second.
In each period of time the furnaces are at different stages of process. The phase shift of the process
between the two furnaces is chosen by in such a way that the second furnace passes the maximum
gas generation stage at the time when the first furnaces experiences the greatest demand for fuel.
Thus there is no need for additional solid fuel emissions to the atmosphere are significantly reduced
and there is no need to install a gas holder for temporary storage of pyrolysis gas and a large
number of pyrolysis modules completely reduces the problem of ignition.
Water are recycled without additional preparation.

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES
6.0 Conclusion
This review intended to find the effective ways to re-utilize the hard plastics waste particles as
bitumen modified for flexible pavements.
The use of recycled waste plastic in pavement asphalt represents a valuable outlet for such
materials. The use of modified bitumen with addition of processed waste plastic of about 5-10% by
weight of bitumen helps in substantially improving the material stability, strength fatigue life and
other desirable properties of bituminous concrete mix resulting which improves the longevity abd
pavement performance with marginal saving ub bitumen usage. The process is environmentally
friendly. The use of plastics in the manufacture of roads and laminated roofing also helps to
consume a large quantity of waste plastics. Thus the processes are socially highly relevant giving
better infrastructure.
With the latest ban on plastics in Kenya, this review provides perfect timing and economical way of
the disposal of waste plastics which is also Eco-friendly to both people and environments.
6.1 Recommendation
I recommend that for the industry to employ the design of pyrolysis plant which is designed in
mobile version and this does not require lasting arrangement. It also working with any
carbonaceous waste. It also be able to get rid of waste without unnecessary assistance and ensures
minimum deadlines and absolute confidentiality in work.

6.3 References
1. S.S Verma Roads from plastic waste

2. FHCA User guidelines for waste and by products materials in pavement construction
3. AAPA Asphalt guide, Asphalt surfacing
4. National Plastic Waste Management task force (1997)
5. Plastics for environment and sustainable development ICIPE
6. Analyzing plastic waste management, case study of polybags and Pet bottles
7. Recycled plastic find it home in Asphalt binder L. Fynn
8. Do little enhancement of concrete mixtures

9. V.Spunith laboratory fatigue studies on bituminous concrete mixed utilizing water shredded
plastic modifier.
10. Manual on municipal solid waste management table 3, 6

Chemical Report

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemical Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INDEX NUMBER 403104030387

NAIROBI TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

NOTIFICATION: REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL

PROJECT TITLE: CONVERSION OF PLASTICS WASTE FOR USE IN ASPHALTING OF

PRESENTED BY: KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

PRESENTED TO KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

SUPERVISOR: MR DAVID OYARO

SERIES: NOVEMBER 2021

KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE: MASS BALANCE

CHAPTER FOUR: ENERGY BALANCE

CHAPTER FIVE: EQUIPMENT DESIGN

KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

SUPERVISOR MR DAVID OYARO

KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

1.1. Background Information

1.2 Problem Statement

KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

1.4 Main Objectives

1.1.4 Other Objectives

To dispose plastic materials in the best way possible

KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

2.1 Utilization of waste plastic

2.2 Modified Bitumen

2.3 Improved Properties

2.4 Plastics in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Nairobi

KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

3.1 Flow Diagram

Cooler Shredding / Weighing Pyrolysis Plant Sorting

KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

3.2 Shredding / Weighing

Basis of calculation 3.889 kgs of feed (14 tonnes)

Mass in 3.889 Kgs Mass Out

Mass in = Mass Out

Therefore 3.889 Kgs is fed to the mills

3.3 Milling / Screening

Feed Plastic Shredding / Weighing Waste Plastic

70% polythene papers

Feed to the mill is 3.889 Kgs

2.78 Kgs feed = 0.833 Kgs of waste plastic

KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

Assumtion : Water added to the mill is 20% of the feed

20 x 3.889 = 0.75 Kgs100

= 3.889 + 0.78 + 1.78 + mixed water

Mixed plastic = 3.49 Kgs

3.4 Metal Separation

Mixed Plastic Metal Separator HDPE

If 99% 3.499 Kgs

= 100 x 3.499 Kgs

Plastic = 3.499 Kgs

Mixed Plastic Mixed Plastic 20%

KAMAU MAUREEN WACEKE

0.5 of chemical additive is 1 tonne of mixed plastic

1000Kg 0.5 Kgs 349.9 Kgs ?

0.5 x 349.9 = 0.17495

0.175 Kgs of chemical

Surface Area = Pied2 + Piedh