SITAMARHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

PROJECT

On

Using Waste Material As Paving Block To

Reduce Their Impact On Environment

Submitted By:
NAME: Mohammad Sajid Hussain
Reg. No.: 17101127052

Name: Rakesh Kumar

Reg. No.: 17101127018

Name: Md. Tausif ali

Reg. No.: 17101127004

Name: Ajeet kumar

Reg. No.: 17101127041

SESSION 2017-2021

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of B. Tech

degree in

CIVIL ENGINEERING
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this

project-1 work entitled “Using waste material as paving block to
reduce their impact on environment” in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
(Civil Engineering) and submitted in the Department of Civil
Engineering, is an authentic record of our own work, under the
supervision of Dr. Shashi Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of
Civil Engineering, Sitamarhi Institute of Technology, Sitamarhi, India.

Mohammad Sajid Hussain

Rakesh Kumar

Md. Tausif Ali

Ajeet Kumar

DATE: 20-03-2021

PLACE: SITAMARHI

(i)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude and

indebtedness to Dr. Shashi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department

of Civil Engineering, Sitamarhi Institute of Technology, Sitamarhi, for

their continuous and indefatigable guidance, which paved me on the

path to carry on this project. I am highly indebted to them for their

social and valuable suggestions during the period of Project. Their

painstaking efforts in providing valuable suggestions in molding the

text are gratefully acknowledged.

In the last but not least I owe their project to my friends and well-

wishers who made this endeavor worthwhile. I virtually fall short of

my words to express my gratitude to them.

MOHAMMAD SAAJID HUSSAIN (17101127052)

RAKESH KUMAR (17101127018)

MD. TAUSIF ALI (17101127004)

AJEET KUMAR (17101127041)

DATE: 20-03-2021

PLACE: SITAMARHI

(ii)
 ABSTRACT

Plastic is a non-bio-degradable substance which takes thousands

of years to decompose that creates land as well as water

pollution to the environment. The quantity of plastic waste in

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is expanding rapidly. It is estimated

that the rate of usage is double for every 10 years.

Plastics are rapidly growing segment of the municipal solid

waste. Disposal of waste materials including waste plastic bags

has become a serious problem. Amount of waste plastic bags

being accumulated in 21st century has created big challenges for

their disposal. The waste plastics in house hold is large and

increases with time.

In each country waste consumption is different, since it is

unaffected by socioeconomic characteristics and waste

management programs, but the level of plastics in waste

consumption is high. In order to overcome this issue, we have to

use it in effective way.

This project is about recycling waste plastics into pavement block

and study their characteristics.

(iii)
Pavement blocks are perfect materials on the pathways and

streets for simple laying and

finishing. Here the strength properties of pavement blocks

comprising of waste plastics and the design considerations for

pavement block incorporating waste plastic bags is presented.

It will be a boon to modern society and environment. The main

aim is to use the plastic nature in construction fields with limited

additions. It will be definitely a cost economical and can be

applied in different form. Polyethylene (PE) bags are cleaned and

added with fine aggregate at various ratios to obtain high

strength bricks that possess thermal and sound insulation

properties.

This is one of the best ways to avoid the accumulation of plastic

waste. It also helps to conserve energy, reduce the overall cost of

construction and hence in this project, an attempt made to

manufacture the plastic sand bricks by utilizing the waste

plastics.

(iv)
 CONTENT

1. Declaration (i)
2. Acknowledgement (ii)

3. Abstract (iii)

(iv)
4. Content (v)
5. Objective of project (vi)

6. Introduction 7-8

7. Literature review 9-15

8. Methodology 16

9. Material used 17-19

10. Tests on paving block 20-24

11. Conclusion 25

12. Reference 26

(v)
 OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

The objective of this project is to replace the

cement paver block with paver block of waste
material i.e. (bottle, polythene, plastic bag and
other plastic waste. The estimated quantity of
wastes generation was 9.46 million tones in a year.
As we know waste materials are harmful for our
environment. This project leads to reduce the
amount of waste material as it will create an eco-
friendly environment as well as it used in
construction of pavement block.

(vi)
 7

INTRODUCTION

Humans have always produced trash and disposed of it in some way so

solid waste management is not a new issue. Which has changed the
types and amounts of waste produced, the methods of disposal, and the
human values and perceptions of what should be done with it. The
applications of plastic materials and their composites are still growing
rapidly due to their low cost and ease of manufacture. Therefore, high
amount of waste plastic being accumulated which create big challenges
for their disposal.

Plastics are used in day today life. At present nearly 56 lakhs tons of
plastic wastes are produced in India per year. Plastics are generally
non-degradable hence, they take centuries to decay. Economic growth
and changing consumption patterns are resulting in the rapid increase
in the use of plastics in the world. The consumption of plastic materials
has increased from 5 million tons in the 1950s to 100 million tons in the
2000s.

The amount of plastic waste is ever increasing due to increase in

human population, developmental activities, and changes in lifestyle
and socio-economic conditions. Plastic waste is a significant portion of
the total municipal solid waste .Therefore there should be the need for
proper waste management system. Plastics are being littered and
misused all over the country and now causing threat to the nation.

Some of these problems associated with plastic waste in India

1. Plastic block drains and gutters and causes floods.

2. Plastics release toxic gas into the atmosphere when burnt.

3. Plastics bottles and containers act as breeding ground for

mosquitoes when filled with rainwater.
 8

Fortunately, there are various ways in which waste plastics could be

reuse or converted to other products High density polyethylene (HDPE)
waste is used in making bags and dustbins. These materials serve as
an alternative for the metallic dust bins and leather bags. Plastic is one
major component of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) which is becoming a
major research issue for its possible use in pavement blocks. Polymer
modified pavement blocks has applications in road construction and
buildings. Hence waste plastic can therefore, be mixed in concrete
mass in some form, without significant effect on its other properties or
slight compromise in strength (Polymer Modified Concrete).
 9

LITERATURE REVIEW

R.Mahadevi1 et.al, “An experimental investigation on concrete paver

block by using PVC plastic material”, International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 5, Issue: 03, [March– 2018]
ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161 [1]

Use of concrete paver block in road pavements is more common

nowadays. Concrete paver block is a better option in road construction
when compared to the conventional road which is made by bitumen and
gravel. As India is a developing country, construction of roadways and
buildings plays a vital role. The use of waste plastic in concrete
pavement block is a partial solution to the environment and ecological
challenges associated with the use of plastics. The aim of this research
is to reduce the unit weight, cost of block and also to reduce the
environmental pollution. Disposal of plastic in an environment is
considered to be a big problem due to its low biodegradability and
presence in large quantities. The PVC plastic is used in the form of
powder as partial replacement in M-Sand as fine aggregate in
percentage of 0, 10 and 30. Using197x167x61mm bone shaped paver
block molds and M30 grade of concrete mix are used. The compression
and water absorption tests are carried out.

Manish kumar sahu, Lokesh singh, “Critical review on types of bricks

type 14: plastic sand bricks”, International Journal of Mechanical and
Production Engineering, Volume- 5, Issue-11, Nov.-2017, ISSN: 2320-
2092 [2]

Brick is one of the most common masonry units used as building

material. Due to the demand, different types of waste have been
investigated to be incorporated into the bricks. There has been a
considerable imbalance between the availability of conventional
building materials and their demand in the recent past. On the other
 10

hand the laterite quarry waste is abundantly available and the disposal
of waste plastics (PET, PP, etc.) is a biggest challenge, as repeated
recycling of PET bottles poses a potential danger of being transformed

to a carcinogenic material and only a small proportion of PET bottles

are being recycled. Because of costly conventional recycling
techniques, there has been an increased demand for more scientific
and innovative technologies to effectively recycle these materials. This
paper deals with manufacturing process, materials used as well as the
testing method of plastic sand bricks.

Lairenlakpam Billygraham Singh, Suresh Thokchom, et.al,

“Manufacturing Bricks from Sand and Waste Plastics” , International
Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences ,
Volume 5 Issue 3, March 2017 , ISSN 2349-4476 [3] The present work is
performed to manufacture bricks or building blocks from sand and
waste plastics. The bricks are produced by mixing waste plastic and
sand after heating at 200oC. Two specimens of bricks, one with sand
and waste CDs; another with sand and waste water bottles are
produced and tested for some physical and mechanical properties. The
sand-plastic bricks are lightweight and present a waxy surface. The
results of sand plastic bricks are compared with those of traditional
local bricks. It is observed that sand plastic bricks have low water
absorption, low apparent porosity and high compressive strength.

B.Shanmugavalli, K.Gowtham, et.al, “Reuse of plastic waste in paver

block, International journal of engineering research and technology”,
Vol. 6 ISSUE 02, FEB 2017, ISSN: 2278-0181 [4] The aim of this project is
to replace cement with plastic in paver block and to reduce the cost of
paver block when compared to that of convention concrete paver block.
At present nearly 56 lakhs ton of plastic waste is produced in India per
year. The degradation rate of plastic waste is also a very slow process.
Hence the project is helpful in reducing plastic waste in useful way. In
this project we have use plastic waste in a different proportion with
 11

quarry dust, coarse aggregate and ceramic waste. The paver blocks
were prepared and tested and the result were discussed.

A.Panimayam, P.Chinnadurai et.al, “Utilization of Waste Plastics as a

Replacement of Coarse Aggregate in Paver Blocks”, International
Journal of Chem Tech Research, Vol.10 No.8, pp. 211-218, 2017, ISSN:
0974-4290, ISSN (Online):2455-9555[5] The rapid industrialization and
urbanization in the country leads lot of infrastructure development. This
process leads to several problems like shortage of construction
materials, increased productivity of wastes and other products. This
paper deals with the reuse of waste plastics as partial replacement of
coarse aggregate in M20 concrete. Usually M20 concrete is used for
most constructional works. Waste Plastics were incrementally added in
0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% to replace the same amount of Aggregate.
Tests were conducted on coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, cement
and waste plastics to determine their physical properties. Paver Blocks
of I section of casted and tested for 7, 14 and 28 days strength. The
result shows that the compressive strength of M20 concrete with waste
plastics is 4% for Paver Blocks.

A.Panimayam, P.Chinnadurai et.al, “Utilization of Waste Plastics as a

Replacement of Coarse Aggregate in Paver Blocks”, International
Journal of Chem Tech Research, Vol.10 No.8, pp. 211-218, 2017, ISSN:
0974-4290, ISSN (Online):2455-9555[5] The rapid industrialization and
urbanization in the country leads lot of infrastructure development. This
process leads to several problems like shortage of construction
materials, increased productivity of wastes and other products. This
paper deals with the reuse of waste plastics as partial replacement of
coarse aggregate in M20 concrete. Usually M20 concrete is used for
most constructional works. Waste Plastics were incrementally added in
0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% to replace the same amount of Aggregate.
Tests were conducted on coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, cement
and waste plastics to determine their physical properties. Paver Blocks
of I section of casted and tested for 7, 14 and 28 days strength. The
 12

result shows that the compressive strength of M20 concrete with waste
plastics is 4% for Paver Blocks.

Koli Nishikant, Aiwale Nachiket, et.al, June 2016, “Manufacturing of

pavement block by using waste glass material”, International Journal of
Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2016 61
ISSN 2250-3153[6] There is now a significant world-wide interest to
solve the environmental problems caused by industrial waste and other
materials by including such materials in the manufacture of concrete.
This technology has been introduced in India in construction, a decade
ago, for specific requirement namely footpaths, parking areas etc. but
now being adopted extensively in different uses where the conventional
construction of pavement using bituminous mix or cement concrete
technology is not feasible or desirable. The characteristics of concrete
containing fine crushed glass during its process, the best ratio of fine
crushed glass which leads to higher strength of concrete in order to
produce concrete blocks, and the effect of waste glass replacement on
the expansion caused by Alkali-silica reaction (ASR). This study looked
at the feasibility of waste glass inclusion as partial FA replacement
systems. Properties of concrete incorporating waste glass as partial
substitution for FA amounts of 15%, 30% and 45% were investigated. The
waste glass material used was obtained waste collectors. The results
obtained show clearly that glass enhances the compressive strength
properties of the final concrete product. The study indicated that waste
glass can effectively be used as fine aggregate replacement (up to 45%)
without substantial change in strength.

Dinesh.A , Kirubakaran.K et.al, (2016), “Utilization of waste plastic in

manufacturing of bricks and paver blocks”, International Journal of
Applied Engineering Research Vol. 11 No3 , ISSN 0973-4562[7] Plastic
waste which is increasing day by day becomes eyesore and in turn
pollutes the environment, especially in high mountain villages where no
 13

garbage collection system exists. A large amount of plastic is being

brought into the tourist trekking regions are discarded or burned which
leads to the contamination of environment and air. Hence, these waste
plastics are to be effectively utilized. High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
and polyethylene (PE) bags are cleaned and added with sand and
aggregate at various percentages to obtain high strength bricks that
possess thermal and sound insulation properties to control pollution
and to reduce the overall cost of construction, this is one of the best
ways to avoid the accumulation of plastic waste which is an on-
degradable pollutant. This alternatively saves the quanta of sand/clay
that has to be taken away from the precious river beds/mines. The
plastic waste is naturally available in surplus quantity and hence the
cost factor comes down. Also Coloring agents can be added to the
mixture to attain desired shades. Hence in this thesis, an attempt is
made to study regard the properties of the brick which is manufactured
using plastic wastes.

Manhal A Jibrael, Farah Peter,“Strength and Behavior of Concrete

Contains Waste Plastic”, Journal of Ecosystem & Echography, Volume 6
• Issue 2 • 1000186, May 31, 2016, ISSN: 2157-7625[8] This paper presents
a method of strengthen concrete by the addition of percentages
recycled waste plastic (polyethylene). Almost 126 samples of concrete
are prepared, the concrete Strength (compressive, splitting tensile and
flexural strength) are investigated along a time interval of 7 to 28 days
using 1%, 3% and 5% from fine aggregate recycled waste plastic
(polyethylene). It is found that when waste plastic bottles increased
from zero to5% of the sand in the mix, the compressive, tensile and
flexural strength of concrete decreased by the ratios of12.81, 10.71, and
increase by 4.1% respectively at 7 days age and also these concrete
strength decrease by the7.93, 28.6, and 23.6% at 28 days age.

S.Revathi1, Dr.R.Kumutha2, Dr.K.Vijai3, 02 May-2015, “Properties of

Paver Blocks with Groundnut Husk Ash as Fine Aggregates”,
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET),
 14

Volume: 02 Issue: 02 May-2015, e-ISSN: 2395 -0056, p-ISSN: 2395-

0072[9] Use of concrete Paver Blocks in road pavements is more
common nowadays. Concrete Paver Block is a better option in road
construction when compared to the conventional road which is made by
bitumen and gravel from the point of view of cost and better suitability.
As India is a developing country, construction of roadways and
buildings plays an important role. In the present investigation paver
blocks were prepared using M40 mix using 10 mm Coarse aggregates,
Portland Pozzolona Cement and Fine Aggregates .The dimension of the
paver block is 215 x 170 x 55 mm. The fine aggregates were partially
replaced using Groundnut husk ash in percentage of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50,
and 60. Tests were carried out to find out the Compressive Strength,
Water Absorption and Density. The main objective of this paper is to use
waste products like groundnut husk ash for the production of Paver
Blocks which will useful in construction

Ganesh Tapkire, Satish parihar et.al,” Recycled plastic used in concrete

paver block”, IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering
and Technology, Volume: 03 Special Issue: 09 | NCETCE-2014 | June-
2014, ISSN: 2319-1163 | ISSN: 2321-7308 [10] In this paper Recycled
plastic aggregate used in various proportion in concrete mix and check
there suitability .Amount of waste plastic being accumulated in 21st
centuries has created big challenges for their disposal, thus obliging
the authorities to invest in felicitating the use of waste plastic coarse
aggregate in a concrete is fundamental to the booming construction
industry. Disposal of plastic waste in an environment is considered to
be a big problem due to its very low biodegradability and presence in
large quantities. In recent time use of such, Industrial wastes from
plastic bottles, pallets, carry bags; polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene
Terephthalate (PET) were studied as alternative replacements of a part
of the conventional aggregates of concrete. If plastic wastes can be
mixed with the concrete mass in some quantity or in some form,
without affecting the fundamental and other properties or slight
 15

negotiation in strength the strength of concrete. Industrial wastes from

polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) were studied
as alternative replacements of a part of the conventional aggregates of
concrete. Three replacement levels.10 %, 20 %, 30 by Weight of
aggregates were used for the preparation of the concrete.
 16

METHODOLOGY

In first step we will collect waste material, sand, gravel (size 10-12mm).
Next the collected waste are cleaned with water and dried to remove
the water present in it after this the wastes are burned out by using
stones and fire wood. The stones are arranged to hold the drum and
the firewood is placed in the gap between the stones and it is ignited.
The drum is placed over the above setup and it is heated to remove the
moisture present in it. Then wastes are added to the drum one by one
and then sand, gravel is added to the wastes when it turns into hot
liquid.
The sand and gravel are added and mixed thoroughly using rod and
trowel before it hardens. The mixture has a very short setting hence
mixing process must not consume more time on the other hand the
process should be complete. These mixtures are then poured in to the
paving block mould and they are compacted using steel rod and
surface is finished using trowel. Before placing the mixture into the
mould, the sides of the mould are oiled to easy removal of paving
block.
 17

MATERIALS USED

A. Waste plastics

Plastics are commonly used substances which play an important role

in almost every aspect of our lives. The widespread generation of
plastics waste needs proper end- of-life management. The highest
amount of plastics is found in containers and packaging’s (i.e. bottles,
packaging, cups etc.), but they also are found in durables (e.g. tires,
building materials, furniture, etc.) and disposable goods (e.g. medical
devices). Diversity of plastics applications is related with their specific
properties, low density, easy processing, good mechanical properties,
good chemical resistance, excellent thermal and electrical insulating
properties and low cost ( in comparison to other materials). It is
important to only select the correct type of plastic. This is because
different types of plastic melt and burn at different temperatures and
have different physical qualities.
 18

Waste plastic

B. River sand

Sand is naturally occurring granular material which is composed of

mineral particles and finely divided material. The composition of sand
varies depending on the local rock conditions and sources, but the
most constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical
coastal region is silica dioxide (Sio2) in the form of quartz. The second
commonly used sand is the calcium carbonate, for example aragonite,
which has mostly been created, over the past half billion years, by
various forms of life, like coral and shellfish. Sand is now used in all
the construction process.
 19

River sand
 20

TESTS ON PAVING BLOCK

A. Compression strength test

The cube specimens was placed in compression testing machine and

the load is to be applied without shock and increased continuously at a
rate of approximately 140 kg/cm2 min until the resistance of the
specimen to the increasing load breaks down and no greater load can
be restrained. The maximum load applied to the specimens is to be
recorded and the appearance of the brick and any unusual features in
the type of failure is noted.
Compressive strength = Maximum load / Area of the specimen
= P/A
Where, P -Maximum load (kN)
A - Area of the specimen (mm2 )
Comparison of compressive strength of Plastic sand paving block
possessing various ratios
 21

Compression strength test

B. Water absorption test

In this the bricks first weighted in dry condition and they are immersed
in water for 24 hours. After that they are taken out from water and they
are wiped out with cloth. Then the difference between the dry and wet
bricks percentage are calculated.

Water absorption = {[W2 – W1] / W1} x 100

Where, W1 = Weight of dry brick (kg)
W2 = Weight of wet brick (kg)

Dry brick weight Wet brick weight

 22

C. Efflorescence test

The presence of alkalis in bricks is harmful and they form a grey or

white layer on brick surface by absorbing moisture. To find out the
presence of alkalis in bricks this test is performed. In this test a brick
is immersed in fresh water for 24 hours and then it's taken out from
water and allowed to dry in shade. The plastic sand brick has low alkali
content and so a little white patch is formed over the surface .
 23

Efflorescence test

D. Fire resistance test

The Plastic is highly susceptible to fire but in case of Plastic sand

bricks/Paver blocks the presence of sand imparts insulation. There is
no change in the structural properties of block of bricks up to 180oC
above which visible cracks are seen and the blocks/bricks deteriorate
with increase in temperature.
 24

E. Hardness test

In this test a scratch is made on brick surface with steel rod (any hard
material can be used) which was difficult to imply the bricks or blocks
were hard. This shows the brick possess high quality.
 25

CONCLUSIONS

The Plastic sand bricks possess more advantages which include Cost
efficiency, Removal of waste products thus abolishing the land
requirement problem for dumping plastic, Reduction in the emission of
greenhouse gases by the conversion of flue gases into synthetic oil etc.
This method is suitable for the country which has the difficult to
dispose /recycle the plastic waste. The natural resources consumed
for the manufacturing of Plastic sand bricks and Paver blocks are very
much less when compared to its counterparts. The manufacturing cost
could be reduced further by replacing the river sand with fly
ash/quarry dust or other waste products. Owing to the numerous
advantages further research would improve the quality and durability
of plastic sand bricks and paver blocks.
 26

REFERENCES

1. International Journal of Scientific Research and Review

ISSN No.: 2279-543X
Volume 07, Issue 03, March 2019
UGC Journal No.: 64650
Waste Plastic Used In Paving Block: A Research

1Ambrish Narayan Pandey, 2Abhishek Yadav, 3Durgesh Chaudhary,

4Nageshwar, 5Vijay Kumar Srivastava
Undergraduate Student, Buddha Institute of Technology

2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology

(IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 3 | Mar 2019 www.irjet.net
p-ISSN: 2395-0072