TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE: Tap 45, s6 6(BB), 2007 Tr. 215-320 ANH HU'O'NG CUA MANGAN DEN TINH CHAT GANG cAu PHERIT TRANG THAI DUC NGUYEN HO'U DUNG 1. DAT VAN DE Vige sin xudt gang edu pherit hign nay vin cin nbiéu van dé cén gidi quyét nh dn dinh chat lugng cia gang. Nén pherit co thé duge tgo ra bing hai phuong phap: ngay 6 trang thai dic va nhigt luygn. G trang thai die, gang cau c6 Khuynh huéng két tinh gid On dink man hon nhiéu so v6i gang xam ¢6 cing thanh phan. Cac nguyén t6 cacbit hoa tap trung trén bién gidi cac hat ciing tinh s@ tao diéu kin thuan Igi cho viée hinh thanh céc hat cacbit khéng binh thuong va cing 1am xuat hién cdc hat graphit hanh dang khéng cau. Trong qua trinh két tinh, vigc phan huy austenit thanh pherit va graphit hoan to’n phy thude vio ham Iugng céc nguyén 16 nhu crém, mangan, dng... Khi ché tao gang cdu ciing rat kho dé logi bé hodn toan Iugng pherit dur xung quanh hat graphit [1]. Cac nguyén t6 vi Iugng cing co anh huong nc hinh dang graphit va ca dén ti Ig pherit/peclit, Dé dn dinh ti Ié F/P e6 thé diéu chinh ti 1é mé ligu, thi du ti 16 gang thoi trong mé ligu hode sir dung gang thoi cé ham Iugng cdc nguyén t6 vi wong thap [2]. Nén kim loai 6 trang thai dite, pherit hay peclit, hoan toan phu thudc vao céc yéu 16 eo ban, 416 1a, him long cde nguyén 16 cacbit hoa nhu Mn, Cr, Cu... 46 sach ciia nguyén ligu ban dau, chidu day thanh vat dite hoc téc 46 ngudi [3]. Mangan la nguyén té mang tinh cacbit hod. Vé mat cdu hod, mangan tac dung voi hr huynh dé tao thanh MnS, lam gidm bét tac hai cia hru huynb khi bién tinh, Khi MnS tao thanh trong qua trinh bién tinh ma lai khong duge khir trigt dé, MnS tén tai trong gang nhu nhimg tap chat vét den, lam giam co tinh cita gang cdu. Khi ham long Mn qua cao, mangan dé thién tich trén bién gidi hat, dae biét ld nhimg vat dic thanh day, dé hinh thanh t6 chite peclit tai nhimg khu vuc dé (4). Bai bao nay t4p trung nghién etru anh hudng cua him lugng mangan dén tinh chat va t6 chire gang cau pherit trang thai dic. 2. DOI TUQNG VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CU'U 2.1.Nguyén ligu ban dau ‘Thanh phan gang ban dau trude khi bién tinh; Myc dich cae thi gang cu pherit mac FCD 450, Gang thdi va sit thép vun ding lam phi lugng nhwr sau: la ché tao durge ban dau cd ham ‘Ching loai Thanh phan cdc nguyén t6, % gang ic si Mn cr [Mo [cu f[ri__ iP Ss \Canada 3,5-4,5 2.0 03 Y <0.05 | <0,05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.04 | <0.03 | Cao bang 3.8-4.2 22.4 | 0.15-0.35 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 Thep vun_| 0.1-0.25 } 0,08-0.37 | 0,10-0.25 | <0.08 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.04 | <0.03 315~ Gang xam trude khi bién tinh can dat durgc thanh phn nhw sau: C = 3,6% - 4,1%; Si = 1,8% - 2,3%; Mn = 0,15% - 0,65%; P < 0,02%; S < 0,03%. ~ Chat bién tinh nhdp ngoai Fe! i Mg c6 thinh phin theo don chao hang va ¢6 ham hrong cae nguyén t6 nh sau: 42% - 47% Si; 5% - 7% Mg; 0,5% dat hiém; cén lai ta Fe. - Chat tang cacbon (than dign cue vun): Than dign cue ham lugng C = 100%. . + Pherosilic (FeSi75), chat bién tinh én dinh sau cdu hoa. Gang sau khi bién tinh phai dat dugc than phan nhu sau: Neuyén t6 Cc Si Mn P Mg % 36-41 | 2,4-2,8 0,15-0,65 <0,02 0,04-0,06 ic vA cach lay mu thir 130 150 10 190, $ ° ‘soo 4 mos Hink 1. Mu dic thir va mduthirco tinh 3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Ham hrgng cde nguyén té co ban va td chire gang clu pherit trang thai duc oan Te 3S BF be din ati, Ti) am a6 Hinh 2. Anh huang cia ti lé gang thoi/mé dén co tinh gang cau 316 ate Ti ang mdsSir dung gang thoi Cao bang va gang nhép | dé lam phdi ligu ndu gang long. Ti 1é gang thoi trong mé ligu thay d6i tir 0 dén 50%, MGi me ndu 1000 kg trong 1d cam ing. Phuong phap bién tinh trong gau Tundish, Nhiét do bién tinh 1450 ~ 1500° Luong chat bién tinh ding 2. v6i gang long. Bé xem xét anh huéng ciia thanh phan mé ligu dén co tinh cia gang, can duy tri ham lugng cacbon durong long 4,3 - 4,5, tite la gang sau ciing tinh. Ham lugng silic & gigi han dudi, 2,4% - 2,6%. Ti Ié C/Si 6 gidi han trén, khoang 1,6 - 1,8. Két qua cho trén hinh 2. R6 ring, voi mot him lugng Mn 6 dinh, c6 mot ti Ig hop Ii cua gang thoi trong mé ligu dé dat duge gia tri co tinh 161 uu khi bign tinh gang cau. Quy Inat bién thién cia 49 bén va d6 pian dai phy thuge vao ti Ié gang thoi nhurtrén hinh I la co s& cho viéc Iya chon ph6i ligu khi ché tao gang cu pherit trang thai dac mot cach e6 higu qua. Néu ding mé ligu han hop ca gang thdi lan sit thép yun, nén ding khong 20% - 30% gang thoi trong khi vin dam bao ham luong ede nguyén t6 C, Si, Mn nhur da néu & phan 2.. 3.2, Anh huéng eta Mangan Vé mit tac dung graphit hoa, mangan voi him lugng thép c6 anh hudng t6t dén qua trinh vi né trung hoa bot liu huynh. Vé mat 6 chitc kim Jogi, mangan la nguyén 16 peclit héa. Trong cong nghé é tao gang cau pherit, ham Img Mn od ¥ nghia quyét dinh dén vige hinh thinh 6 chite nay nio, pherit hay peclit. Céc thi nghiém durge tién hanh dé xem xét anh hung ciia ham long Mn dén co tinh va t6 chire gang cdu. Hm luong Mn thay ddi trong khoang 0,15% den 0,65%. Khe voi déng va niken, trong qué trinh, két tinh, Mangan tap trung trén bién gidi hat cing tinh va khi ham lugng Mn cao, né sé phan bé rat khong ding déu trén nén kim logi gay ra hién tuong gidm rit rd rét dO déo & trang thai dic. Déng thoi mangan ciing lam ting dang ké do tham 161 ciia gang. O trang thai diic, ham Iuong Mn khéng duge vot qua gidi han lm gidm qua thap 6 gidin dai cua gang cdu pherit. Bang 1. Co tinh va ham Iuong Mn trong gang cau $110 mm) $2(25 mm) $3(35 mm) - $4(45 mm) Mn, % | AS,% | Rm, MPa | A5,% | Rm, MPa | AS,% | Rm, MPa | A5,% | Rm, MPa 0,15 12 431 14 437 13 440 14 404 0,15 13. 440 14 446 14 459 14 403 0,15 10 455 14 450 15. 450 14 403 0,25 12 513 12 AAT 10 440 13 473 0,25 1 513 14 440 2 450 14 455 0,25 uy 510 12 Al 13. A472 ‘15. 460 0,35 9 509 ul 540 12 487 12 430 0,35 9 507 12 510 | 483 12 446 0,35 9 A97 9 495, 13 493 13 451 0,45 7 467 9 464 10. 477 10 455 0,45 3 471 10 47 ub | 483 10 461 0,45 9 480 10. ATA i 485 i 446 | 0,65 6 490 7 467 483 9 443 0.65 7 510 8 453 4 9 a0 490 10 425 0.65 6 510 8 448 9 494 10 405 31702 03 04 Ham hong Mn, % Hin 2. Ham long mangan va co tinh gang cau Hinh 2 cho thay ring, khi chiéu day thanh vat die cdn nh, 10 mm va 25 mm, khi ham long Mn ting, d6 bén kéo gang cau cing tng theo nhung ting cham khi him long Mn trén 0,5%, Khi chigu day vat die trén 35 mm, d6 bén kéo ciia gang ¢6 diém cye dai & khong 0,4%. Digu nay c6 nghia li, ham lugng Mn cao mi chiéu day ciing lon, kha nang thién tich cia Mn cing 16n Ién, khi d6, Mn sé tap trung nhiéu 6 bién gigi hat va hinh thanh cacbit trén bién gi lam gid d6 bén eda gang, Anh té chitc kim loai (hinh 4) cling chiing minh cho két ludn aye + Sti0mmy = 8225mm) a S385) s&Asmn) Linear ($1(10m)) D> 01 02 «05 «04 05 8a Ham tugg Hn, % Hinh 3. Ham long mangan va co tinh gang cau. Trong khoang 0,2 - 0,3% Mn, chiéu day 25 mm va 35 mm, cd d6 bén, kéo va d6 gian dai déu bién thign khéng binh thudng. Co thé giai thich sw bat binh thudng nay do su thién tich cia Mn theo chiéu day cua vat dic. Gang edu rat hay ¢ cam voi chieu day vat dic. Mangan lai dé bi thién tich trong qué trinh két tinh. Bdi voi gang cdu pherit trang thai dic thi chiéu day trén 50 318mm duge coi ld vat die thanh day. Hinh 3 cho thay, khi ham long Mn nhd hon 0,25%, tinh chat co hoe ciia gang cau pherit trang thai dic bién thién theo qui luat binh thudng: tang chiéu day, d@ gidin dai ciing tang. Khi Mn trén 0,25%, chiéu day 25 mm cé dé bén kéo ting cham nhung dd gian dai gidm kha nhanh. & “0.65 Mn —45 mm-x300 0.45 Mn -35 mm- x200 Dé nhan duge d6 gin dai trén 11% trang thai die, nén diing him lugng Mn nhé hon 0,35% v6i nhimg vat dic c6 chiéu day tir 25 mm dén 45 mm. Nhiing vat dic c6 chidu day nhd hon 15 mm rat kh6 thu duge d6 gidn dai trén 11%. Hinh 5 cho t6 chiruc nén gang cau pherit trang thai dic phy thugc ham tugng mangan. Céc chi sé trong anh néi lén, ham Iuong Mn; chiéu day thinh vat diic va dé phéng dai, Hinh 5. Anh huéng cia ham lugng Mn dé 16 chitc gang cdu pherit trang thai die 319+ Tinh chat co hoe va t8 chic nén gang cau pherit trang thai dic phy thuge cae yéu 16 co ban: mé ligu, ti Ié C/Si, cacbon duong Iwgng, chiéu day thanh vat dic va ham Iveng mangan, ~ Dé san xudt duge gang cdu FCD 450 theo JIS, gang phai c6 thanh phan sau cing tinh, ham lugng Mn nén nhé hon 0,25% img v6i chiéu day thanh vat dic tir 15 - 45 mm. - Khi ndu luyén gang cdu pherit trang thai dite tir phdi ligu gang thdi, ti 1¢ gang thoi nén ding khoang 20% - 30% dé dat ti 18 C/Si = 1,4 - 1,8. Gidi han trén ding cho mé ligu co gang thoi. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. 1. Paven, Sykora - Vyroba odlidtku z tvarné litiny bez tepelného zpracovani, Slévarenstvi, (5) (1985) 180-186. 2. P.J.J. Ratto - Low Temperature Impact Tests in Austempered Ductile Iron and other Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Structures. http://www.google,com. 3. Z. Ignasxak - The Risk of Ductile iron Post-inoculation for Heavy Section Casting. Materials Science, (3) (2003) 245-249. SUMMARY THE EFFECTS OF MANGANESS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FERRITE DUCTILE IRON AS - CAST The production of ductile iron is influenced by a large number of metallurgical, heat transfer and designing parameters. The first step of the production of ductile iron castings is the careful selection of the charge materials. e This paper presents the effect of the chemical composition on the structure and properties of ferrite ductile iron as-cast. This very brief survey shows that, in order to obtain ductile iron grade FCD 450, chemical composition of melt iron must be; Cdl > 4.3%; ratio C/Si = 1.4 - 1.8; residual magnesium is about 0.04 — 0.065%; S < 0.03% and there should be pig iron in the charge. It is well known that manganese segregates to cell boundaries, especially in heavy section castings requireing long solidification time and promotes the formation of pearlite in these regions. The pearlite embritlles the Ductile Iron and in order to invoid its formation, 0,35% Mn is recommended as the maximum concentration. Dia chi: Nhdn bai ngay 5 thang 4 ném 2007 ‘Truring Dai hoe Bach khoa Ha NGi. 320