Geography –Grade 8 Susantha Bandara

Geography
Term - 1

Grade
8

Susantha Bandara
B. A. in English Medium(University of Peradeniya),Post Graduate Diploma in Education (Merit),
Diploma in English, Diploma in Computer System Design(NIBM) 0766563000

www.susanthabandara.com

Name :- …………………………………..……

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Susantha Bandara
 Geography –Grade 8 Susantha Bandara

Unit 1

Summary
1. Celestial bodies found in the solar system - Main celestial bodies( The Sun,

Planets, Dwarf planets, Natural satellites) and rock particles or debris(

Astoroids, Comets, Meteoroids)

2. Beliefs connected with the solar system

3. New knowledge about the solar system

1. Celestial bodies found in the solar system - Main celestial

bodies( The Sun, Planets, Dwarf planets, Natural satellites) and

rock particles or debris( Astoroids, Comets, Meteoroids)

❖ Name the celestial bodies found in the solar system

1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ Name rock particles or debris in the solar system

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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F L
E

K
H
D S G
A B C
J
I P

❖ What celestial bodies are shown by letters A – H? …………………………………………………………………

❖ What celestial bodies are shown by letters I – N? …………………………………………………………………

❖ What is shown by the letter S? …………………………………………………………………

❖ What is shown by the letter P? …………………………………………………………………

❖ Name the main celestial bodies in the solar system ………………………….………………………………………

❖ Name the rock particles or debris in the solar system

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

❖ What is called the solar system?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ When was the solar system believed to have formed? …………………………………………………….

❖ Name the planets shown A – H

A. ……………………………………………………………………….. B. …………………………………………………………….

C. ………………………………………………………………………… D. ……………………………………………………………

E. ……………………………………………………………………….. F. ……………………………………………..…………….

G. ………………………………………………………………………… H. ……………………………………………………………

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❖ Name the dwarf planets shown I – M

I. ……………………………………………………………………….. J. …………………………………………………………….

K. ………………………………………………………………………… L. ……………………………………………………………

M. ………………………………………………………………………..

The Sun

i. The main source that provides light and heat is …………………………………………………………………

ii. What is the temperature of the core/ of the center of the Sun?

5,000,0000C 1,500,0000C 150,000,0000C 15,000,0000C

iii. What is the core temperature of the Sun in millions? ………………………………………………………….

iv. What is the surface temperature of the Sun?

60000C 6000C 600000C 6000000C

v. The temperature on the surface is …………………….………………….………………………..………………..

vi. It holds ……………………………………………………………. of the total mass of the solar system.

vii. What is the diameter of the Sun in million kilometers?

14 0.14 1.4 11.4

viii. What is the extension of the diameter of the Sun ?

109 times of the diameter of the Earth 190 times of the diameter of the Earth

901 times of the diameter of the Earth 910 times of the diameter of the Earth

ix. What is the time taken for a complete rotation?

2.54 Earth Days 25.4 Earth Days 254 Earth Days 52.4 Earth Days

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x. The Sun revolves around its own axis True Falls

❖ Mention four specific features about the Sun

1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........

2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1.2 Planets in the Solar System

❖ What are called planets?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….

❖ Name the two main divisions of the planets

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. ………………………………………………… 5. …………………….………………………..

2. ………………………………………………… 6. …………………….………………………..

3. ………………………………………………… 7. …………………….………………………..

4. …………………………………………………. 8. …………………….………………………..

➢ What inner planets are composed of? ………………………………………………………….………………………..

4. ………………………………………………..
➢ What outer planets are composed of? …………………………………………………………………………………..

Here are some features of planets in the solar system. Name the planet to which these features
belong to

1. Has the highest gravitational force than the other planets …………………………………….

2. Has no atmosphere and as a result, there is a risk of falling of asteroids and meteors

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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3. The largest planet in the solar system …………………….………………..

4. Has no satellites …..………………………………….

5. Has an attractive set of rings around it ……………………………………….

6. The closest planet to the Earth ..……………………………………..

7. The surface is covered by a thick layer of clouds ………………………………………..

8. The closest planet to the sun ………………………………………

9. Has the largest number of natural satellites ………………………………………

10. Black stripes and bright regions can be seen on the surface ……………………………………….

11. Largest among the inner planets ………………………………………

12. Rotate from East to West while all other planets rotate from West to East

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

13. Called the morning star, evening star, dawn star, lamp star ………………..………………………

14. Called the red planet .………………….…………………..

15. Called the “blue planet” ………………………………………..

16. Seen in blue colour ………………………………………..

17. According to information found up to date, it is the only planet with life …..……………………….

18. Has one natural satellite called the Moon ………………………………………..

19. The planet that is most clearly visible in the solar system …………………….…………………

20. Outer planets begin with this planet ………………………………………..

21. The second closest planet to the Earth ………………………………………..

22. Have two natural satellites called Phobos and Deimos ………………………………………

23. There are craters on the surface due to volcanic eruption ……………………………………….

24. The smallest member in the solar system ………………………………………..

25. The planet with the highest surface temperature(4640C) ……………………………………….

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26. Seen in blue colour and four times larger than the Earth ……………………………………….

27. Second largest planet and it is nine times larger than the Earth ……………………………………….

28. The third-largest planet in the solar system ………………………………………

29. Has a thin set of rings around it ………………………………………

30. Temperature is extremely hot ………………………………………

31. Farthest planet and the coldest planet in the solar system ………………………………………..

32. Takes the longest period for a rotation ………………………………………

33. Takes the shortest period for a rotation ………………………………………

34. Visible just before the sun rises in the eastern sky and just after the sun sets in the western

sky ………………………………………

State whether the following statements are true or false

1. Mercury planet is a bit smaller than the moon, the satellite of the Earth [ ]

2. Venus is somewhat smaller than the Earth in size [ ]

3. The mercury has high temperature due to slow rotation and close proximity to the sun.[ ]

4. The Venus shines bright in the night sky due to its closeness to the Earth [ ]

5. The Venus shines bright in the night sky due to the reflexion of the Sun’s rays by the thick

layer of it. [ ]

Mercury
❖ Name four Features of Mercury

i. Surface temperature is ………………………………….…………………

ii. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

iii. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

iv. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

v. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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vi. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

vii. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Venus
❖ Name four Features of Venus

i. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

iii. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

iv. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

v. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

vi. The main gas found is ………………………………………………………………………………………...

The Earth
❖ Name four Features of Earth

i. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

iii. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

iv. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

❖ Name three reasons for the existence of life on Earth

i. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………

ii. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

iii. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Mars
❖ Name four Features of Mars

i. ……………………………………………………………………………………….......................................................

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ii. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

iii. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

iv. Predominant gas ……………………………………..…................................................................

Jupiter
❖ Name four features of Jupiter

i. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

iii. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

iv. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

v. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

vi. The diameter of the Jupiter is ……………………………………………………………………………..

Saturn
❖ Name three features of Saturn

i. ……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………

ii. ………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………….

iii. ………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………….

Uranus
❖ Name two features of Uranus

i. ……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………

ii. ………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………….

Neptune
❖ Name three features of Neptune

i. ……………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………

ii. ………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………….

iii. ………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………….

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Study the above table and answer the following questions

1. Name the planet with the highest number of satellites ……………………………………….

2. Name the planets with no satellites ……………………………………….

3. Name the planets that rotate from East to West ……....................................

4. Name the planet that takes a long period for a rotation ..........................................

5. What is the specialty of Venus and Uranus compared to other planets?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………

6. Name in order the two planets with the highest temperature

……………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. What is the mean temperature of the Earth? ………………………………………

❖ What is the largest celestial body in the solar system? ……………………………………….

❖ Name the celestial bodies that emit their own light ……………………………………….

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❖ Name the celestial bodies seen with a “monotonous light that does not twinkle or emit their

own light” ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ All other celestial bodies except stars are seen with a “monotonous light that does not
twinkle”.
Stars Planets

❖ Emitting Light ………………………………………………. ………………………………………

❖ Twinkling ………………………………………………. ……………………………………..

❖ Rotation ………………………………………………. ……………………………………..

❖ Revolution ………………………………………………. ……………………………………..

❖ Mention three differences between stars and other planets

1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Dwarf Planets
Name the dwarf planets shown in the following picture

B
D

E
C
A

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❖ Name the dwarf planets shown by letters A – E

A. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

B. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

C. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

D. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

E. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ Name three differences between the planets and dwarf planets

1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………

2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

❖ What is the largest dwarf planet in the solar system? …………………….…………………………….

❖ What is the smallest dwarf planet in the solar system? …………………….…………………………….

❖ What is the closest dwarf planet to the Sun? ……………………………………………………

❖ What is the farthest dwarf planet to the Sun? …………………….……………………………...

❖ Which planet was declared a dwarf planet in 2006 by the International Astronomical

Association? ........................................................

Natural Satellites / Moons

➢ How many natural satellites have Scientists identified in the solar system? …………………….………..

➢ Out of them, how many natural satellites belong to the main planets? ……………..……………..………

➢ Out of them, how many natural satellites belong to dwarf planets? ………………..………..………………

➢ What is the largest satellite in the solar system? …..…………………………………………………………………..

➢ Name the largest satellite of Saturn …………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Rock particles or debris

❖ Name three rock particles or debris in the solar system

……………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………..

❖ Name the two planets between which millions of asteroids are found

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

❖ Match correctly

1. Main celestial body A. Natural satellites

2. Largest celestial bodies B. The Sun

3. Smaller planets which have no fixed orbit C. Asteroids

4. Sub planets that orbit around

the main planets D. Comets

5. Shapeless pieces of planets

with different shapes and sizes

6. made of hard rocks E. Dwarf planets

7. Fragments of rocks left over when

forming the solar system F. Meteoroids

8. Falling stars / fireballs G. Planets

9. Celestial bodies with a steering tail behind

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2 Beliefs connected with the solar system

Beliefs connected to the solar system

❖ The Sun and the Moon ……………………………………….…………………………………….

❖ Based on the movement of the Sun, planets, moon …………………………………………………….

❖ Planets have malefic or bad effects and good effect …………………………………………………………………

❖ Location of planets at the time of a birth …………………………………………………………………

Name four beliefs connected with the solar system

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………..

2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………..

3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….……………………..

4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….……………………..

3 New knowledge about the solar system

❖ Name some persons who were enthusiastic about finding information about the universe

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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❖ Name two historically important events launched to space experiments

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

❖ When was Pluto declared as a dwarf planet? ..…………..……………………………………..

❖ Write three recent discovers / New knowledge related to the solar system

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

A B C D

❖ Who is shown in picture A? ………………………………………………………………..

❖ What he invented shown in picture B? .……………………………………………….……………..

❖ When was it invented for the world? ………………………………………………………………..

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❖ What is shown in this picture? ………………………………………….….

❖ What are they made of? ….………………………………………….

❖ Where can they be seen most in the solar system?

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

The uniqueness of the Earth as a habitat of living

being – Unit - 2
Summary

1. Basic information about the Earth

2. Latitudes and longitudes

3. Rotation of the Earth and its results

4. Revolution of the Earth and its results

1. Basic information about the Earth

❖ Imoprtant facts about the Earth

1. The area of the Earth ……………………………

2. Equatorial diameter of the Earth ……………………………

3. Polar diameter of the Earth ……………………………

4. The average surface temperature on Mercury ……………………………

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5. Difference between equatorial diameter and the polar diameter ……………………………

6. The average surface temperature on Venus ……………………………

7. The average surface temperature on Earth ……………………………

8. The average surface temperature on Neptune ……………………………

9. The planet with the highest temperature ……………………………

10. The planet with the lowest temperature ……………………………

❖ According to the above information, what planet is most suitable for the existence of living

beings? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ Mention five factors for Earth has become a habitat for living beings

1. Presence of ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Presence of ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Presence of ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Presence of ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Occurrence of ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Latitudes and Longitudes

❖ Why are latitudes and longitudes drawn on the model globe?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ A network of imaginary lines that have been drawn on the model globe to identify any place

located on the Earth is called …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

❖ Imaginary lines drawn on the geographical globe from west to east are ……………………………………

❖ Imaginary lines drawn from north pole to south pole on the geographical globe are

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..

❖ The imaginary lines that separate the northern and southern hemisphere is …………………………..

❖ 00 longitude that runs across the Greenwich in England is called ………………………………………………

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❖ 00 latitude is called …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

❖ Which latitudes stand as points? ………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ Longitudes that are located up to 1800 east from the Greenwich meridian are called

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ Longitudes that are located up to 1800 west from the Greenwich meridian are called

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ Which longitude is not classified as a western or eastern longitude? …………………………………………

3. Rotation of the Earth and the results of it

❖ State what is meant by the rotation of the Earth?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ State two main results of the rotation of the Earth

• …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

• …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3.1 Occurrence of day and night

❖ When the time is 12.00 noon on a longitude/ country, the sun is ………………………………………………

❖ When the time is 12.00 noon on a longitude, the time is ……………………………………………….. on its

opposite longitude.

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❖ The Sun rises early in the ……………………………………………………….. countries and later in the

……………………………………………………………. countries.

3.2 Occurrence of regional time differences

❖ The difference of the time for 150 is …………………………………………………………………

❖ The difference of time for 900 is ………………………………………………………………..

❖ Therefore when one travels 150 from West to East, the time should be adjusted by

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………

❖ When one travels 150 from East to West, the time should be adjusted by ………………………………..

❖ The difference between two opposite longitudes is ……………………………………………………………….

❖ When you go passing the IDL from West to East you have to adjust the day by

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ When you go passing the IDL from East to West you have to adjust the day by

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ How do the regional time differences occur due to the rotation of the Earth?

• The number of degrees in one rotation of the Earth = ………………………..……………

• The duration taken for one rotation = ……………………………………

• Degrees rotate in one hour = …………………………………………………………………………

• Degrees rotate in one minute = …………………………………………………………………………

• Degrees rotate in four minutes = …………………………………………………………………………

• If the time at Texas in USA(900 W) is 4. p.m Monday calculates the time in Tokyo in

Japan(1350E)

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• If the time of a country located at 1050 W is 7.30.p.m Tuesday calculate the time of a
country located at 150 W?

• If the time of a country located at 1700 E is 3.30.a.m Friday calculate the time of a country
located at 100 E?

Standard Time
❖ All the countries located in the same time zone use the same time to minimize time conflicts

and confusion and that time is called …………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ Name the time zone in which Sri Lanka is located ………………………………………..

❖ Sri Lanka and all other countries located in the + 5 time zone use the time at

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. as the standard time.

❖ The Earth has been divided into ………………………………….……………………………. regional time zones.

❖ Name four countries over which several time zones are extended?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ State the time zone Sri Lanka belongs to and mention the difference of time with concerning

the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) ………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Revolution of the Earth and its results

❖ What is meant by the revolution of the Earth?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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❖ State two main results of the revolution of the Earth

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

On 21st of June

❖ The Sun directly overhead over the …………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ The North pole has …………………………………… hours of ……………………………………………………… and

the south pole has ………………………………………………… hours of ……………………………………………………

❖ The northern hemisphere has long hours of …………………………..……………………… and the southern

hemisphere has long hours of …………………………………………………………………………………….

❖ The Northern hemisphere has …………………………………………………… season and the Southern

hemisphere has ……………………………………………………… season.

On the 22nd of December

❖ The Sun directly overhead over the …………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ The North pole has …………………………………… hours of ……………………………………………………… and

the south pole has ………………………………………………… hours of ……………………………………………….

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❖ Northern hemisphere has long hours of …………………………..……………………… and the southern

hemisphere has long hours of …………………………………………………………………………….. .

❖ The Northern hemisphere has …………………………………………………… season and the Southern

hemisphere has ……………………………………………………… season.

On the 23rd of September and 21st of March

❖ The Sun directly overhead over the ……………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ Both northern and southern hemispheres have …………………………..……….…… day and night times

❖ 23rd of September the Northern hemisphere has …………………………….……………………… season and

the southern hemisphere has the ………………………………………………………………... season.

❖ 21st of March the Northern hemisphere has ………………………………………………..…… season and the

southern hemisphere has the …………………………………………………………. season.

Equinoxes and Solstices

❖ When do the Vernal Equinoxes or Spring Equinoxes come to the Earth?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ When do the Autumnal or fall Equinoxes come to the Earth?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ When do the Winter solstices come to the Earth?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

❖ When the Summer solstices come to the Earth?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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