COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD WAH CAMPUS

DATABASE SYSTEM

ASSIGNMENT # 1

Submitted By: M. Wahaj .Yasin

Registration #: SP22-BSE-040
Submitted to: MS. Ayesha Naeem
Question # 01:
What are the current database challenges?

Scalability:
Databases must be able to grow effectively and efficiently without compromising security or
performance as data volume and variety increase. Adopting new technologies that can
manage the increasing demand for data, including distributed, cloud, or hybrid databases,
may be necessary to achieve this.

Performance:
Databases need to provide fast and reliable access to data, especially for applications that
require real-time or near-real-time processing. This may involve optimizing queries, indexes,
storage, and network configurations, as well as monitoring and tuning database performance
regularly.

Security:
Databases need to protect data from unauthorized access, modification, or leakage, both
internally and externally. This may require implementing encryption, authentication,
authorization, auditing, and backup mechanisms, as well as complying with data privacy and
security regulations.

Integration:
Databases need to be able to integrate with other data sources, such as APIs, web services, or
streaming data, as well as with other applications, such as analytics, reporting, or machine
learning tools. This may require using data transformation, extraction, loading, or
synchronization techniques, as well as ensuring data quality and consistency.

Cost Management:
Database management can be costly, especially with the growing volume of data.
Optimizing database infrastructure, licensing costs, and resource utilization while
maintaining performance and scalability is an ongoing challenge for organizations.

Edge Computing Data Management:

With the rise of edge computing (computing done closer to where data is generated),
managing data generated and stored at the edge presents unique challenges. Ensuring data
consistency, reliability, and security in distributed edge environments while minimizing
latency requires innovative database solutions.

AI and Machine Learning Integration:

Integrating AI and machine learning capabilities into database systems to enable advanced
analytics, predictive modelling, and automated decision-making introduces challenges related
to data preprocessing, model deployment, and scalability of AI-driven applications within the
database environment.
Hybrid and Multi-Cloud Environments:
Many organizations operate in hybrid or multi-cloud environments, which involve managing
data across on-premises infrastructure and multiple cloud platforms. Ensuring seamless data
integration, interoperability, and data movement between disparate environments presents
challenges in terms of compatibility, security, and performance optimization.

Semantic web:
As the web evolves from a collection of documents to a network of linked data, databases
need to support semantic web technologies, such as RDF, OWL, and SPARQL. This may
require using graph, document, or triple-store databases that can store and query data as
entities, relationships, and attributes

Unstructured Data Handling:

Unstructured data handling presents a database challenge because traditional relational
databases are structured and designed to handle structured data with well-defined schemas.
However, unstructured data, such as text, images, videos, and sensor data, lacks a predefined
data model and can vary greatly in format and content.
Database systems must adapt to accommodate unstructured data by providing mechanisms
for storing, indexing, and analysing this data effectively. Unlike structured data, which fits
neatly into rows and columns, unstructured data requires more flexible storage formats and
indexing techniques to enable efficient retrieval and analysis.