JAYPEE INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY

BASIC NUMERICAL METHODS

Voltage and Current Analysis using System of Linear
Equations
Members:
NAME ENROLLMENT NO. BATCH GROUP NO.
Anand Raj 20104023 B14 3
Aviral Agrohi 20104003 B14 3
Ayush Negi 20104021 B14 3
Vasu Singhal 20104012 B14 3
Yash Bhandari 20104022 B14 3

TABLE OF CONTENT
S.NO TITLE PAGE
NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 2

DESCRIPTION OF THE TOPIC/

3. 3-5
MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION
4. FUTURE ASPECTS 6

5. CONCLUSION 7

6. REFERENCES 8
 INTRODUCTION
Linear algebra is concerned with the study of systems of linear
equations. There are two important aspects to linear systems. One is
to use given information to set up a system of equations that
represents the information (this is called modelling), and the other is
to solve the system. As an example of modelling, we consider the
application to the very simple electrical circuit.
A source is a power supply like a battery, and a resistor is an object
that consumes the electricity, like a lamp or a computer. A simple
circuit consists of one or more sources connected to resistors. The
straight lines in the circuit indicate wires through which current flows.
The points labelled P and Q are called junctions or nodes.

Figure - 1

The source creates a charge that produces potential energy E

measured in volts (V). Current flows out of the positive terminal of a
source and runs through each branch of the circuit.

1
 LITERATURE SURVEY
In mathematics, a system of linear equations (or linear system) is a
collection of one or more linear equations involving the same
variables.
For example,

is a system of three equations in the three variables x, y, z. A solution

to a linear system is an assignment of values to the variables such that
all the equations are simultaneously satisfied. A solution to the system
above is given by the ordered triple
(x, y, z) = (1, -2, -2). Since it makes all three equations valid. The
word "system" indicates that the equations are to be considered
collectively, rather than individually.
In mathematics, the theory of linear systems is the basis and a
fundamental part of linear algebra, a subject which is used in most
parts of modern mathematics. Computational algorithms for finding
the solutions are an important part of numerical linear algebra, and
play a prominent role in engineering, physics, chemistry, computer
science, and economics. A system of nonlinear equations can often be
approximated by a linear system (see linearization), a helpful
technique when making a mathematical model or computer
simulation of a relatively complex system

2
 DESCRIPTION OF THE TOPIC/
MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION
We wish to determine the currents I1, I 2 and I 3 in the below circuit.
Applying Ohm’s and Kirchhoff’s Law, we can construct a system of
linear equations.

Let the currents in the various branches of the circuit be I1, I2 and I3.
Applying Kirchhoff’s Law, there are two junctions in the circuit
namely the points B and D. There are two closed paths ABDA and
CBDC. Applying Kirchhoff’s Law to the junctions and paths results
in:
JUNCTIONS:
B: I 1 + I 2=I 3

D : I 3 =I 1 + I 2

These two equations result in a single linear equation:

I 1+ I 2−I 3=0

PATHS:

3
 ABDA :2 I 1 +1 I 3 +2 I 1=¿CBDC : 4 I 2+1 I 3=16

We know have a system of three linear equations in three unknowns.

The problem thus reduces to solving the following system of three
linear equations in three variables:
I 1+ I 2−I 3=0

4 I 1 + I 3=8

4 I 2 + I 3=16

This given system can be placed into an augmented matrix. We can

now use row reduction algorithms to obtain an equivalent augmented
matrix.

[ ]
1 1 −1 0
4 0 1 8 ………… (i)
0 4 1 16

Applying R2 + (-4) R1 to matrix (i)

[ ]
1 1 −1 0
0 −4 5 8 ……………(ii)
0 4 1 16

Applying (-1/4) R2 to matrix (ii)

[ ]
1 1 −1 0
0 1 −5/ 4 −2 …………(iii)
0 4 1 16

Applying R1 + (-1) R2 & R3 + (-4) R2 to matrix (iii)

[ ]
1 0 1 /4 2
0 1 −5 /4 −2 …………(iv)
0 0 1 24

Applying (1/6) R3 to matrix (iv)

4
 [ ]
1 0 1 /4 2
0 1 −5 /4 −2 ………..(v)
0 0 1 4

Applying R1 – (1/4) R3 & R2 + (5/4) R3 to matrix (v)

[ ]
1 0 01
0 1 03
0 0 14

From the equivalent row reduced augmented matrix, it is apparent the

system is consistent and thus a solution exists. The currents I1, I2, I3
are as follows:
I1 = 1 Amp
I2 = 3 Amps
I3 = 4 Amps
The solution can be verified by substituting the values of the current
into the original three linear equations with three unknowns.

5
 FUTURE ASPECTS

Matrices are used much more in daily life than people would have
thought. In fact it is in front of us every day when going to work, at
the university and even at home.

Graphic software such as Adobe Photoshop on your personal

computer also planning to use matrices to process linear
transformations to render images. A square matrix can represent a
linear transformation of a geometric object.

Whereas in programming which is taught at the university, matrices

and inverse matrices can be used for coding and encrypting messages.
A message is made as a sequence of numbers in a binary format for
communication and it follows code theory for solving.

In robotics and automation, matrices are the basic components for the
robot movements. The inputs for controlling robots can be obtained
based on the calculations from matrices and these are very accurate
movements.

Many IT companies also planning to use matrices as data structures to

track user information, perform search queries, and manage databases.
In the world of information security, many systems are designed to
work with matrices. Matrices can be used in the compression of
electronic information, for example in the storage of biometric data in
the new Identity Card.

6
 CONCLUSION

The model for current flow is linear precisely because Ohm’s Law
and Kirchhoff’s Law are linear: the voltage drop across a resistor is
proportional to the current flowing through it (Ohm), and the sum of
the voltage drop in a loop equals the sum of the voltage sources in the
loop (Kirchhoff). In practice, electrical networks can involve many
resistances and circuits. Determining currents through branches
involves solving large systems of equations that would require a
computer.

7
 REFERENCES

 https://home.csulb.edu/~jchang9/m247/
m247_poster_R_Odisho_sp09.pdf
 https://mandal.ku.edu/math290/SU7TeenMath290/
F18UpdateS1p3REE.pdf
 https://www.cfm.brown.edu/people/dobrush/cs52/
Mathematica/Part7/circuit/
 https://cnx.org/contents/fpkWedRh@2.3:GGd91YhD@8/
Linear-Algebra-Circuit-Analysis
 https://sites.math.washington.edu/~king/coursedir/m308a01/
Projects/m308a01-pdf/taing.pdf