S. H.

JONDHALE POLYTECHNIC DOMBIVLI (WEST) MAHARASHTRA

STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

2023-2024

MICRO PROJECT REPORT ON:-

“Ways To Reduce Air Pollution”

SUBMITTED BY --
1503. Anushka Vishwanath Patil
1514. Sakshi Rajesh Konkar

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF --

Mr. Vasant Nikam

IN THE PRACTICAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN

COMPUTER ENGINEERING
 MAHARASTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This Is Certify That (1503) Ms. Anushka Vishwanath Patil & (1514)
Ms. Sakshi Rajesh Konkar Of Fifth Semester Of Diploma In
Computer Engineering Of Institutes S.H. Jondhale Polytechnic
Dombiwali (West) (Code:0044) has completed the Micro-project
satisfactorily in course Environmental studies For The Academic
Year 2023-2024 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place-- Dombiwali

Date--

Course Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
Institute
 Index
Sr.no. content

1. Acknowledgment
Pollution
▫ Water Pollution
2.
▫ Soil Pollution
▫ Noise Pollution
3. Air Pollution

4. Types of Air Pollutants

5. Causes of Air Pollutants

6. Effects of Air Pollution

7. How to prevent Air Pollution ?

8. Conclusion

9. References
 Acknowledgment

We would like to express my special thanks to our sir ‘Mr.

VASANT NIKAM For guidance and
support. On the successful completion of our project report
“ways to reduce air pollution”, we would like to express
our sincere gratitude to everyone who help us in the
completion of the project. We are sincerely thankful to our
project guide for him interest, guidance and suggestions
throughout the course of the project. We feel Honored and
Privileged to work under him. He shared him vast pool of
knowledge with us that help us steer through all the
difficulties with ease. This project would not have been
possible without sir’s guidance.
 Pollution
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Pollution is introduction of harmful materials into environment.

These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be
natural or can be created by human activity. Pollutants damage
quality of air, water and land.

There are different types of pollution, which are either caused by

natural events (like forest fires) or by man-made activities (like cars,
factories, nuclear wastes, etc.) These are further classified into the
following types of pollution: --
 Air Pollution
 Water Pollution
 Soil Pollution

 Noise Pollution

Besides these 4 types of pollution, other types exist such as light

pollution, thermal pollution and radioactive pollution. The latter is
much rarer than other types, but it is the deadliest.
Water Pollution
Water pollution is said to occur when toxic pollutants and particulate matter
are introduced into water bodies such as lakes, rivers and seas. These
contaminants are generally introduced by human activities like
improper sewage treatment and oil spills. Other significant causes of water
pollution include:

 Dumping solid wastes in water bodies

 Disposing untreated industrial sewage into water bodies
 Human and animal wastes
 Agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilisers.
Soil Pollution
Soil pollution refers to the degradation of land due to the presence of
chemicals or other man-made substances in the soil. This impact life directly
or indirectly. For instance, any toxic chemicals present in the soil will get
absorbed by the plants. Since plants are producers in an environment, it gets
passed up through the food chain. Some of the common causes of pollution
are:

 Improper industrial waste disposal

 Oil Spills
 Acid rain which is caused by air pollution
 Mining activities
 Intensive farming and agrochemicals (like fertilisers and pesticides)
 Industrial accidents
Noise Pollution
Noise pollution refers to the excessive amount of noise in the surrounding
that disrupts the natural balance. Usually, it is man-made, though certain
natural calamities like volcanoes can contribute to noise pollution.
In general, any sound which is over 85 decibels is considered to be
detrimental. Also, the duration an individual is exposed plays an impact on
their health.
Noise pollution has several contributors, which include:

 Industry-oriented noises such as heavy machines, mills, factories, etc.

 Transportation noises from vehicles, Aero planes, etc.
 Construction noises
 Noise from social events (loudspeakers, firecrackers, etc.)
 Household noises (such as mixers, TV, washing machines, etc.)
 Air pollution
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What is Air Pollution?

Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical or biological change in the air. It
is the contamination of air by harmful gases, dust and smoke which affects
plants, animals and humans drastically. There is a certain percentage of gases
present in the atmosphere. An increase or decrease in the composition of these
gases is harmful to survival. This imbalance in the gaseous composition has
resulted in an increase in earth’s temperature, which is known as global
warming. Air pollution is the result of emissions from industries, automobiles,
and the increasing use of fossil fuels. The gaseous emissions have added to an
increase in the temperature of the earth. Not only this, but it had also increased
the risk of diseases among individuals.

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 Types of air pollutants
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Types of Air Pollutants: There are two types of air pollutants:

1.Primary Pollutants --
The pollutants that directly cause air pollution are known as primary pollutants.
Examples are particulates, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and Sulphur-
dioxide emitted from factories is a primary pollutant.

2.Secondary Pollutants --
The pollutants formed by the intermingling and reaction of primary pollutants
are known as secondary pollutants.
Pollutants that are formed in the lower atmosphere by chemical reactions. The
two examples are ozone and secondary organic aerosol (haze). They form
naturally in the environment and cause problems like photochemical smog.
 Causes of air pollution
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Following are the important causes of air pollution:

 Burning of Fossil Fuels

The combustion of fossil fuels emits a large amount of Sulphur dioxide.
Carbon monoxide released by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels also
results in air pollution.
 Automobiles
The gases emitted from vehicles such as jeeps, trucks, cars, buses, etc. pollute
the environment. These are the major sources of greenhouse gases and also
result in diseases among individuals.
 Agricultural Activities
Ammonia is one of the most hazardous gases emitted during agricultural
activities. The insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers emit harmful chemicals
in the atmosphere and contaminate it.
 Factories and Industries
Factories and industries are the main source of carbon monoxide, organic
compounds, hydrocarbons and chemicals. These are released into the air,
degrading its quality.
 Mining Activities
In the mining process, the minerals below the earth are extracted using large
pieces of equipment. The dust and chemicals released during the process not
only pollute the air, but also deteriorate the health of the workers and people
living in the nearby areas.
 Domestic Sources
The household cleaning products and paints contain toxic chemicals that are
released in the air. The smell from the newly painted walls is the smell of the
chemicals present in the paints. It not only pollutes the air but also affects
breathing.
 Effects of air pollution
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The hazardous effects of air pollution on the environment include:

Diseases
Air pollution has resulted in several respiratory disorders and heart diseases
among humans. The cases of lung cancer have increased in the last few decades.
Children living near polluted areas are more prone to pneumonia and asthma.
Many people die every year due to the direct or indirect effects of air pollution.

Global Warming
Due to the emission of greenhouse gases, there is an imbalance in the gaseous
composition of the air. This has led to an increase in the temperature of the earth,
which is known as global warming. This has resulted in the melting of glaciers
and an increase in sea levels. Many areas are submerged underwater.

Acid Rain
The burning of fossil fuels releases harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides and
Sulphur oxides in the air. The water droplets combine with these pollutants,
become acidic and fall as acid rain which damages human, animal and plant life.

Ozone Layer Depletion

The release of chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the
atmosphere is the major cause of depletion of the ozone layer. The depleting ozone
layer does not prevent the harmful ultraviolet rays coming from the sun and
causes skin diseases and eye problems among individuals.

Effect on Animals
The air pollutants suspend in the water bodies and affect aquatic life. Pollution
also compels the animals to leave their habitat and shift to a new place. This
renders them stray and has also led to the extinction of a large number of animal
special.
How to prevent air pollution?
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1. Use of Public Transport: The burning of fossil fuels is one of the most
important causes of air pollution. If most people use public transport, then
the number of vehicles on the road decreases and thereby decreases the
burning of fossil fuels. The less burning of fuels leads to less amount of
greenhouse gases being emitted which in turn reduces global warming.

2. Reduce the Consumption of Electricity: We can reduce the electricity

consumption in our homes by switching off the lights and appliances when
not in use. Electricity is produced from the burning of fossil fuels in some
places. Hence, reducing electricity consumption can greatly reduce air
pollution.

3. Recycling and Reuse of Products: Some of the products which are thrown
away after use can be recycled and reused for a cleaner environment. It takes
less energy to recycle than manufacturing the same products and thereby
reducing the chemical emissions.

4. Avoid Plastic Bags: Plastic bags are becoming a curse to the environment.
Most of the plastic bags are not recyclable and reused. It takes a long time to
decompose into the soil. Also the burning of plastic releases poisonous gases
into the air. The plastic gas can be replaced by paper bags which can be
decomposed easily.

5. Avoid Burning of Plastics: Burning of plastics and other similar materials

release poisonous gases in the atmosphere which worsens the condition of
the air. Make use of the waste management plans by the government to
dispose of plastic materials.

6. Avoid Air Conditioners and Use Fans: The heat released by the air
conditioner into the atmosphere is greater than the heat it absorbs from the
room. This greater heat released into the air causes global warming. The
freon gas which is used as a refrigerant causes the depletion of ozone layers
which prevents the harmful ultraviolet rays from reaching the surface of the
earth.

7. Use Filters in Chimneys: The smoke released from chimneys contains air
pollutants that worsen the quality of air. However, using filters in chimneys
can prevent air pollutants from reaching the earth's atmosphere to a greater
extent.

8. Avoid Crackers and Fireworks: The burning of crackers and fireworks

causes air pollution. During festivals, the use of large amounts of fireworks
and crackers worsen the quality of air and can cause poor visibility.

9. Reduce the Use of Chemicals: The chemicals released into the atmosphere
can act as air pollutants. The toxic pollutants are released from body sprays,
paints which pollute the air at a greater rate.

10. Planting more Trees: The plants can purify the air by taking in carbon
dioxide and releasing oxygen during the time of photosynthesis. This
reduces the greenhouse effect and thereby decreases air pollution again.
Planting more trees also helps to avoid global warming.
 Conclusion
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here in this project, the information about the one of the

types of pollution that is air pollution is given. In this
include, information about air pollution, types of
pollutants, causes and effects of air pollution and how
we can overcome this is given.
 References
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https://www.google.com/

https://www.pinterest.com/ (for images)

https://en.wikipedia.org/