Lesbos - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Lesbos

Lesbos
Lesbos or Lesvos (Greek: Λέσβος, romanized: Lésvos [ˈlezvos]) is a
Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of Lesbos
1,633 km2 (631 sq mi),[2] with approximately 400 kilometres (249 miles) Λέσβος
of coastline, making it the third largest island in Greece and the eighth
Regional unit
largest in the Mediterranean. It is separated from Asia Minor by the
narrow Mytilini Strait. On the southeastern coast is the island's capital Regional unit of Lesbos
and largest city, Mytilene (Μυτιλήνη), whose name is also used for the Περιφερειακή ενότητα της
Λέσβου (Greek)
island as a whole. Lesbos is a separate regional unit with the seat in
Mytilene, which is also the capital of the larger North Aegean region. The
region includes the islands of Lesbos, Chios, Ikaria, Lemnos, and Samos.
The total population of the island was 83,068 in 2021. A third of Lesbians
live in the capital, while the remainder are concentrated in small towns
and villages. The largest are Plomari, Kalloni, the Gera Villages, Agiassos,
Eresos, and Molyvos (the ancient Mythimna).

According to later Greek writers, Mytilene was founded in the 11th

century BC by the family Penthilidae, who arrived from Thessaly and
ruled the city-state until a popular revolt (590–580 BC) led by Pittacus of April 2010 view of Mytilene
Mytilene ended their rule. In fact, the archaeological and linguistic
records may indicate a late Iron Age arrival of Greek settlers, although
references in Late Bronze Age Hittite archives indicate a likely Greek
presence then. The name Mytilene itself seems to be of Hittite origin.
According to Homer's Iliad, Lesbos was part of the kingdom of Priam,
which was based in Anatolia. Much work remains to be done to
determine just what happened and when. In the Middle Ages, it was
under Byzantine and then Genoese rule. Lesbos was conquered by the
Ottoman Empire in 1462. The Ottomans then ruled the island until the
First Balkan War in 1912, when it became part of the Kingdom of Greece.

Lesbos within the North Aegean

Etymology
The name is from Ancient Greek Λέσβος (Lésbos, 'forested, woody'),
possibly a Hittite borrowing, as the original Hittite name for the island
was Lazpa (Hittite: 𒆷𒊍𒉺 Lāzpa). An older name for the island that
was maintained in Aeolic Greek was Ἴσσα (Íssa).

The traditional English form Lesbos (pronounced /ˈlɛzbɒs/, also

US: /ˈlɛzbəs, -boʊs/) comes from Ancient Greek. In Modern Greek, the
letter ⟨β⟩ is pronounced IPA: [v] and transliterated as ⟨v⟩, producing the
alternative form Lesvos. In Greece, it is often referred to as Mytilene
(Μυτιλήνη), after its capital.[3]
Coordinates: 39°12′36″N 26°16′48″E

The island is also sometimes called the "Island of the Poets".[4] Country Greece
Region North Aegean

History Capital Mytilene

Area
• Total 1,632.8 km2
Prehistory (630.4 sq mi)
Lesbos has been inhabited since at least 3000 BC. The oldest artifacts Elevation 967 m (3,173 ft)
found on the island may date to the late Paleolithic period.[5] Important Population (2021)
archaeological sites on the island are the Neolithic cave of Kagiani, • Total 83,068[1]
probably a refuge for shepherds, the Neolithic settlement of Chalakies, • Density 51/km2 (130/sq mi)

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and the extensive habitation of Thermi (3000–1000 BC). The largest Demonym(s) Lesbian, Lesvian
habitation is found in Lisvori, dating back to 2800–1900 BC, part of
Time zone UTC+2 (EET)
which is submerged in shallow coastal waters. It is also thought that • Summer (DST) UTC+3 (EEST)
Pelasgians, Achaeans and Aeolians chronologically lived on the island
Postal codes 81x xx
between 1507 BC and 1100 BC.[6]
Area codes 225x0

Ancient and Classical era

According to Classical Greek mythology, Lesbos was the patron god of the
island. Macareus of Rhodes was reputedly the first king whose many
daughters bequeathed their names to some of the present larger towns. In
Classical myth his sister, Canace, was killed to have him made king.

The place names with female origins are claimed by some to be much earlier
settlements named after local goddesses, who were replaced by gods; Coin of Lesbos under the
Achaemenid Empire,
however, there is little evidence to support this. Homer refers to the island as
c. 510–480 BC.
"Macaros edos," the seat of Macar. Hittite records from the Late Bronze Age
name the island Lazpa and must have considered its population significant
enough to allow the Hittites to "borrow their Gods" (presumably idols) to cure their king when the local gods were
not forthcoming. It is believed that emigrants from mainland Greece, mainly from Thessaly, entered the island in
the Late Bronze Age and bequeathed it with the Aeolic dialect of the Greek language, whose written form survives
in the poems of Sappho, amongst others.

In classical times, the cities of the island formed a pentapolis, comprising Mytilene, Methymna, Antissa, Eresos,
and Pyrrha.[7] Pyrrha was destroyed in an earthquake in 231 BC, and Antissa by the Roman Republic in 168 BC.[7]

Two of the nine lyric poets in the Ancient Greek canon, Sappho and Alcaeus,
were from Lesbos. Phanias wrote history. The seminal artistic creativity of
those times brings to mind the myth of Orpheus to whom Apollo gave a lyre
and the Muses taught to play and sing. When Orpheus incurred the wrath of
the god Dionysus he was dismembered by the Maenads and of his body parts
his head and his lyre found their way to Lesbos where they have "remained"
ever since. Pittacus was one of the Seven Sages of Greece. In classical times, Sappho listens as the poet Alcaeus
Hellanicus advanced historiography and Theophrastus, the father of botany, plays a kithara. (Painting by
succeeded Aristotle as the head of the Lyceum. Aristotle and Epicurus lived Lawrence Alma-Tadema, 1881)[8]
there for some time, and it is there that Aristotle began systematic zoological
investigations.[9]

Theophanes, the historian who recorded Pompey's campaigns, was also from Lesbos. As the Greek novel Daphnis
and Chloe is set on Lesbos, the author, Longus, is usually assumed to be from the island.

The abundant grey pottery ware found on the island and the worship of
Cybele, the great mother-goddess of Anatolia, suggest the cultural continuity
of the population from Neolithic times. When the Persian king Cyrus the
Great defeated Croesus (546 BC) the Ionic Greek cities of Anatolia and the
adjacent islands became Persian subjects and remained such until the
Persians were defeated by the Greeks at the Battle of Salamis (480 BC). The
island was governed by an oligarchy in archaic times, followed by quasi-
View of the Roman aqueduct
democracy in classical times. Around this time, Arion developed the type of
poem called dithyramb, the progenitor of tragedy, and Terpander invented
the seven-note musical scale for the lyre. For a short period it was a member of the Athenian confederacy, its
apostasy from which is recounted by Thucydides in the Mytilenian Debate, in Book III of his History of the
Peloponnesian War. In Hellenistic times, the island belonged to various Successor kingdoms until 79 BC when it
passed into Roman hands. Remnants of its Roman medieval history are three impressive castles.

The cities of Mytilene and Methymna have been bishoprics since the 5th century. By the early 10th century,
Mytilene had been raised to the status of a metropolitan see. Methymna achieved the same by the 12th century.
[10]

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Middle Ages and Byzantine era

During the Middle Ages, Lesbos belonged to the Byzantine Empire. In 802, the Byzantine Empress Irene was
exiled to Lesbos after her deposition and died there.[10] The island served as a gathering base for the fleet of the
rebel Thomas the Slav in the early 820s.[10] In the late 9th century, it was heavily raided by the Emirate of Crete.
As a result, the inhabitants of Eresos abandoned their town and settled in Mount Athos.[11] In the 10th century, it
was part of the theme of the Aegean Sea, while in the late 11th century it formed a dioikesis (fiscal district) under
a kourator in Mytilene.[10] In c. 1089–1093, the island was briefly occupied by the Seljuk Turkish emir Tzachas,
ruler of Smyrna, but he was unable to capture Methymna, which resisted throughout.[10][11] In the 12th century,
the island became a frequent target for plundering raids by the Republic of Venice.[10]

After the Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) the island passed to the Latin Empire,
but was reconquered by the Empire of Nicaea sometime after 1224.[10] In
1354, it was granted as a dowry and fief to the Genoese Francesco I Gattilusio
by the Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos.[10][11] The Gattilusio family
ruled the island for over a century, engaging in fortifications at the Castle of
Mytilene, Molyvos (ancient Methymna), and the fort of Agios Theodoros at
the site of ancient Antissa.[7] Denaro of Francesco II Gattilusio,
lord of Lesbos (1384–1403)

Ottoman occupation
After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Gattilusi continued to rule Lesbos
as tributary vassals to the Ottoman Empire, until the island was conquered by
Sultan Mehmed II in September 1462.[10][11] After the capture of Lesbos, the
richer inhabitants were moved to Constantinople in order to repopulate the
city, some boys and girls were taken away into imperial service, but the rest of
the population remained. Mehmed II brought in Muslim settlers from
Rumelia and Anatolia, and encouraged his Janissaries to settle there and take Map of Lesbos by Giacomo Franco
local wives.[7][11] Among them was Yakub, the father of the pirate admiral (1597)
Hayreddin Barbarossa.[7] Named Midilli (‫ )ﻣﺪﻟﻠﻰ‬after its capital, Mytilene, the
island became a sanjak (province) of the Eyalet of Rumelia, and after 1534 of
the Eyalet of the Archipelago.[11] Mytilene and Molova (the Turkish name for Molyvos/Methymna) became seats
of kadis. The cathedral of Mytilene was converted into a mosque. Otherwise, the organization of the local
Orthodox church was not altered.[7]

In 1464, as part of the First Ottoman–Venetian War, the Venetians under Orsato Giustiniani occupied the fort of
Agios Theodoros, but failed to capture the rest of the island, and destroyed the castle upon their withdrawal.
Another attack occurred in 1474, when the Venetians under Pietro Mocenigo raided the island.[7] During the
Second Ottoman–Venetian War, a Venetian-led fleet of 200 ships besieged Mytilene, but the attack was defeated
by Şehzade Korkut. His father, Sultan Bayezid II, then reinforced the Castle of Mytilene with artillery bastions.[7]

The large majority of the island's population remained Greek Christian, although there was a sizeable Muslim
community, formed from both immigrants and converts; from 7.4% of households in 1488, it rose to a peak of
19.45% in 1831 before starting to decline in relative terms, reaching 14% in 1892. The Islamization process peaked
between 1602 and 1644.[7] The Muslims lived throughout the island. Relations between the two communities
were generally good, and Lesbians were often bilingual in both Greek and Ottoman Turkish.[11] During Ottoman
rule, the compulsory devshirme system was implemented into the island, where the locals including Muslim
landowners and the state representatives negotiated enlisting their teenagers into the Ottoman military by
preventing some boys from being levied and sneaking others into the levied groups. For example, in the winter
between 1603 and 1604, 105 boys were levied from the island and Lesvos was the only Island that the levy was
implemented on the levy of this period.[12]

Lesbos prospered from trade, and Mytilene was considered the busiest Ottoman port in the Aegean Sea. West
European representatives are attested in the city already in 1700, acting as vice-consuls for the consulates in
Smyrna. The island exported olives and olive oil, wheat, grapes, raisins and wine, figs, fish, dairy products,
acorns, soap, leather and hides, pitch and livestock.[11] Mytilene itself increased five-fold in population during the
Ottoman period. A number of new mosques were erected in the city, and Barbaros Kayreddin built a madrasa,
dervish lodge, and imaret erected in his hometown.[7] Many of the early Ottoman buildings, as well as the city

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walls, were destroyed in the earthquake of 1867.[7] Mevlevi and Bektashi lodges are attested, since 1544 for the
former, and since 1699 for the latter.[7] Molyvos, which was the island's second city for most of the Ottoman
period, also experienced growth, doubling in size; unlike Mytilene, the Muslim element came to predominate, and
comprised over half the population by 1874. Mosques were built and fortifications were undertaken during the
long Cretan War with Venice. But during the 19th century, the town declined rapidly in importance and number
of inhabitants, a decline which continued to modern times.[7] In the mid-18th century, the castle and settlement
of Sigri were established to protect the western coast from pirate attacks.[7]

The relative prosperity of the island—wealth was apparently concentrated

among the Greek Christian bourgeoisie rather than the Muslim community[11]
—contributed to the island not taking part in the Greek War of Independence
in 1821–1829.[7] During the second half of the 19th century, this prosperity
became evident in the construction of large and ornamented mansions and European warships off Mytilene
churches; the Muslims followed suit, employing the fashionable Neo-Classical during the 1905 incident.
and Neo-Gothic styles in their own renovations of their mosques, especially
after the destructive 1867 earthquake.[7] The Ottoman writer and liberal
politician Namık Kemal served in the local administration in 1877–1884.[7] In 1905, four European powers seized
the customs and telegraph offices in the island to pressure the Ottoman government to accept their plan for an
international commission that would supervise the provinces of Macedonia.[11]

Modern era
In 1912, the First Balkan War broke out between Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, and the Ottoman
Empire over the independence and expansion of Christian Balkan states. Under Rear Admiral Pavlos
Kountouriotis, Greek naval forces landed at Lesbos on 21 November 1912, commencing the Battle of Lesbos.
Kountouriotis sent an ultimatum to secure Mytilene under Greece, which Ottoman officials agreed to, before
fleeing the city.[13] The operation to annex the rest of the island was placed under Colonel Apollodoros
Syrmakezis.[14] Syrmakezis led 3,175 troops towards an Ottoman camp in Filia, reaching the outskirts of the city
on 19 December, with an attack planned for the following morning. However, Ottoman military commanders
approached Syrmakezis with a request for an armistice and Ottoman surrender was finalised on 21 December
1912, a month after the commencement of the battle.[15] Nine Greek troops were killed and 81 were injured
during the battle.[16] The following year, the Ottoman Empire denied their previous agreement to cede Lesbos to
Greece, until the Treaty of London.[17][7]

In the Greco-Turkish population exchange that followed World War I and the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922,
the local Muslims left the island and Lesbos returned to a fully Greek Christian population as it had been before
Ottoman occupation.[7] In 1922, many Greek refugees of the war and the concurrent Greek Genocide settled in
Lesbos. These refugees were mostly women and children as the men were either fighting or had died in battle. A
statue of a mother cradling her children named the "Statue of the Asia Minor Mother" was donated by the
refugees and erected in Mytilene.[18] Twenty years later, during World War II, Nazi Germany conducted an
invasion of Greece and Yugoslavia, with both being defeated in 1941 and subsequently divided between the Axis
Powers. Lesbos was occupied by Germany until 10 September 1944, when Greece was liberated.[19][20][21][6]

The poet Odysseus Elytis, the descendant of an old family of Lesbos, received the Nobel Prize in Literature in
1979.[22]

Tourism
Lesbos is known to be one of the Greek island touristic hotspots, especially
during its tourism season of April, May, June and July.[23] Mytilene airport
management recorded 47,379 tourists visiting Lesbos in its 2015 tourism
season. The refugee crisis has since slowed down tourism to the island, with a
67.89% decrease rate from June 2015 to June 2016. 6,841 Europeans on 47
flights arrived in Lesbos during its 2016 tourism season, compared to July the
previous year, which saw 18,373 Europeans fly to the island on 130 flights.[23]
The Roman Aqueduct at Mória
94 cruise ships full of tourists arrived in Lesbos in 2011 and only one in 2018.
[24] Of the refugee crisis' impact on tourism, Maria Dimitriou, a local shop

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owner from Mithymna, said, "2015 was a very good year for tourism and then,
suddenly they started to arrive. The refugees began arriving in mid-July,
when the hotels were full of tourists. There were refugees everywhere, lying
down with all their trash. And after this, tourism stopped."[24]

In 2019, the head of the Lesbos chamber of commerce, Vangelis Mirsinias,

told The Jakarta Post that the island's administration is trying to "woo back
the tourists" and they "want to remind people of how beautiful" Lesbos is."[24]
He advocated for the European Union to help in advertising and also said, Castle of Mytilene
"The economy is still paying the impact of the crisis. It will need time and
money to change this image."[24] Lesbos is also a hotspot for Dutch tourists
and one Dutch tourist said that tourism had halted because people "did not feel like seeing all this misery" of the
refugees.[24] One local told the publication that residents had become "fed up" and "people are angry towards the
government and towards Europe: they told us not to worry, the camps won't last. But it's still there", whilst
another business owner explained that he had lost a third of his business and "blames all the negative media
attention" for the lack of tourists.[24] The Jakarta Post also reported that tourists have increased in numbers in
recent years, with 63,000 arriving in 2018.[24] The COVID-19 pandemic has also damaged the island's tourism
industry.[25]

In April 2022, the Greek government announced a dedication of €2 million in restoring tourism in Lesbos and
four other islands.[26] In October 2022, it was announced that Lesbos would return to the cruise ship industry.[27]
Konstantinos Moutzouris, the governor of the North Aegean Region, which Lesbos is under, explained that the
region's administration will run a study "in order to develop cruise tourism on the island."[27] The deputy
governor of tourism, Nikolaos Nyktas, believed that the cruise industry "suits the island and its culture", while the
head of development for the project, Ioannis Bras, said that the island could "offer a lot to the cruise market".[27]

In English and most other European languages, including Greek, the term lesbian is commonly used to refer to
homosexual women. This use of the term derives from the poems of Sappho, who was born in Lesbos and who
wrote with powerful emotional content directed toward other women.[28] Due to this association, the town of
Eresos, her birthplace, is visited frequently by LGBT tourists.[29]

Geography
Lesbos lies in the far east of the Aegean sea, facing the Turkish coast (Gulf of
Edremit) from the north and east; at the narrowest point, the Mytilini Strait is
about 5.5 km (3.4 mi) wide. In late Palaeolithic/Mesolithic times it was joined
to the Anatolian mainland before the end of the Last Glacial Period.[30]

The shape of the island is roughly triangular, but it is deeply intruded by the
gulfs of Kalloni, with an entry on the southern coast, and of Gera, in the
southeast.[31]

The island is forested and mountainous with two large peaks, Mount Topography of Lesbos
Lepetymnos at 968 m (3,176 ft) and Mount Olympus at 967 m (3,173 ft) (not
to be confused with Mount Olympus in Thessaly on the Greek mainland),
dominating its northern and central sections.[32] The island's volcanic origin
is manifested in several hot springs and the two gulfs.

Lesbos is verdant, aptly named Emerald Island, with a greater variety of flora
than expected for the island's size. Eleven million olive trees cover 40% of the
island, together with other fruit trees. Forests of Mediterranean pines,
chestnut trees and some oaks occupy 20%, and the remainder is scrub,
grassland or urban. The island is also one of the best in the world for bird
watching.[33]
Detailed map of Lesbos
Climate
The island has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification). The mean annual

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temperature is 18 °C (64 °F), and the mean annual rainfall is 750 mm (30 in).
Its exceptional sunshine makes it one of the sunniest islands in the Aegean
Sea. Snow and very low temperatures are rare.

Mount Olympus’ peak rises 967

metres over Lesbos

Agiasos village

Climate data for Mytilene (1955-2010 averages) [hide]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 20.2 21.3 28.0 31.0 35.0 40.0 39.5 38.2 36.2 30.8 27.0 22.5 40.0
°C (°F) (68.4) (70.3) (82.4) (87.8) (95.0) (104.0) (103.1) (100.8) (97.2) (87.4) (80.6) (72.5) (104.0)

Mean daily
12.2 12.8 15 19.3 24.3 28.9 31 30.8 27 22 17.4 13.9 20.9
maximum
(54.0) (55.0) (59) (66.7) (75.7) (84.0) (88) (87.4) (81) (72) (63.3) (57.0) (69.6)
°C (°F)

Daily mean 9.5 9.9 11.6 15.6 20.2 24.7 26.6 26.1 22.9 18.5 14.3 11.3 17.6
°C (°F) (49.1) (49.8) (52.9) (60.1) (68.4) (76.5) (79.9) (79.0) (73.2) (65.3) (57.7) (52.3) (63.7)

Mean daily
6.8 7.0 8.2 11.4 15.3 19.6 22 21.7 18.6 15 11.4 8.7 13.7
minimum °C
(44.2) (44.6) (46.8) (52.5) (59.5) (67.3) (72) (71.1) (65.5) (59) (52.5) (47.7) (56.7)
(°F)

Record low −4.4 −3 −1.2 4.0 8.4 11.0 15.8 16.3 10.9 5.2 1.4 −1.4 −4.4
°C (°F) (24.1) (27) (29.8) (39.2) (47.1) (51.8) (60.4) (61.3) (51.6) (41.4) (34.5) (29.5) (24.1)

Average
111 96.2 70.1 44.8 19.8 6.4 2 2.7 12.4 43.9 97.1 138.7 670.6
precipitation
(4.4) (3.79) (2.76) (1.76) (0.78) (0.25) (0.1) (0.11) (0.49) (1.73) (3.82) (5.46) (26.40)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation
9.0 8.1 6.5 4.8 2.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 1.3 3.3 6.8 10.0 54.1
days
(≥ 1.0 mm)

Average
relative 71.0 69.8 57.5 63.9 62.6 57.3 56.0 57.4 59.5 66.1 71.0 72.0 64.5
humidity (%)

Source 1: Hellenic National Meteorological Service[34]

Source 2: NOAA[35]

Geology
The entire territory of Lesbos is "Lesvos Geopark", which is a member of the European Geoparks Network (since
2000) and Global Geoparks Network (since 2004) on account of its outstanding geological heritage, educational
programs and projects, and promotion of geotourism.[36]

This geopark was enlarged from former "Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark". Lesbos contains one of the few known
petrified forests, called the Petrified forest of Lesbos, and it has been declared a Protected Natural Monument.

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Fossilised plants have been found in many localities on the western parts of
the island. The fossilised forest was formed during the Late Oligocene to
Lower–Middle Miocene, as determined by the intense volcanic activity in the
area. Neogene volcanic rocks dominate the central and western part of the
island, comprising andesites, dacites and rhyolites, ignimbrite, pyroclastics,
tuffs, and volcanic ash. The products of the volcanic activity covered the
vegetation of the area and the fossilization process took place during
favourable conditions. The fossilized plants are silicified remnants of a sub-
tropical forest that existed on the northwest part of the island 20–15 million
Petrified forest of Lesbos
years ago.

Landmarks
Petrified forest of Lesbos
Catholic Church of Theotokos, where part of the relics of Saint Valentine
are kept
Castle of Molyvos (Mithymna)
Castle of Mytilene
Castle of Sigri
Church of Panagia Agiasos
The church of Saint Therapon in
Monastery of Agios Raphael
Mytilene by night
Monastery of Taxiarchis
Roman Aqueduct of Lesbos (Mória)
The Bridge at Kremasti
Early Christian Basilica of Agios Andreas in Eressos
Temple of Klopedi
Christian Temple of Chalinados
Ancient Sanctuary of Messa
Acropolis of Ancient Pyrra
Monastery of Ipsilou
Monastery of Limonas
Statue of Liberty (Mytilene)
Ouzo Museum "The World of Ouzo"[37] in Plomari
Barbayannis Ouzo Museum (Plomari)
The Mosque in Parakila
Catacomb of Mary Magdalene
Sourlangas Leather Factory

Endangered sites
Twelve historic churches on the island were listed together on the 2008 World Monuments Fund's Watch List of
the 100 Most Endangered Sites in the world. The churches date from the Early Christian Period to the 19th
century. Exposure to the elements, outmoded conservation methods, and increased tourism are all threats to the
structures. The following are the 12 churches:[38]

Katholikon of Moni Perivolis

Early Christian Basilica Agios Andreas Eressos
Early Christian Basilica Afentelli Eressos
Church of Agios Stephanos Mantamados
Katholikon of Moni Taxiarchon Kato Tritos
Katholikon of Moni Damandriou Polichnitos
Metamorphosi Soteros Church in Papiana
Church of Agios Georgios Anemotia
Church of Agios Nikolaos Petra

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Monastery of Ipsilou
Church of Agios Ioannis Kerami
Church of Taxiarchon Vatousa

Administration
Lesbos is a separate regional unit of the North Aegean region. Since 2019, it consists of two municipalities:
Mytilene and West Lesbos.[39] Between the 2011 Kallikratis government reform and 2019, there was one single
municipality on the island: Lesbos, created out of the 13 former municipalities on the island. At the same reform,
the regional unit Lesbos was created out of part of the former Lesbos Prefecture.[40]

Mithymna
Plomari Skala of Eresos-Antissa

The municipality of Mytilene consists of the following municipal units (former municipalities):

Agiasos (Αγιάσος)
Evergetoulas (Ευεργέτουλας)
Gera (Γέρα)
Loutropoli Thermis (Λουτρόπολη Θερμής)
Mytilene (Μυτιλήνη)
Plomari (Πλωμάρι)
The municipality of West Lesbos consists of the following municipal units:

Agia Paraskevi (Αγία Παρασκευή)

Eresos-Antissa (Ερεσός-Άντισσα)
Kalloni (Καλλονή)
Mantamados (Μανταμάδος)
Mithymna (Μήθυμνα)
Petra (Πέτρα)
Polichnitos (Πολίχνιτος)

Economy
The economy of Lesbos is essentially agricultural, with olive oil being the
main source of income. Tourism in Mytilene, encouraged by its international
airport and the coastal towns of Petra, Plomari, Molyvos and Eresos,
contributes substantially to the island's economy. Fishing and the
manufacture of soap and ouzo, the Greek national liqueur, are the remaining
sources of income.

Migrants The building of the former Lesbos

Prefecture, and now of the Lesbos
Due to its proximity to the Turkish mainland, Lesbos is one of the Greek
Regional Unit
islands most affected by the European migrant crisis that started in 2015.
Refugees of the Syrian Civil War came to the island in multiple vessels every
day.[41] As of June 2018, 8,000 refugees were trapped when a deal between Europe and Turkey removed their
route to the continent in 2016. After that, living conditions deteriorated and the possibility of movement to
Europe dimmed. Moria Refugee Camp was the largest of the refugee camps and held twice as many people as it

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was designed to accommodate.[42] By May 2020, Moria had 17,421 refugees living there.[25]

On 9 September 2020, thousands of migrants fled from the overcrowded Moria camp after a fire
broke out. At least 25 firefighters, with 10 engines, were battling the flames both inside and
outside the facility.[43] A smaller-scale facility, the Pikpa camp catered for a segment of the
refugee population until its closure in October 2020, whereupon the occupants were transferred
to the "old" Kara Tepe Refugee Camp.[44]

The Greek government maintains that the fires were started deliberately by migrants protesting
that the camp had been put in lockdown due to a COVID-19 outbreak amongst the migrants in
the camp. On 16 September 2020, four Afghan men were formally charged with arson for
allegedly starting the fire.[45] Two other migrants, both aged 17, which is below the age of full
adult criminal responsibility in Greece, were also allegedly involved in starting the fire, and were
held in police detention on the mainland.[46]
A bottle of
Ouzo Plomari
After the closure of the Moria camp, a temporary facility was rapidly set up at Kara Tepe.[47] The
of Lesbos
Greek government announced in November 2020 that a new closed reception centre will be
built in the Vastria area near Nees Kydonies, on the border between Mytilene and Western
Lesbos, and will be completed by late 2021.[48]

Culture

Cuisine
Local specialties:

Chachles, type of tarhana

Kydonato, meat with quinces
Revithato, meat with chickpeas
Sardeles from Kalloni
Ladotyri Mytilinis, cheese
Honey from Lesbos
Selinato, meat with celery
Sfougato, omelette
Skafoudes, stuffed eggplants
Sougania, stuffed onions
Ouzo
Platseda (dessert)
Finikia (dessert)
Amygdalota Ladotyri Mytilinis
Retseli

In popular culture
Films shot on the island include Daphnis and Chloe (1931) by Orestis Laskos, The tree under the sea (1985)
by Philippe Muyl and One Love and the Other (1994) by Eva Bergman.
Lesbos is depicted in Assassin's Creed Odyssey as the northeasternmost Aegean Island, the center of the
island is where the player's character can encounter Medusa.[49]

Sports
The main football clubs in the island are Aiolikos F.C., Kalloni F.C. and Sappho Lesvou F.C.

Media

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Radio

On air
Frequency Name Description
since

87.5 MHz Radio Kalloni 1996 News, talk and Greek music

88.2 MHz Love Mitilini 2003 Easy listening

Greek pop and rock music (formerly

90.0 MHz Radio Mitilini 1989
broadcast on 107.6)

91.6 MHz Rythmos Radio 2005 Greek pop music

National; news and talk; first station of Greek

92.3 MHz First Programme 1938
state radio

92.8 MHz Aeolos FM 92,8 1989 Greek laïko-rebetiko-éntekhno music

93.2 MHz Astra FM 93,2 2000 Greek music

Orthodox religious radio; rebroadcasting with

93.3 MHz Foni tis Ecclesias 2000
Ecclesia FM 89,5

Amateur radio with Greek pop music; located

93.6 MHz Intro Radio Lesvos 2021
from Polichnitos

National; Greek music; second station of

94.3 MHz Second Programme 1952
Greek state radio

News and talk; Local station of Greek state

96.5 MHz ERT Aegean 1989
radio

96.8 MHz Minore FM 96,8 (http://www.minorekalloni.gr/) 1985 Greek music: Pop music and Dance music

National; classical music; third station of

97.2 MHz Third Programme 1954
Greek state radio

97.6 MHz Local 9,72 Mitilini 1990 News, talk and music

98.6 MHz Best FM Lesvos 1992 Greek and foreign music

99.0 MHz Sto Nisi 99 FM 2019 News and talk

ERT Aegean (https://www.ertnews.gr/news/perifereiako News and talk; Local station of Greek state
99.4 MHz 1989
i-stathmoi/voreio_aigaio/) radio

99.8 MHz SKAI Aegean 2009 News and talk

101.5 MHz Slam 101.5 2019 Foreign music

News and talk; Local station of Greek state

103.0 MHz ERT Aegean 1989
radio

News and talk; Local station of Greek state

104.4 MHz ERT Aegean 1989
radio

Orthodox religious radio station by the

104.8 MHz Peiraiki Ecclesia 1988
Church of Piraeus

Orthodox religious radio station by the

105.8 MHz Peiraiki Ecclesia 1988
Church of Piraeus

News and talk; Local station of Greek state

ERT Aegean 1989
radio
105.9 MHz
National; Greek music; second station of
Second Programme 1952
Greek state radio

National; classical music; third station of

106.4 MHz Third Programme 1954
Greek state radio

106.9 MHz SKAI Aegean 2009 News and talk

Orthodox religious radio station by the

107.4 MHz Peiraiki Ecclesia 1988
Church of Piraeus

107.7 MHz Radio Kalloni 1996 News, talk and Greek music

National; sports and talk; fourth station of

107.9 MHz ERA Sport 1993
Greek state radio

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TV
A regional television station operates from the city of Mytilene; Aeolos TV.[50]

Newspapers
The main printed newspapers of the city are Empros, Ta Nea tis Lesvou, and Dimokratis. Online newspapers
include Aeolos,[50] Stonisi,[51] Emprosnet,[52] Lesvosnews,[53] Lesvospost,[54] and Kalloninews.[55]

Notable residents
Lesches (8th or 7th century BC), early poet
Sappho (7th and 6th centuries BC), poet
Terpander (7th century BC), poet and citharede
Alcaeus of Mytilene (7th century BC), poet and politician
Arion (7th century BC), poet
Aristotle (384–322 BC), philosopher, was born in Chalkidike but lived for a time on
the island.
Theophrastus (370–285 BC), philosopher and botanist, successor to Aristotle
The Nobel Prize winner in
Theophanes of Mytilene (1st century BC), ancient Greek historian Literature, poet Odysseas
Longus (2nd century AD), ancient Greek author Elytis (Alepoudellis) was
Theoctiste of Lesbos (9th century), hermit saint from Lesbos
Constantine IX Monomachos: Byzantine emperor (1042–1055), resident of
Mytilene prior to accession.
Christopher of Mytilene (11th century), poet
Doukas, Byzantine historian
Hayreddin Barbarossa (1470s–1546), Ottoman admiral
Georgios Jakobides (1853–1932), painter
Gregorios Bernardakis (1848–1925), classical philologist and palaeographer
Demetrios Bernardakis, dramatist
Theophilos Hatzimihail (c. 1870–1934), painter
Georgios Emmanouil Kaldis (1875–1953) lawyer, journalist and politician
Tériade (1889–1983), art critic, patron, and publisher
Hermon di Giovanno (c. 1900–1968), painter
Odysseas Elytis (1911–1996), poet, Nobel Prize in Literature 1979
Tzeli Hadjidimitriou (b. 1962), photographer and writer
Stratis Myrivilis (1890–1969), writer
Elias Venezis, writer
Ahmed Djemal (1872–1922), Ottoman commander, politician
Kostas Kenteris, athlete (running, 200 meters), Gold Olympic medal Sydney 2000, World and European
championship gold medal
Alex Martinez, graffiti artist, illustrator, muralist
Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1 April 1855 – 1922), Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Tamburi Ali Efendi (1836–1902), Turkish classical composer
Steffen Streich, ultra-endurance cyclist

Gallery

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Lesbos - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbos

"The burning of the Ottoman flag in Greek troops land at Petra, Lesbos Extraction of the salt
Ottoman frigate at Mytilene in the last Mytilene, 1912 in Lesbos
Eresos by Dimitrios days of the Ottoman
Papanikolis" by period
Konstantinos
Volanakis

Museum of industrial Limonas monastery Taxiarchis Monastery Panagia Church in

olive oil production, Agiasos
Agia Paraskevi

See also
Adobogiona – an inscription in Lesbos honors this Celtic princess
Aeolic Greek
Assos
Lesbian rule – historically a flexible lead mason's rule associated with Lesbos
Lesbian wine
List of islands of Greece
List of traditional Greek place names
University of the Aegean
Ancient regions of Anatolia

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Works cited
Hall, Richard C. (2000). The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War. London: Routledge.
ISBN 0-415-22946-4.
Richter, Heinz A. (1998). Greece in World War II (in Greek). transl by Kostas Sarropoulos. Athens: Govostis.
ISBN 978-960-270-789-0.
Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks. Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0857-9.
Επίτομη Ιστορία των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων 1912-1913 [Concise History of the Balkan Wars 1912–1913].
Athens: Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate. 1987. OCLC 51846788 (https://www.worldca
t.org/oclc/51846788).

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External links
Official website (https://www.pvaigaiou.gov.gr/) (in Greek)
Lesvos News (https://www.lesvosnews.gr/) (in Greek)
Elstat (https://www.statistics.gr) (in Greek)
"Prefecture of Lesvos" (http://odysseus.culture.gr/a/map/emap.jsp). Maps. Hellenic Ministry of Culture.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070408170650/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/maps/aigaio/lesvos/lesvo
s.html) from the original on 8 April 2007.
Guide of Lesbos Island (http://www.lesvosgreece.gr/en) (in Greek, English, and Turkish)
News of Mytilene and Lesvos Island (http://www.emprosnet.gr) (in Greek)
"World's Monuments Watch List" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130320161546/http://www.wmf.org/sites/defa
ult/files/wmf_publication/Watch_2008_site_descriptions_0.pdf) (PDF). World Monuments Fund (WMF). 2008.
Archived from the original (http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_publication/Watch_2008_site_descriptio
ns_0.pdf) (PDF) on 20 March 2013.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lesbos&oldid=1213577818"

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