THE NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE OF OROMIA

AMAYA WOREDA AGRICULTURAL OFFICE

Food System Resilience Program (FSRP)

Design of Pond for micro irrigation projects constructed in

Amaya woreda district

Prepared by:
Addisu Getachew -------------------Woreda Infrastructure and Safeguard Engineer

Feb., 2023
Gindo, Ethiopia

I
 Contents
Executive Summary................................................................................................IV
1. Introduction....................................................................................................... 1
2. Background and Justification...........................................................................2
3. AGRONOMY REPORT.....................................................................................3
3.1. General.................................................................................................................................3
3.2. Methodology of the study.....................................................................................................3
3.4. Existing Rain fed Agriculture of the proposed area.............................................................3
3.5. Existing Irrigated Agriculture of the Proposed Project Area................................................4
3.6.Crop Diseases and Pests........................................................................................................5
3.7. Proposed Irrigated Crops......................................................................................................5
3.8. Proposed Cropping Pattern and Calendar.............................................................................5
3.9. Input Utilization....................................................................................................................7
3.11. Crop yield projection for the proposed project area (for 1ha of irrigable
land).........................................................................................................................10
3.12. Crop Water Requirement................................................................................11
3.13. Irrigation Interval...........................................................................................16
3.14. Irrigation Depth (D.)......................................................................................17
4. Description of the project area........................................................................18
4.1 Location...............................................................................................................................18
4.2 Soil.......................................................................................................................................18
4.3 Topography.....................................................................................................................18
4.4 Vegetation and land use.......................................................................................................18
4.5. Hydro-meteorological Study........................................................................... 19
4.5.1. Objective of the hydro- meteorological study................................................................19
4.5.2. 2 Methodology of the hydro- meteorological study........................................................19
4.5.3. Scope of the hydro- meteorological study......................................................................19
4.5.4. Climatic Elements that describe the area........................................................................19
4.5.5. Description of the catchment area..................................................................................19
4.6. Meteorological Data.........................................................................................20
4.7. Traditional and contemporary climatic zones of the country...........................21
4.8. Flood Frequency Analysis................................................................................22
4.9. Reservoir pond Dimension Determination.......................................................26
II
4.11.Pond inlet and Silt trap....................................................................................27
4.12.Bill of quantity and specifications................................................................... 28

III
 Executive Summary

Wagota community pond sites are located in Oromia regional state, South West Shoa zone,
Amaya district Abadho Hole Kebele. The areas are under temperate (dega) zone at an average
altitude of 1888m a.s.l, Irrigation is a key element to boost agricultural production and
productivity and to diversify agricultural activities over the area. Looking to interest, efforts,
trials and requests of the community, FSRP -Amaya Woreda office, administrative bodies and
other stakeholders at district level have given due attention to the site to be studied and come up
with this proposal.

The project sites are at 7 km, from Gindo (woreda capital which is at 30km from Waliso). The
project sites can be accessed all weather. The water source for the project rain water harvesting.
At this level of study it could be seen that more than 5ha of land is potentially available for
development at all however, 5 ha is to be planned by one pond based on water reliability from
harvesting community pond.

The beneficiaries of the project are organized family heads with a share of 0.5 ha about 4HH to
be served directly from the project with assumption of 5 persons per family head. The project
will also have indirect benefits to other surround groups like labor assimilation, skill exchange,
provision of selected seed and seedlings to other groups, improved overall economic activities
and the like. The project cost is estimated to ……………………… Birr for 1 community ponds.

IV
 1. Introduction
Rapid population growth and consequent encroachment of food crop farming on environmentally
sensitive areas (forests, grazing reserves and steep lands) has set in motion a vicious cycle of
erosion, declining wood supply, low crop yields, food shortages, progressive land degradation,
Reduction of areas under fallow, increased use of dung and crop residues for fuel instead of
replenishing soil fertility, and greater exploitation of marginal areas. With declining productivity
in rain-fed agriculture and with the need to double food production over the next two decades,
water has been recognized as the most important factor for the transformation of the agrarian
system, and effective and efficient irrigation is of paramount need.
Achieving broad-based, accelerated and sustained economic growth so as to eradicate poverty
has been and is a key objective of government of Ethiopia. For this reason, the five year GTP of
the country maintaining Agriculture as a major source of economic growth. To insure that
agriculture becomes the main source of growth for the next five years the key strategy that will
be pursued concerns scaling up of best practices of model small holder farmers. Thus the best
technologies and practices of the model farmers will be scaled up for use by all other farmers.
This will in turn increase agricultural productivity and production.
In addition to promote multiple cropping, better adaption to climate variability and ensure food
security, the growth and transformation plan will intensify use of country’s water and natural
resources. Expansion of small scale irrigation schemes will be given priority. Apart from
improving productivity and living standards of the rural communities, those activities will help to
cope better with the challenges of climate change. The majority of small and marginal farmers
cannot achieve their productivity potential since they have no access to irrigation water and
improved Agricultural technology. Regarding this, Food system Resilience Program (FSRP) has
been carried out different activities in improving production and productivity of farmers by
strengthening their capacity, constructing infrastructures (roads and irrigation schemes) and
supplying agricultural inputs. This community pond proposal is thus based on government
interest that every farmer shall have at least one water supply option for irrigation development.

1
 2. Background and Justification

This community pond farming project proposal is designed as one of the grassroots level
implementation plan for changing the production and productivity of the households in Abadho
Hole kenbeles. The households cultivate their land only by waiting summer rain season and
expense their time in winter without performing any other agricultural activities. In addition, the
farmers’ income is only generated from agricultural production and livestock.

The policy of the country is enhancing and supporting small scale irrigation scheme projects
rather than always waiting rainy season for crop and vegetable production. Strengthening the
conservation and management of natural resource like water is another focus area of the policy.
So, Food System Resilience Program (FSRP) selected the area to increase the production and
productivity of crops and vegetables of households. The project aims to increasing incomes and
improve food security for around 4 small holder farmers. and their families. It also introduces
new approaches and interventions, and will scale up improved technologies and organizational
and institutional innovations to develop the value chains of selected high value crops and
vegetables which are produced by the households by using irrigation. The farmers have positive
attitude towards the project idea and willing to work together.

2
 3. AGRONOMY REPORT

3.1. General
Arba Saden kebele is found in Amaya Woreda of South west Shoa zone. The proposed project
area is the agro-ecological characteristic of the area is sub-tropical with an average rainfall
distribution of 832 mm. An average humidity is to be 58%.Maximum and Minimum tempratures
are 27) c& 13.20C respectively. The community is mainly engaged in agricultural activities. The
farming system of the proposed project area is dominantly mixed type of agriculture (Crop and
livestock production). Both rain fed and irrigated agriculture are exercised in the project area.
But more than 84% of the cultivated area of the kebele depends on rain fed agriculture. The
major crops grown in the area are Maize, Tomato, Onion, Green bean, Head Cabbage, Pepper,
Wheat, Haricot bean, Barley and Teff. The major crops grown by rain fed agriculture are Maize,
Wheat, Haricot bean, Barley and Teff whereas onion, tomato, green bean, head cabbage,
pepper and maize are grown by .

3.2. Objective of the Study

The main objective of the agronomic study is to utilize the proposed commend area for irrigation
development for better and sustainable crop production to in addition to rainfall production by
using shallow well.

3.2. Methodology of the study

A Transact- Walk based on longitudinal and cross sectional direction on the command area and

its nearby surrounding has been conducted to observe the existing cropping system for detail

observation. Both primary and secondary data from the concerned body are obtained as the

major methods used in the study.

3.4. Existing Rain fed Agriculture of the proposed area

Due to the climatic condition of the proposed project area there is only one rainy season (mono
modal) for crop production. The total mean annual rain fall is 832mm/year. The main rainy
season starts from May to September.

3
Table 1. Major Crops grown by rain fed Agriculture

Area coverage Average Fertilizer used (kg/ha)

Major
No yield Remark
cops
ha % (Qt/ha) DAP UREA
1 Maize 492 82.8 48 100 50
2 Wheat 30 5.1 30 100 50
3 H/bean 27 4.5 16 50 0
4 Barley 23 3.9 24 75 50
5 Teff 22 3.7 8 75 50
Total 594 100

Table 2. The existing rain fed cropping calendar in the proposed Project area

Harvestin Total
Major
Land Weeding g growing
No Crops Sowing date
preparation period period
grown
period (days)
Apr 10 - May
1 Maize May 15- 30 Jun 5-Jul 10 Sep 10-25 135
10
May 15 - Jun
2 Wheat Jun 10-25 Jul 5- Aug 30 Sep 15- 30 105
15
May 25-Jun
3 H/bean May 1- 30 Jun 25-Jul 30 Sep 5- 20 90
10
May 20 - Jun
4 Barley Jun 5-15 Jul 10 -Aug 30 Sep 10- 20 95
10
May 15 - Jun Jul 15 - Aug
5 Teff Jun 20- Jul 5 Sep 10 - 25 80
20 20

3.5. Existing Irrigated Agriculture of the Proposed Project Area

In the proposed project area crop production is mainly carried out by irrigation and they use
submersible pump irrigation system. The major crops grown by irrigation in the area are onion,
tomato, pepper, cabbage.

Table 3. Crops grown by irrigation in the proposed project area

4
No Major crops Area Fertilizer (kg/ha) Variety Yield
(Qt/ha)
Ha % DAP UREA

1 Onion 21 18.8 200 100 Bombey Red 240

2 Tomato 10 8.9 200 100 Local 180

3 Cabbage 11 9.8 200 75 Copenhagen 180

4 Pepper 6 5.4 200 100 Local 72

Total 48 100 - - - -

3.6.Crop Diseases and Pests

The major crop diseases that have been found at the study area are early blight, late blight,

purple blotch and downy mildew and Steam bore, Aphid, Cutworm and Trips are the

common insects found at the study area. At the study area, farmers have controlling crop

diseases and insects by using their traditional practices and agrochemicals. As observed

during field trip farmers used different agrochemicals for irrigated agriculture.

3.7. Proposed Irrigated Crops

Based on the existing agricultural activities, climatic and soil condition of the proposed project
area irrigation development is proposed. The proposed crops (onion, tomato, pepper and
cabbage), are selected based on the following basic criteria.
 Economic viability
 Food value
 Cultivation processes
 Growing period and
 Preference of the farmers of the study area.

3.8. Proposed Cropping Pattern and Calendar

Cropping intensity and production potential are in general higher for crops under irrigation than
for crops under dry land farming. This calls for a balanced cropping program, a sound
rotation and strict plant protection measures. Once the crops are selected, one can determine

5
 the seasonal cropping pattern and prepare cropping calendar for each crops. Cropping pattern
of recommended crops for the proposed area is shown in the following table.
Table 4. Proposed Cropping Pattern and Calendar

Yield
No Major crops Remark
(Qt/ha)
1 Onion 120
2 Tomato 300
3 Cabbage 150
4 Pepper 75
Total -

Table 5. Cropping pattern of the recommended crops (Dry season)

Area Total
Sowing Harvesting
No Proposed growing
date date Remark
Crops period
Ha %
Onion 1.5 30 15-Sep 30-Dec 105
Tomato 1.5 30 15-Sep 30-Jan 130
Cabbage 1 20 15-Sep 25-Jan 125
Pepper 1 20 15-Sep 5-Feb 135
Total 5 100

Cropping pattern of the recommended crops (Wet season)

Area Total
Proposed Sowing Harvesting
No growing Remark
crops date date
ha % period
Onion 1.5 30 10-Feb 25-May 105
Tomato 1.5 30 10-Feb 30-Jun 130
Cabbage 1 20 20-Feb 25-Jun 125
Pepper 1 20 5-Feb 30-Jun 135
Total 5 100

6
3.9. Input Utilization
The supply of modern agricultural inputs such as fertilizer, agrochemicals and improved seeds

for sustainable crop production in irrigated agriculture can increase the production and

productivity of irrigated crops. The actual amount of fertilize to apply depends on soil

fertility, fertilizer recovery rate and crop types. A soil test is recommended to determine the

available N, P and K. All the required agricultural practices and input utilization should be

timely applied for irrigated agriculture though out the year.

Table 6. Recommended Input Utilization for the proposed crops

Seed
Recommended Fertilizer (kg/ha)
No Variety rate Remark
Crops
DAP UREA (kg/ha)
1 Onion 200 150 Bombey red 8
2 Tomato 200 150 Local 0.5
3 Cabbage 200 100 Copenhagen 0.4
4 Pepper 200 150 Markofana 0.7

3.10. Crop Rotation

Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different type of crops in the

same area in sequential seasons. Crop rotation confers varies benefits for soil and also

mitigates the building up of pathogens and pests that often occur when one species is

continuously cropped and can also improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep

rooted and shallow rooted plants. Growing the same crops in the same place for many years

in a row disproportionately depilates the soil of certain nutrients. With rotation a crop that

leaches the soil of one kind of nutrient is followed during the next growing season by a

dissimilar crop that returns that nutrient to the soil. The choice and sequence of rotation crops

depends on the nature of the soil, the climate and precipitation which together determine the

type of plants that may be cultivated, other important aspects of farming such as crop

7
 marketing and economic variable must also be considered when deciding crop rotation.

Using crop rotation farmers can keep their fields under continuous production, instead of

letting them lie fallow, as well as reducing the need for artificial fertilizes both of which can

be expensive.

Labor Requirement for both rain-fed & proposed crops.

As the information obtained from kabele's Development Agent (DA) and Office there are ample

productive forces for agricultural activities which will be performed irrigation development

in the proposed area. The labor requirements for each proposed crops are given below.

Table 7a. Rain-fed (within the command area only)

No. Crops Activities Unit Qty Frequency Total

1 Teff Ploupghing OD 4 3 12
Planting OD 4 1 4
Weeding MD 10 2 20
Harvesting MD 10 1 10
2 Maize Ploupghing OD 4 2 8
Planting OD 4 1 4
Weeding MD 10 1 10
Harvesting MD 25 1 25
Table 7b. Labor requirement for 1ha of irrigable land

No Crops Activities Unit Quantity Frequency Total

Land clearing MD - - -

Ploughing OD 4 4 16

Pre irrigation MD 4 4 16

Planting “ 24 1 24

Irrigation “ 4 16 64

Fertilization “ 4 3 12
8
No Crops Activities Unit Quantity Frequency Total

1 Onion

Cultivation/weeding “ 16 2 32

Protection “ 4 6 24

Harvesting “ 24 1 24

Transporting “ 24 1 24

Land clearing MD - - -

Ploughing OD 4 4 16

Pre irrigation MD 4 4 16

Planting “ 20 1 20
2 Tomato
Irrigation “ 4 16 64

Fertilization “ 4 3 12

Cultivation/weeding “ 16 2 32

Protection “ 4 6 24

Harvesting “ 20 3 60

Transporting “ 20 3 60

Land clearing MD - - -

Ploughing OD 4 4 16

Pre irrigation MD 4 4 16

Planting “ 20 1 20

Irrigation “ 4 12 48
3 Cabbage
Fertilization “ 4 2 8

Cultivation/weeding “ 16 2 32

Protection “ 4 4 16

Harvesting “ 20 1 20
9
No Crops Activities Unit Quantity Frequency Total

Transporting “ 20 1 20

Land clearing MD - - -

Ploughing OD 4 3 12

Sowing MD 20 1 20

Irrigation “ 4 12 48

Fertilization “ 4 3 12
4 Pepper
Cultivation/weeding “ 16 2 32

Protection “ 4 2 8

Harvesting “ 20 1 20

Threshing “ 20 1 20

Transporting “ 20 1 20

Yield Projection
The yield of proposed crops can be predicted based on the existing production system, crop
management, agricultural technology used and soil condition of the proposed project area. Thus,
the following yield projection is predicted for five years crop production in the proposed project
area

3.11. Crop yield projection for the proposed project area (for 1ha of irrigable land)
No Proposed crops Average yield (Qt/ha)

1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year

Onion 280 300 320 340 360

1

Tomato 300 320 340 360 380

2

10
 Cabbage 200 225 235 240 250
3

Pepper 75 80 90 100 110

4

3.12. Crop Water Requirement

The Crop Water Requirement Calculation is compiled based on Food & Agricultural
Organization (FAO) Irrigation & Drainage Paper # 24. Modern Pen Man-Monteith Model is
considered for all its Parameters. The determination of irrigation water requirement needs the
study and analysis of cropping pattern, estimation of crop water requirement and irrigation
efficiency based on climatic data and agronomic practices of the proposed area.

Climatic Data

Climatic data were taken from Gihon(waliso) metrological station which is found nine (30) kilo
meter from the proposed area.

Months Max.T0 MinT0 Humidity Wind Sun Solar Ref Rain fall Effective
(%) (km/day shine(hr) radiation evaporatio (mm/month rain fall
) n(mm/mo )
nth)
Jan 25.6 11.4 52 112 8.6 20.2 3.9 5 0
Feb. 26.7 11.7 49 121 7.9 20.4 4.3 39 13.4
Mar 26.7 12.1 50 121 7.5 21 4.5 63 27.8
Apr 26.6 12.5 58 112 6.6 19.7 4.2 79 39.2
May 26.9 11.5 65 121 6.9 19.7 4.2 99 55.2
Jun 24 11.2 78 78 5 16.4 3.2 256 180.8
Jul 21.6 11.5 89 69 2.7 13.2 2.5 277 197.6
Aug 21.5 10.9 90 69 3.3 14.4 2.7 239 167.2
Sep 23.2 10.3 83 86 4.9 16.9 3.1 109 63.2
Oct 24.5 10.4 59 138 7.7 20.4 4.1 20 2
Nov 24.2 10.4 48 130 9.1 21.1 4.1 16 0
Dec 25.6 10.3 56 130 9.1 20.4 4 6 0
Year 24.8 11.2 65 107 6.6 18.7 1361 1208 832.3

11
Proposed crops:

Season I Season II
Area Area
No Crops No Crops
(ha) (ha)
1 Onion 1.5 1 Onion 1.5
2 Tomato 1.5 2 Tomato 1.5
3 Cabbage 1 3 Cabbage 1
4 Pepper 1 4 Pepper 1
Total 5 Total 5

Crop Selected and Length of Growing Period

Crop Total Initial stage Crop Development Mid-season stage Late season
Types stage stage
Onion 105 20 25 45 15
Tomato 130 20 30 50 30
Cabbage 125 25 35 40 25
Pepper 135 30 40 40 25

12
Sample Crop Water Requirement for both Dry and Wet Season

Crop Name: - Onion

Area =1.5ha.

Dry Period Wet Season

Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
126.
117.0 129.0 135.0 93.0 123.0 123.0 120.0
ETO(mm/month) 0
kc 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7
Crop.Evapotranspiration 107.
58.5 90.3 108.0 41.9 73.8 73.8 78.0
(Kc*ETO) 1
RF(mm) 5.0 39.0 63.0 79.0 109.0 20.0 16.0 6.0
Pe 0.0 13.4 27.8 38.2 62.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net. Irrigation
58.5 76.9 80.2 68.9 -20.4 73.8 73.8 78.0
Required(mm/Month)
project Efficiency 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Gross Irrigation 153.
130.0 170.9 178.2 -45.2 164.0 164.0 173.3
Required(mm/Month) 1
Supply Required (l/s) for 1ha 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 -0.2 0.6 0.6 0.7
Irrigation Area 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Total Supply Required (l/s) 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 -0.3 0.9 0.9 1.0
Hr of application/day 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Gross Irrigation Required(l/s) 1.8 2.4 2.5 2.1 -0.6 2.3 2.3 2.4
Design supply(l/s/ha) 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.4 -0.4 1.5 1.5 1.6

Based on this Calculation Maximum duty of this crop is 1.7l/s/ha

13
Crop Name :- Tomato
Area =1.5ha

Dry Period Wet Season

Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
123.
117.0 129.0 135.0 126.0 93.0 123.0 120.0
ETO(mm/month) 0
kc 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7
Crop.Evapotranspiration
52.7 96.8 108.0 100.8 41.9 67.7 73.8 78.0
(Kc*ETO)
RF(mm) 5.0 39.0 63.0 79.0 109.0 20.0 16.0 6.0
Pe 0.0 13.4 27.8 38.2 62.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net. Irrigation Required
52.7 83.4 80.2 62.6 -20.4 67.7 73.8 78.0
(mm/Month)
project Efficiency 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Gross Irrigation Required 164.
117.0 185.2 178.2 139.1 -45.2 150.3 173.3
(mm/Month) 0
Supply Required (l/s) for 1ha 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.5 -0.2 0.6 0.6 0.7
Irrigation Area 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Total Supply Required (l/s) 0.7 1.1 1.0 0.8 -0.3 0.9 0.9 1.0
Hr of application/day 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Gross Irrigation Required(l/s) 1.6 2.6 2.5 1.9 -0.6 2.1 2.3 2.4
Design supply(l/s/ha) 1.1 1.7 1.7 1.3 -0.4 1.4 1.5 1.6

Based on this Calculation Maximum duty of this crop is 1.7l/s/ha.

14
Crop Name :- Cabbage
Area =1ha

Dry Period Wet Season

Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
135. 126. 123. 123. 120.
ETO (mm/month) 117.0 129.0 0 0 93.0 0 0 0
kc 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7
Crop.Evapotranspiration 113.
(Kc*ETO) 52.7 103.2 94.5 4 41.9 73.8 73.8 78.0
109.
RF(mm) 5.0 39.0 63.0 79.0 0 20.0 16.0 6.0
Pe 0.0 13.4 27.8 38.2 62.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net. Irrigation Required
(mm/Month) 52.7 89.8 66.7 75.2 -20.4 73.8 73.8 78.0
project Efficiency 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Gross Irrigation 148. 167. 164. 164. 173.
Required(mm/Month) 117.0 199.6 2 1 -45.2 0 0 3
Supply Required (l/s) for 1ha 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.6 -0.2 0.6 0.6 0.7
Irrigation Area 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Total Supply Required (l/s) 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.6 -0.2 0.6 0.6 0.7
Hr of application/day 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Gross Irrigation Required(l/s) 1.1 1.8 1.4 1.5 -0.4 1.5 1.5 1.6
Design supply(l/s/ha) 1.1 1.8 1.4 1.5 -0.4 1.5 1.5 1.6

Based on this Calculation Maximum duty of this crop is 1.8l/s/ha

15
Crop Name:- Pepper
Area =1ha

Dry Period Wet Season

Months Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
ETO(mm/month) 117.0 129.0 135.0 126.0 93.0 123.0 123.0 120.0
kc 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7
Crop.Evapotranspiration
(Kc*ETO) 56.2 96.8 101.3 103.3 44.6 67.7 73.8 78.0
RF(mm) 5.0 39.0 63.0 79.0 109.0 20.0 16.0 6.0
Pe 0.0 13.4 27.8 38.2 62.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net. Irrigation Required
(mm/Month) 56.2 83.4 73.5 65.1 -17.6 67.7 73.8 78.0
project Efficiency 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Gross Irrigation Required
(mm/Month) 124.8 185.2 163.2 144.7 -39.0 150.3 164.0 173.3
Supply Required (l/s) for 1ha 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 -0.2 0.6 0.6 0.7
Irrigation Area 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Total Supply Required (l/s) 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 -0.2 0.6 0.6 0.7
Hr of application/day 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
Gross Irrigation Required(l/s) 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.3 -0.4 1.4 1.5 1.6
Design supply(l/s/ha) 1.2 1.7 1.5 1.3 -0.4 1.4 1.5 1.6

Based on this Calculation Maximum duty of this crop is 1.7l/s/ha.

In general the duty of the all proposed crop both in the dry and wet season is 1.8l/s/ha and this
one is used for design purpose

3.13. Irrigation Interval

An irrigation Interval is mainly depending up on soil, water and crop condition. To prepare Irrigation
water Scheduling, the interval of applying water in irrigable land is primarily set. As per the
calculation level, only interval for watering is planned as follows.
16
 ( P . Sa)∗d
I =
Etc

Where I = Irrigation Interval (days)

P = factor depletion level (%) A.V
Sa = total applied water (mm/M)
d = effective root depth (m)
Etc = Crop evapo- transpiration (mm/day), ----- Etc = Eto x Kc

I No.of Days
Root Sa
No Crop LGP P(%) P*Sa Etc(mm/dy) (days Irrigated up to
depth(m) (mm/m)
) harvest
1 Onion 105 0.3 0.25 200 50 3.2 5 22
2 Tomato 130 0.35 0.45 200 90 3.2 10 13
3 Cabbage 125 0.45 0.25 200 50 3.2 7 18
4 Potato 135 0.4 0.35 200 70 3.2 9 15
Total Number of irrigation days for all Crop until Harvesting 69

3.14. Irrigation Depth (D.)

Is calculated by considering the soil type and crop condition as major factors. Different soil type
consist different irrigation depth. The soil nature of the project Area has mostly Sandy Clay and Clay
Loam texture. There for these type of soils have 75-100 cm. effective soil depth for cultivation and
estimated as slow to medium permeability to water. Not all water which is applied to the field can be
used by the plant. Crop root conditions (shallow rooting, medium rooting and deep rooting crops)
should be considered.

( P . Sa)∗d
D =
Ea
Where D = Irrigation depth (m)
P = factor depletion level (%)
Sa = total applied water (mm/M)
d = effective root depth (m)
Ea = Field application Efficiency (%)

17
 Root Sa
No Crop P(%) P*Sa Ea(%) D(mm)
depth(m) (mm/m)
1 Onion 0.3 0.25 200 50 0.55 27
2 Tomato 0.35 0.45 200 90 0.55 57
Cabbag
3 0.45 0.25 200 50 0.55 41
e
4 Potato 0.4 0.35 200 70 0.55 51

4. Description of the project area

4.1 Location
The proposed community ponds are located at about 7km from Gindo, capital of Amaya district
and about 37km from Adama , capital city of South West showa Zone.
Astronomical/absolute location shows the project sites are situated at UTM (361552.188,
944868.61)

Fig. Project location

4.2 Soil
The soil of all the pond sites is dominantly clay soil fairly deep enought for crop development.

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4.3 Topography
The topography of the surrounding area is rolling and mountanious type with slope range of 2-
15%. However the project area is relatively with mild slope of about 1-3%.

4.4 Vegetation and land use

The area is scarce in vegetaion cover except scattered eucaliptust trees and small bushes.
majority of the area is cultivated farm land. Teff cultivation is dominant over the area.

4.5. Hydro-meteorological Study

4.5.1. Objective of the hydro- meteorological study

The main objective of this hydro-meteorological study is to gather and analyse field and other
data necessary for the proposed community ponds to be implemented. The analysis is mainly
aimed at obtaining reliable volume of water harvested from runoff generated and peak flood
estimations for design of pond spill ways and evaluate feasibility of community pond from point
of view of water availability and climatological parameters.

4.5.2. 2 Methodology of the hydro- meteorological study

- using 1:50,000 scale map
- Information from elder group
- Climatic data from the National Meteorological Service Agency and data organized by FAO
- field level surveys and measurements
- refering books, literatures, guide lines and manuals related to the study.

4.5.3. Scope of the hydro- meteorological study

This is hydrometeorological study is targeted to wards identifying hydrological and
meteorological elements related to available water resources and climatic factors that determine
project viability.
4.5.4. Climatic Elements that describe the area
The nearest meterological stations to the site is Ghion at 37km air distance. Data on rainfall,
evaporation, wind, sunshine, relative humidity etc was collected for the project from this station.
4.5.5. Description of the catchment area
The water source for the project is rain water harvested from on-farm upper catcment. The areas
are under Sub Tropical (Woyena dega) zone at an average altitude of 1888 sites with unreliable

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rainfall distribution. The catchment area of above Wagota pond inlet is 84.4ha or 0.844 sq.km
(km2).The area is nearly 100% cultivated in contours and crop residue cover. Slope of main
water course is averagely 2%. The soil is dominantly clay black in color and class-D hydraulic
surface was considered with high run off and low infiltration on dense clay soil

Fig.2 Catchment area above pond inlet.

4.6. Meteorological Data

Monthly Meteorological data including rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures, relative
humidity, wind speed and sunshine duration has been collected from the National Meteorological
Agency. Their detail analyses were compiled in Agronomy report. Available climate stations in
and around the project area are given in Table 1together with their classes and data types. The
study area has better density of climatic stations at the upstream but very scanty at the
downstream.

At present there is one meteorological station most closely located to the project area, which
were installed by National Meteorological Agency (NMA) of Ethiopia. It is located at Woliso
town.

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 The meteorological stations that nearly represent the area is Weliso (Ghion).Its Co-ordinate is
8.33 NLa and 37.59 E.Lo.

Table 1:- Station: Weliso(Ghion) by Newlocclim

Months Max.T0 MinT0 Humidity Wind Sun Solar Ref Rain fall Effective
(%) (km/day shine(hr) radiation evaporatio (mm/month rain fall
) n(mm/mo )
nth)
Jan 25.6 11.4 52 112 8.6 20.2 3.9 5 0
Feb. 26.7 11.7 49 121 7.9 20.4 4.3 39 13.4
Mar 26.7 12.1 50 121 7.5 21 4.5 63 27.8
Apr 26.6 12.5 58 112 6.6 19.7 4.2 79 39.2
May 26.9 11.5 65 121 6.9 19.7 4.2 99 55.2
Jun 24 11.2 78 78 5 16.4 3.2 256 180.8
Jul 21.6 11.5 89 69 2.7 13.2 2.5 277 197.6
Aug 21.5 10.9 90 69 3.3 14.4 2.7 239 167.2
Sep 23.2 10.3 83 86 4.9 16.9 3.1 109 63.2
Oct 24.5 10.4 59 138 7.7 20.4 4.1 20 2
Nov 24.2 10.4 48 130 9.1 21.1 4.1 16 0
Dec 25.6 10.3 56 130 9.1 20.4 4 6 0
Year 24.8 11.2 65 107 6.6 18.7 1361 1208 832.3
Source: National Meteorological Agency (NMA) (Data compiled by FAO)

4.7. Traditional and contemporary climatic zones of the country

The climatic condition of the country traditionally classified into five climatic classes that based
on altitude and temperature. These classes are:

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Table-3 Climatic classification ranges
Climatic class Temperate class Altitude (m a.s.l.) Temperature (oC)
Wurch Alpine > 3200 < 11
Dega Temperate 2300 -3200 11 – 16
Weyina Dega Sub-tropical 1500 – 2300 16 – 21
Kola Tropical 500 – 1500 21 – 27.5
Berha Desert < 500 > 27.5

Based on this traditional climatic classification, the project areas are classified into Wayina -
Dega or sub-tropical climatic zone.

4.8. Flood Frequency Analysis

A flood of certain magnitude is expected to occur after a certain recurrence interval. Expected or
average value of this recurrence interval is also known as return period. Given the flood records
at any site, it is of interest to compute the magnitude of floods which correspond to different
return periods. One possible and most widely used approach is to identify the particular
statistical distributions, and use these to predict a flood of desired return period. In this section,
we discuss the use of different statistical or probabilistic distributions in return period flood
estimation. The above general equation of Gumbel is used in this case.
The data obtained for monthly highest rain fall over the area from Waliso staion for the period
of is 21 yearsis obtained.

Year Monthly Maximum Rain fall in mm

1992 38.9
1993 45.6
1994 41.8
1995 47
1996 68.3
1997 42.5

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Year Monthly Maximum Rain fall in mm

1998 41.5
1999 50
2000 63.4
2001 59
2002 52
2003 75.5
2004 49.2
2005 47
2006 54.4
2007 46
2008 64.4
2009 37
2010 46
2011 34.7
2012 33.4
2013 47
Total 1084.6
Mean 51.6
SDV 11.0
The following general equation of Gumbel is used in this case.
QT =Qav+ S ( 0.78 Y −0.45 )

Where:-Qav = Average of all values of annual rain fall or river flow (mm)

S = Standard deviation of the series (mm)

T = Return period years

Y = Frequency factor which depends up on the return period (T)

And y for 50yrs is = 3.9 Then

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 QT =Qav+ S ( 0.78 Y −0.45 )=51.6+11 ( 0.78∗3.9−0.45 )=80.11mm
50 Years recurrence interval storm = 80.11 mm by Gumbel's frequency analysis.

Design Flood Estimation Using SCS Unit Hydrograph Method

The U.S. Soil Conservation Service (Ethiopian Road Authority, 2002) has developed a synthetic
unit hydrograph procedure that has been used widely for developing rural and urban
hydrographs. The unit hydrograph used by the SCS method is based upon an analysis of a large
number of natural unit hydrographs from a broad cross section of geographic locations and
hydrologic regions. The SCS runoff equation is therefore, a method of estimating direct runoff
from 24-hour or 1-day storm rainfall. The equation is:
(P – 0.2 S)2
Q=
(P+0.8 S)
Where: Q = daily runoff from the catchment
P = accumulated rainfall (potential maximum runoff), mm
The parameter S representing the potential maximum retention depends. Upon:
1. The soil-vegetation-land use complex of the catchment.
2. The antecedent soil moisture condition in the catchment just prior to the commencement of the
rainfall event.

For convenience in practical application the Soil Conservation Services (SCS) has expressed S
25400
(mm) in terms of a dimensionless parameter CN (the Curve number) as; S= −254
CN

Curve number CN depends upon:

a) Soil type, b) Antecedent moisture condition, c) Land use/cover

In case of Melka Abba Machessa Dam watersher Area Soil group is fall into Group B which
have Moderately Low runoff Potential and moderate infiltration rates.

Have AMC (Antecedent soil Moisture Condition) - II: Average conditions and also have the
following land use and curve number.

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 CN for B Hydrologic Produc
Land Use % of coverage soil group t
Ope forest 20 42 840
Pasture poor 5 30 150
Good Cultivated
land 75 36 2700
Total 100 3690
CN 36.9

25400
S= −254 = 434mm
56

(P – 0.2 S)2
Q=
(P+0.8 S)

Month S (mm) calculated by

Rain fall (mm/month) = p
s using CN

Jan 5 434 19.02

Feb. 39 434 5.93
Mar 63 434 1.39
Apr 79 434 0.15
May 99 434 0.33
Jun 256 434 47.4
Jul 277 434 57.89
Aug 239 434 39.46
Sep 109 434 1.07
Oct 20 434 12.17
Nov 16 434 13.82
Dec 6 434 18.5
Run off for one year(mm) 217

From total catchment area, total volume of water that can be harvested = 84.4*104m2*(217/1000)
m = 183,148m3.

But this pond have a little flow from small spring. Due to this we have not require to supply our
all demand from water harvesting rather than store this flow during night.

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Evaporation loss (25%) = 45,787m3
Seepage loss (15%) = 27,472m3
Total loss =73,259.2m3
Net water harvested from catchment above pond = 109,888.8m3

4.9. Reservoir pond Dimension Determination

Primordial formula is used to determine the pond storage volume

V= L/6*(A1+A2+4Am)
Where: - L is total depth
A1 is Top area
A2 is Bottom area
Am is middle area
From Agronomy Report the duty of the proposed crop is 1.8l/s/ha. Thus to irrigate total area of
8ha we need 9l/s total discharge. For 10hr irrigation per day we need total volume of
=14.72*10*3600 =324,000L = 324m3 per day.

But from the small spring flow we can get 0.25l/s and at night or within 12hrs we can get
0.5*12*3600 = 10.8m3.

So additional water needed to cover our daily Requirement is 324 -10.8 = 313.2m3. by
considering another losses like seepage and Evaporation We take 421.92m3

Again From Agronomy Report the total number of Irrigation days until harvesting is 69days.
The total volume of water needed is = 69days*421.92m3/days = 29,112.48m3 Take 29,113m3

Based on this we must design the pond dimension that can accommodate the required volume.
Bud due to the scarcity of land used for Pond area at least we can consider pond that can store at
least 1days water required and accordingly 1*421.92 = 421.92m3

So the pond is Rectangular with Trapezoidal shape of 1:5 side slope and 3.5m depth Top
Length of 20m and width of 15m bottom length 9.5 and bottom with 4.5m.can store volume
of 421.92m3
4.10. Pond spillway

Spillway is used to remove excess water from the pond when the pond is full.in this case we
have to design the spillway to remove excess water from the pond within the diameter of
110mm HDP pipe Pn 16 and installed at the depth of 3.25m starting from the bottom of the
pond.

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 4.11.Pond inlet and Silt trap

For the case of pond inlet thus the Lined canal of 50m length with 0.5m depth and 0.4m bottom
width is proposed with silt trap of dimension 1.5x1.5 sides and 1.5m depth.

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4.12. Bill of quantity and specifications

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