⑰ 1 The structures of six organic compounds are shown.

A B C
H H H H H H H O
H C C C C H C C H C C

H H H H H O H

C2Hy
D E F
H H H H H H H

*
H C C H H C H H -
C C C C H
H H
H O H H H H

4 Hio
H H C C C H
C2H50H
H H H
C4H ,0
(a) Give the name of F.

Butane
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Identify two of the compounds that are members of the same homologous series.
Give the general formula of this homologous series.
E F
compounds ................................................................................................................................
,

CnH2n +2
general formula ..........................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Which two compounds are isomers of each other?

Explain why they are isomers.

E , f
compounds ................................................................................................................................

They have same molecular formula

explanation ................................................................................................................................
but different structures
....................................................................................................................................................
[3]

(d) Explain why B is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

B is an unsaturated
hydrocarbon because
....................................................................................................................................................
double carbon sonds are made which means
....................................................................................................................................................
it is an alliene
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (e) Describe how D is manufactured from B. Give a chemical equation for the reaction.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(f) Compound A forms an addition polymer.

Draw two repeat units of the addition polymer formed from A.

[2]

[Total: 13]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (a) A hydrocarbon has the following structural formula.

H H

H C C H

H C C H
H H

(i) State the molecular formula and the empirical formula of this hydrocarbon.

molecular formula ...............................................................................................................

empirical formula ................................................................................................................

[2]

(ii) Draw the structural formula of an isomer of the above hydrocarbon.

[1]

(iii) Explain why these two hydrocarbons are isomers.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iv) Are these two hydrocarbons members of the same homologous series?
Give a reason for your choice.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b)
b Alkenes can be made from alkanes by cracking.

(i) Explain the term cracking.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) One mole of an alkane, when cracked, produced one mole of hexane, C6H14, and two
moles of ethene.
What is the molecular formula of the original alkane?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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 (c) Alkenes are used in polymerisation reactions and addition reactions.

(i) Draw the structural formula of the product formed by the addition polymerisation of
but-2-ene. Its formula is given below.

H H

C C

H 3C CH3

[3]

(ii) Give the name and structural formula of the addition product formed from ethene and
bromine.

name ...................................................................................................................................

structural formula

[2]

[Total: 14]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 Propanoic acid is a carboxylic acid. Its formula is CH3–CH2–COOH.

(a) Propanoic acid is the third member of the homologous series of carboxylic acids.

(i) Give the name and structural formula of the fourth member of this series.

Butanoic Acid
name ...................................................................................................................................

C3H7COOH
formula .......................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Members of a homologous series have very similar chemical properties.

State three other characteristics of a homologous series.

member in I series differ

Every byCH2 they
.............................................................................................................................................
,

hav same general formula and save

.............................................................................................................................................

functional group
.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) Carboxylic acids can be made by the oxidation of alcohols.

(i) Draw the structural formula of the alcohol which can be oxidised to propanoic acid.
Show all atoms and bonds.
H H O
I I (I
CHzcHzCOOH H -
C
-

c-c- OH

↓ H
[1]

(ii) Name a reagent, other than oxygen, which can oxidise alcohols to carboxylic acids.
Pottasium dichromate
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) Complete the following equations for some of the reactions of propanoic acid.
The salts of this acid are called propanoates.

(i) zind
zinc + propanoic acid → ........................... proponate
........................... + hydrogen [1]

proponate wallr
-

(ii) calcium
calcium + propanoic → ........................... ........................... + ...........................
oxide acid [1]

(iii) LiOH + CH3CH2COOH → CHzCH2COOLi H20

............................... + ........................... [1]

(d) A piece of magnesium was added to 100 cm3 of an aqueous acid. The time taken for the metal
* to react completely was measured. This experiment was repeated using different aqueous
acids. The same volume of acid was used in each experiment and the pieces of magnesium
used were identical. In one experiment the reaction was carried out at a different temperature.

concentration temperature time

experiment acid
in mol / dm3 / °C / minutes
A propanoic 1.0 20 5
B propanoic 1.0 30 3
C propanoic 0.5 20 8
D hydrochloric 1.0 20 1

Explain the following in terms of collision rate between reacting particles.

(i) Why is the rate in experiment C slower than the rate in experiment A?

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Why is the rate in experiment B faster than the rate in experiment A?

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Why is the rate in experiment D faster than the rate in experiment A?

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [Total: 18]

 The alkanes are a family of saturated hydrocarbons. Their reactions include combustion, cracking
and substitution.

(a)
a) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What is meant by the term saturated ?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b)
b) What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkanes?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the mass of one mole of an alkane with 14 carbon atoms.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon dioxide and water only.

(i) Write the equation for the complete combustion of nonane, C9H20.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) 20 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon was mixed with an excess of oxygen, 200 cm3. The
mixture was ignited. After cooling, 40 cm3 of oxygen and 100 cm3 of carbon dioxide
remained. Deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon and the equation for its combustion. All
volumes were measured at r.t.p..

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (d) Cracking is used to obtain short-chain alkanes, alkenes and hydrogen from long-chain alkanes.

(i) Give a use for each of the three products listed above.

short-chain alkanes ............................................................................................................

alkenes ...............................................................................................................................

hydrogen ....................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Write an equation for the cracking of decane, C10H22, which produces two different alkenes
and hydrogen as the only products.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) Chlorine reacts with propane in a substitution reaction to form 1-chloropropane.

CH3 – CH2 – CH3 + Cl 2 → CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – Cl + HCl

(i) What is the essential condition for the above reaction?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) There is more than one possible substitution reaction between chlorine and propane.
Suggest the structural formula of a different product.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 16]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 The alcohols form a homologous series. The first five members are given in the table

(a) below.
heat of combustion
alcohol formula
in kJ / mol
methanol CH3OH 730

ethanol CH3–CH2–OH 1380

propan-1-ol

butan-1-ol CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–OH 2680

pentan-1-ol CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–OH 3350

(i) Complete the table. [2]

(ii) Complete the equation for the combustion of pentan-1-ol in excess oxygen.

C5H11OH + .......O2 → ..................... + ..................... [1]

(b) State three characteristics of a homologous series other than the variation of physical
properties down the series.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) The following alcohols are isomers.

CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–OH and (CH3)2CH–CH2–OH

(i) Explain why they are isomers.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Draw the structural formula of another isomer of the above alcohols.

[1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (d) Alcohols can be made by fermentation and from petroleum.

(i) Ethanol is made from sugars by fermentation.

*
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

The mass of one mole of glucose, C6H12O6, is 180 g.

Calculate the maximum mass of ethanol which could be obtained from 72 g of
glucose.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) Describe how ethanol is made from petroleum.

petroleum (alkanes) → ethene → ethanol

is done to break alkane so that
Craking
....................................................................................................................................
we can make ethene and then we
....................................................................................................................................
reacted it with steam to make etland
....................................................................................................................................
.

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 15]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2 The Carlsbad caverns in New Mexico are very large underground caves. Although the walls
of these caves are coated with gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate), the caves have been
formed in limestone.

(a) It is believed that the caves were formed by sulphuric acid reacting with the limestone.

(i) Complete the word equation.

calcium + sulphuric calcium + +

carbonate acid sulphate
[1]

(ii) Describe how you could test the water entering the cave to show that it contained
sulphate ions.

test

result [2]

(iii) How could you show that the water entering the cave has a high concentration of
hydrogen ions?

[1]

(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas which was escaping from nearby petroleum deposits was being
oxidised to sulphuric acid.

(i) Complete the equation for this reaction forming sulphuric acid.

H2S + O2 [2]

(ii) Explain why all the hydrogen sulphide should be removed from the petroleum
before it is used as a fuel.

[1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (iii) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule
of the covalent compound hydrogen sulphide.
Use o to represent an electron from a sulphur atom.
Use x to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.

[2]

(c) Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Contact Process. Sulphur dioxide is oxidised to
sulphur trioxide by oxygen.

2SO2 + O2 2SO3

(i) Name the catalyst used in this reaction.

[1]

(ii) What temperature is used for this reaction?

[1]

(iii) Describe how sulphur trioxide is changed into sulphuric acid.

[2]

(d) Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulphate, CaSO4.xH2O. It contains 20.9% water by mass.
Calculate x.

Mr: CaSO4, 136; H2O, 18.

79.1 g of CaSO4 = moles

20.9 g of H2O = moles

x= [3]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 Some of the factors that can determine the rate of a reaction are concentration, temperature
and light intensity.

(a) A small piece of calcium carbonate was added to an excess of hydrochloric acid. The
time taken for the carbonate to react completely was measured.

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

The experiment was repeated at the same temperature, using pieces of calcium carbonate
of the same size but with acid of a different concentration. In all the experiments an
excess of acid was used.

concentration of
acid / mol dm–3 4 2 2 ……….

number of pieces
of carbonate 1 1

time / s ………. 80 ………. 160

(i) Complete the table (assume the rate is proportional to both the acid concentration
and the number of pieces of calcium carbonate). [3]

(ii) Explain why the reaction rate would increase if the temperature was increased.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Explain why the rate of this reaction increases if the piece of carbonate is crushed
to a powder.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(iv) Fine powders mixed with air can explode violently. Name an industrial process
where there is a risk of this type of explosion.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Sodium chlorate(I) decomposes to form oxygen and sodium chloride. This is an example
of a photochemical reaction. The rate of reaction depends on the intensity of the light.

2NaClO(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + O2(g)

(i) Describe how the rate of this reaction could be measured.

...................................................................................................................................
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
...............................................................................................................................[2]
 (ii) How could you show that this reaction is photochemical?

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Photosynthesis is another example of a photochemical reaction. Glucose and more

complex carbohydrates are made from carbon dioxide and water.

(i) Complete the equation.

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + ……….. [2]

(ii) Glucose can be represented as

HO OH

Draw the structure of a more complex carbohydrate that can be formed from
glucose by condensation polymerisation.

[2]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4 The alcohols form an homologous series.

(a) Give three characteristics of an homologous series.

[3]

(b) The following two alcohols are members of an homologous series and they are isomers.

CH3 ― CH2 ― CH2 ― CH2 ― OH and (CH3)2CH ― CH2 ― OH

(i) Explain why they are isomers.

[2]

(ii) Deduce the structural formula of another alcohol which is also an isomer of these
alcohols.

[1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (c) Copper(II) oxide can oxidise butanol to liquid X, whose pH is 4.

mineral wool
soaked in butanol copper( II) oxide

heat

liquid X
formed by
oxidation of
butanol.

(i) Give the name of another reagent which can oxidise butanol.

[1]

(ii) Which homologous series does liquid X belong to?

[1]

(iii) State the formula of liquid X.

[1]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
 (d) The alcohol ethanol can be made by fermentation. Yeast is added to aqueous glucose.

C6H12O6(aq) → 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g)

Carbon dioxide is given off and the mixture becomes warm, as the reaction is exothermic.
The graph shows how the rate of reaction varies over several days.

rate of
reaction

time

(i) Suggest a method of measuring the rate of this reaction.

[2]

(ii) Why does the rate initially increase?

[1]

(iii) Suggest two reasons why the rate eventually decreases.

[2]

[Total: 14]

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
1 (a) Methanol can be made from a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)

The forward reaction is exothermic.

(i) Explain why the concentration of methanol at equilibrium does not change.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Suggest conditions, in terms of temperature and pressure, which would give a high
yield of methanol.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) How would the conditions used in practice compare with those given in (ii)? Give an
explanation of any differences.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Biodiesel is made from a vegetable oil by the following reaction.

C17H35 CO2 CH2 CH2OH

C17H35 CO2 CH + 3CH3OH → 3C17H35COOCH3 + CHOH

C17H35 CO2 CH2 CH2OH

vegetable oil methanol biodiesel glycerol

(i) What type of compound are vegetable oil and biodiesel?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) What other useful product is made from vegetable oil by heating it with aqueous
sodium hydroxide?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Suggest an explanation why making and using biodiesel has a smaller effect on
the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than using petroleum-based
diesel.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]
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