Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 1983–1989

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Effect of fluorosurfactant on alumina membrane for oil and water

separation
Yusuf Olabode Raji a,b, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman a,⇑, Nik Abdul Hadi Nik Nordin c, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail a,
Mukhlis A. Rahman a, Juhana Jaafar a, Ibrahim Ahmed b,d, Stanley Chinedu Mamah a, Jamilu Usman a,
Ogbe John Origomisan a
a
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
b
Department of Chemical Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi 0248, Nigeria
c
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti PETRONAS (UTP), Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia
d
Energy Technologies Building, NG7 2TU, University of Nottingham, UK

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this study, the surfactant sodium perfluorooctanoate with alumina composite was synthesized via a
Received 11 December 2020 sol–gel method. The effects of perfluorooctanoic (PFO) acid as an anionic surfactant on the morphological
Received in revised form 16 February 2021 structures, amorphous crystalline, and the functional elements using field emission scanning microscope
Accepted 19 February 2021
(FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
Available online 19 March 2021
were evaluated after grafting on kaolin-based hollow fibre membrane through a dip-coating process.
The post-heat treatment on the coated surface was investigated. The performance was examined for
Keywords:
oil rejection and contact angle test. The results reveal intercalation of PFO on the alumina in the form
Perfluorooctanoic
Surfactant
of film-like top layer, and the oil rejection was attained at 98% and water flux of 21.62 L/m2.h was also
Oleophobicity obtained after heat treatment. The heat treatment significantly did not alter the surface structure, while
Ceramic membrane the fluorine atoms in the PFO decreased with an increase in temperature from 40 °C to 60 °C. The PFO
Grafting process largely influence the oleophobicity of the membrane. Thus, post thermal treatment of the coated surface
influences the properties and performance of the membrane. Fluorosurfactant plays a significant role in
simultaneously acting as interfacial surface material and improving the dispersion of alumina particles
on the alumina composite membrane.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Regional Congress on
Membrane Technology 2020 (RCOM 2020) and Regional Conference Environmental Engineering (RCEnvE
2020).

1. Introduction Addressing some of these challenges, the use of interfacial

Separation of oil from water requires a cost-effective, highly
efficient, and appropriate surface modification approach. Separat-
ing oil and water has some limitations: Water possesses higher
surface energy more than oil as it tends to penetrate through mem-
brane substrate leaving behind the oil with a lower surface and,
subsequently forms cake at the surface; due to inherent hydrophi-
lic nature of ceramic membrane the effect of cake formation onto
the surface declines the flux performance; further, it will require
another pump to improve the performance of the membrane in
that it increases energy cost [1].
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hafiz@petroleum.utm.my (M.H.D. Othman).
material would be appropriate. Most industrial applications of per-
fluorooctanoate as an interfacial material are being explored in the
area of fluorosurfactants and electronic products. It has also been
widely used as oil and water repellent [2–6]. Fluorosurfactants
have a very important role in lessening the surface tension in
material surfaces and also act as a functional interface material
with extreme wettability behaviour [7]. The fluorosurfactant con-
tains an active chemical structure- fluoroalkyl group of polar head
and non-polar tail. The hydrophilic head possesses the carboxylate
part while the oleophobic tail possesses the n-octyl group [8–10].
The polarization of perfluorooctanoate allows for the molecular
rearrangement when oil and water drop on the solid surface [1].
As such, it can be attributed to the London dispersion forces
between fluorine atoms which result in low polarizability of

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.596
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Regional Congress on Membrane Technology 2020 (RCOM 2020) and Regional Conference
Environmental Engineering (RCEnvE 2020).
Yusuf Olabode Raji, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Nik Abdul Hadi Nik Nordin et al.
fluorine. Because of this, perfluorooctanoate possesses low surface
tension with low critical micelle concentration and high surface
activity [11]. Yang et al. [12] reported that perfluorooctanoate sus-
tains its hydrophilicity for the reason that the fluorinated alkyl
group remain in a comparatively in the state of mobile at the film
surface. The study showed that the presence of oil at the substrate
surface was occupied by the concentration of fluorinated groups,
which resulted in the superoleophobicity of the coated surface.
Jin et al. [13] conducted the gas-wetting alteration of sandstone
in a liquified-methane system with fluorosurfactant and modified
nano-silica as a nanocomposite. A super gas- wetting alteration
was achieved as the surface energy decrease from 70 mN/m to
0.61 mN/m. Yang et al. [14] studied the micro and nano-textured
surface with a combined fluorinated alkyl chain of
polyelectrolyte-fluorosurfactant complexes (PFC) and hydrophilic
groups. The spray-coated substrate displayed oil repellence and
water permeation potence at 158° oil contact angle (OCA) and 0°
water contact angle (WCA). Howarter et al. [15] applied interface
material with fluorinated alkyl chain and hydrophilic group, which
allowed water to penetrate through the hydrophilic group defect
and prevent oil through the fluorinated group. The results showed
that oleophobic of the self-cleaning surface had hexadecane con-
tact angle of 73° and water contact angle of 40°. Brown et al.
[16] combined a mixture of fluorosurfactant and poly (diallyl
dimethylammonium chloride) to obtain excellent superoleophilic
and superhydrophilic properties. The surface tension of the coated
substrate decreased from 72 mNm
1 to 21 mNm
1 with OCA of
155°. However, to the best of our knowledge, no reported studies
on the effect of perfluorooctanoate on alumina-coated ceramic-
based substrate, which is very important in the oil-repellence
application.
In this work, explicit research is presented on the thermal sta-
bility of PFO surfactant with alumina deposited on morphology
and performance on the hollow fibre ceramic coated substrate.
Furthermore, the effect of heat as posttreatment on the fluorine
atom was investigated. In addition, the surface morphology, sur-
face wettability, chemical properties and oil rejection were
examined.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Poly (diallyl dimethylammonium chloride, 20 wt%), PDADMAC
was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. PDADMAC was used as a
polyelectrolyte and sodium perfluorooctanoate (NaPFO) was
supplied by Alfa Aesar, Germany. Perfluorooctanoate served as
interfacial material. Isopropyl alcohol (99.5% manufactured by
Sigma-Aldrich was used without any further purification. Isopropyl
alcohol was used because of its excellent solubilizing and drying
ability. The aluminium oxide, 99% extra pure, was supplied by
Acros brand, Belgium as the nanoparticle. The alumina was
selected because of its exceptional characteristics such as crys-
tallinity, high purity and thermal stability. All other materials were
used as received.
2.2. Synthesis of surfactant perfluorooctanoic acid with alumina
composite procedure by sol–gel method
0.5 g of fume alumina was ultrasonically dispersed into a solu-
tion containing 0.44 g of poly (diallyl dimethylammonium chlo-
ride) and 5 mL of deionized water for a period of 1 hr. After that,
two different amount of sodium perfluorooctanoate (0.22 g and
0.44 g) was added drop by drop under constant stirring at ambient
temperature for 30 min. The resulting product was filtered and
1984
Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 1983–1989
washed with deionized water and allowed dried for 24 h. The alu-
mina composite contained fluorinated surfactant anions of quater-
nary ammonium group of poly (diallyl dimethylammonium).
2.3. Surface of grafting of hollow fibre membrane by dip-coating
method
The phase inversion technique and process with minor
adjustment was adopted as mentioned earlier to fabricate the
kaolin-based hollow fibre ceramic membrane as the substrate for
the surface coatings as reported in our previous study [17,18].
The synthesized product (PDADMAC-PFO/Al2O3), 0.3 g was dis-
persed into ethanol (10 mL) under sonication for 10 min for proper
solubility. The suspension was applied as a grafting alumina com-
posite material unto to the kaolin-based membrane (substrate).
The grafted membrane was allowed to dry at ambient temperature
for 4 h to allow the ethanol to evaporate completely and proper
adhesion of the two layers. Fig. 1 show the mechanism adsorption
of PFOs and aluminas nanoparticle on the hollow fibre substrate.
However, the probable mechanism of wetting behaviour of this
grafting is primarily associated with the micro-nano hierarchical
structure of the coating material due to enhanced roughness
ascribed to the presence of Al2O3 nanoparticles and their effective
intercalation into PDADMAC-PFO and using ceramic-based hollow
fibre as a substrate. Besides, the reduced surface tension due to the
PFO strong bonding of the PDADMAC-Al2O3/PFO to the substrate.
During the oil–water separation process, oil can be repelled, while
water can easily pass through the membrane. This effect is attrib-
uted to the PFO, which can simultaneously exhibit oleophobicity
and hydrophilicity.
2.4. Performance evaluation of the membrane through oil/water
separation
A cross-flow filtration system (CFFS) step-up was used to mea-
sure oil separation and pure water flux performance of the grafted
membrane. The CFFS was operated at room temperature and pres-
sure of 2 bar. After 20 min of stability, the permeate was collected
at an interval of 20 min and operated for 120 min. The water flux
was calculated using Eq.(1).
V
Jw ¼ ð1Þ
A  Dt
Fig. 1. Schematic structure and intercalating process of perfluoro-surfactant and
fume alumina nanoparticle adsorbed chemically onto kaolin-based substrate.
Yusuf Olabode Raji, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Nik Abdul Hadi Nik Nordin et al.
where Jw is water flux (L/m2.h), V is the volume of permeate col-
lected (L), is the effective surface area of the grafted membrane
(m2) and t is the time interval of the collecting permeate (h).
The emulsified oil/water (with an initial concentration of
100 ppm) was prepared using olive oil, osmosis water, and sodium
dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a surfactant. The ratio of 1:9 of SDS to oil
was used during the preparation. The olive oil particle was ana-
lyzed by Anton Paar (Litesizer 500). The concentration of feed
and permeate were analyzed using LAMBDA 1050 UV –vis spec-
trophotometer at a wavelength of 335 nm. The oil rejection was
determined using Eq. (2).
Cf
CP
R¼  100%
Cf
where R is the oil rejection (%); Cp is the concentration of the per-
meate and Cf is the concentration ode the feed.
2.5. Experimental characterization
The surface morphology and structure of the ungrafted sub-
strate and grafted substrate are examined using field emission
scanning electron microscope (FESEM, HITACHI SU8020) incorpo-
rated with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). The
photosensitive behaviours of sample absorption are studied at
ambient temperature (PerkinElmerLs 55 Luminescence Spectrom-
eter) using a xenon flash lamp under 335 nm excitation wave-
length and LAMBDA 1050 UV–VIS spectrophotometers. The
contact angle tests are conducted for oil and water using
goniometer; OCA 15 EC, Dataphysics, Model G1, Kruss GmbH).
Thermogravimetric analysis was carried out in a PHD2020 ther-
moanalyzer allowing a differential thermal analysis (DTA). The
samples (10 mg), in a quartz pan, were heated in flowing N2 from
30 °C to 900 °C at 10 °C/min heating rate.
Fig. 2. Surface FESEM images and EDX mapping of substrate (a(1–4)), substrate grafted with PFO at 20 wt% (b(1–4)), and substrate grafted with PFO at 40 wt% (c(1–4))
different magnifications. Insert reveals the EDX spectra of the samples.
Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 1983–1989
3. Results and discussion
Fig. 2 reveals and probes into the surface morphology and EDX
mapping with inset of various spectra of the ungrafted substrate
(a1-a4), grafted substrate with PFO surfactant at 20 wt% (b1-b4),
at 40 wt% (c1-c4). The ungrafted substrate shows a highly porous
macro void structure and with a little plank in a horizontal posi-
tion. The presence of pores and hydroxyl group contribute to
hydrophilicity nature of the substrate [17]. Fig. 2(b1) shows a close
and more compact surface structure. The surface roughness was
observed on the substrate due to the deposition of alumina and
thin-film coated layer of PFO. Fig. 2c1 also reveal hierarchical sur-
ð2Þ face roughness with more dense film top layer of PFO surfactant.
The EDX elemental mapping of the substrate grafted membranes
was conducted to determine the elemental composition of the
membrane. Fig. 2(a4, b4 and c4) show the EDX mapping images
ungrafted substrate, substrate grafted with PFO at 20 wt%, and sub-
strate grafted with PFO at 40 wt, respectively. As expected, the
presence of Si, Al, and O is confirmed in Fig. 2(a4), which attest
to the compositions of mullite and high distribution of Si and O
is noted. Fig. 2(b3) confirms the presence of F, N, and Al with little
Si appears in the spectrum. Fig. 2(c3) reveals a highly fluorinated
grafted surface with alumina nanoparticle provides the level of
roughness. From the EDX insets, fluorine composition increases
from 3.6% to 11.5% while there is disappearance of silica from
membrane drafted surface. This can be attributed to the grafted
top layer with PFO surfactant/Al2O3, which embeds the substrate.
The significance of this trend is that PFO surfactant will simultane-
ously enable oil repellence and as well as lowers the surface energy
of water [19].
The thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric anal-
ysis were conducted for the PDADMAC- Al2O3 /PFO composites and
Al2O3 nanoparticle, as indicated in Fig. 3(a and b). PDADMAC-
1985
Yusuf Olabode Raji, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Nik Abdul Hadi Nik Nordin et al.
Fig. 3. TGA and derivative weight curves (a) PDADMAC- Al2O3 /PFO nanocomposites, (b) Al2O3 nanoparticle.
Al2O3 /PFO (Fig. 3a) showed four different weight loss regions in
the TGA- DTA curve. The initial weight loss of 8.9% was observed
between 50 °C and 150 °C. This can be attributed to desorption
of physically adsorbed water molecules and organic matter present
in the PDADMAC- Al2O3/PFO. More desorption of chemisorbed of
the organic composites from PDADMAC- Al2O3 /PFO and water
molecules between 250 °C and 400 °C was noted at a weight loss
of 31.4 wt%. However, above 400 °C the weight loss remained at
its peak (3.6%) due to the complete decomposition of the fluori-
nated alkyl and polyelectrolyte components in the PDADMAC-
PFO. Al2O3 maintained stability afterwards in the range of 600 °C
and 900 °C. Fig. 3b revealed the TGA-DTA curve of alumina
nanoparticle. The TGA showed a steep weight loss of 0.01% as the
temperature increases across from 100 °C to 200 °C. The broad
peak indicates an endothermic event, which can be attributed to
the release of water from the boehmite structure as a precursor
for a-alumina [20]. An insignificant weight loss was further
attained with an increase in heat treatment from 400 °C to
900 °C. However, a phase transformation appeared due to low
heating rate from the monoclinic and hexagonal phase. Whereas,
the derivative weight loss remained insignificant during the entire
TGA process. However, phase transformation (Eq. 3) was antici-
pated as a result of 10 °C/min low heating rate, nucleation and
grain’s growth as indicated in the TGA (Fig. 3b). However, the
weight loss was achieved, which is about the measured weight of
1% wt.
2AlðOOHÞ ! Al2 O3 þ H2 O
Fig. 4. FTIR of PDADMAC- Al2O3 /PFO and Al2O3 nanoparticle.
Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 1983–1989
FTIR spectra of the alumina nanoparticle and PDADMAC- Al2O3 /
PFO are presented in Fig. 4. The IR spectrum of alumina showed a
weak band between 400 cm
1 and 555 cm
1, which can be attrib-
uted to the Al-O-Al bonds vibration. For the PDADMAC-Al2O3 /PFO,
the presence of peaks at around 423 cm
1, 439 cm
1, 499 cm
1 and
543 cm
1 indicate the formation of interlink structure of the alu-
mina composites. Also, there were new extended peaks at
1053 cm
1, 1432 cm
1 and 1762 cm
1. This can be attributed to
the presence of alumina nanoparticles. The stretchiness of spectra
was reduced due to the loss of water molecules, but the broad
absorption spectra at around 2957 cm
1 and 3711 cm
1 indicate
the presence of OH– group. The peaks also indicate CF--N+-Al3+
bonds formation due to the presence of PFO surfactant in the poly-
merization condensation reaction
XRD patterns of PDADMAC- Al2O3 /PFO (Fig. 5) displays differ-
ent degrees of peaks of grafted nanocomposites. The patterns
reveal several intense diffractions of peaks. XRD yielded peaks con-
firmed the presence of Al2O3 diffraction s at 2h (16.66°, 21.82°,
27.28°, 31.62°, 36.44°, 39.34°, 45.42°, 66.98°). Other peaks depicts
extended diffraction at 2h (3.0–14.9°, 20.9–30.7°, 47.6–55.8°,
68.1–74.1°, 76.0–99.4°). The presence of widened and short peaks
due to the deposition of polyelectrolyte -fluorinated surfactant
group of PDADMAC/PFO, which formed amorphous crystalline
phase in the like of thin-film layer around the nanoparticle. The
alumina showed different diffraction peaks. The phase diffraction
exhibits only a-Al2O3 with intense peaks at 2h of 23°, 27°, 28,
42°, 52° and 58°. The peaks indicate the presence of Boehmite
ð3Þ phase [21].
Fig. 5. XRD patterns of PDADMAC- Al2O3 /PFO and Al2O3 nanoparticle.
1986
Yusuf Olabode Raji, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Nik Abdul Hadi Nik Nordin et al.
The post-heat treatment of the grafted membranes at 40 °C,
50 °C, and 60 °C provided insight into the effects of heat on PFO.
Fig. 6(a1-c1) showed a decline in the PFO deposition with a spear-
ing of grafted surfaces can be observed. Presence of PFO at 40 °C
was more apparent as compared with PFO at 60 °C. The declined
can be attributed to the disappearing of fluorine atoms at the
grafted surface. The EDX elemental spectra showed a decline in
the fluorine atoms from 30.7% to 24.9%, when the heat treatment
was increased from 40 °C to 60 °C.
The performance of the coated membranes was evaluated for
the contact angle and oil rejection. Fig. 7a reveals the time depen-
dence water contact angle declined with respect to PFO loadings.
PFO 0.1 wt possesses the highest initial WCA with an extended
penetrating time of about 12 mins. This can be attributed to molec-
ular rearrangement of fluorosurfactant, which allows water to pen-
etrate through the grafted layer unto to the substrate. The same
can be expressed as the PFO loading increase and leads to a shorter
penetrating time. Fig. 7b shows an increase in the oil contact angle
with an increase in the PFO. This can be ascribed largely to the
presence of a fluoroalkyl group, which allows extreme oil repel-
lence to take place at the surface. The oil rejection showed a drastic
decline from 98% to 90% as the heat treatment increases from 40 to
60 °C. This trend can be attributed to the heat effect on the fluori-
nated group as it affects its surface energies to enable efficient oil
rejection.
Fig. 6. SEM images and EDX spectra of heat treatment for the grafted membrane at 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C.
1987
Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 1983–1989
Table 1 reports a comparison of the PFO performance in terms
of oil rejection with previous studies. As indicated in Table 1, the
post-treatment method, oil rejection and flux can be compared. It
was found that at low post thermal treatment, the membrane exhi-
bits thermal stability at 98% of oil rejection and 21.62 L/m2.h of the
flux in this study compared to other studies. Although, the module
was pressure-driven at 1 bar compared to other studies with the
use of force of gravity to enable water permeates through the
mesh. Therefore, it is suggested that the use of PFO as an interfacial
material is more thermally stable and an improved flux at lower
heat treatment compared to other treatment methods.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, PDADMAC- Al2O3 /PFO was facilely prepared by
sol–gel method and grafted on the ceramic-based substrate via a
simple dip-coating approach. The presence of PFO improves the
oil repellence and simultaneously allows water penetration with
respect to time. The deposition of Al2O3 nanoparticle creates the
required hierarchical surface roughness. High separation efficient
was achieved with oil rejection (98%) and oil contact angle
(125°). High heat treatment on the grafted surface leads to a
decline in the oil repellence and the water fluxes declined from
21.62 L/m2.h to 13.10 L/m2.h. Hence, PFO shows stability at lower
heat treatment.
Yusuf Olabode Raji, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Nik Abdul Hadi Nik Nordin et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 1983–1989

Fig. 7. (a) time dependence of contact angle water on the PDADMAC/PFO coating, (b) contact angle of olive oil on the PFO deposition PFO, (c) oil rejection on the heat-treated
membrane.

Table 1
Performance evaluation of oil rejection based different post treatment methods with similar studies.

Materials Post treatment method Feed conc., Pressure, bar Oil Permeate flux, Reference
ppm rejection, % L/m2.h
Ceramic based membrane coated with Thermal (oven): 40, 50 and 100 1 98 21.62 This work
PDADMAC-Al2O3/PFO 60 °C
Stainless steel mesh coated with PFC/SiO2 Drying with N2 – Driven by force of 99 – [14]
gravity
Stainless steel mesh coated with Thermal (oven):70, 100, 150, – No external force 96 ± 1 – [22]
PDMS-NH2/PFONa-SiO2 & 200 °C
Cotton fabric coated with PMF-PFO Drying with N2 – Driven by force of 99 6.33 [23]
gravity

CRediT authorship contribution statement Declaration of Competing Interest

Yusuf Olabode Raji: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal
analysis, Validation, Writing-original draft & Visualization. Mohd
Hafiz Dzarfan Othman: Conceptualization, Supervision, Funding
acquisition. Nik Abdul Hadi Nik Nordin: Validation, Supervision
& Editing. Ahmad Fauzi Ismail: Project administration & Funding
acquisition. Mukhlis A. Rahman: Resources and & Funding acqui-
sition. Juhana Jaafar: Project administration & Funding acquisi-
tion. Ibrahim Ahmed: Writing-review & editing. Stanley
Chinedu Mamah: Formal analysis & Investigation. Jamilu Usman:
Conceptualization and Formal analysis. Ogbe John Origomisan:
Validation, Writing-review & editing.
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the financial backing from the Ministry of
Higher Education Malaysia under the Malaysia Research University
Network (MRUN) Grant (Project no. RJ130000.7809.4L867) and
Higher Institution Centre of Excellence Scheme (Project no. R.
J090301.7809.4 J430) and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia under

1988
Yusuf Olabode Raji, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Nik Abdul Hadi Nik Nordin et al.
the Transdisciplinary Research University (TDR) (Project no. Q.
J130000.3509.05G75) and. The authors gratefully thank the
Research Management Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for
technical support. The authors acknowledge the financial support
from the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), Nigeria.
References
[1] Y.O. Raji, M.H.D. Othman, N.A.H.S.M. Nordin, M.R. Adam, Z.S. Tai, J. Usman, A.F.
Ismail, Surface matrix functionalization of ceramic-based membrane for oil-
water separation: A mini-review, Korean J. Chem. Eng. 37 (10) (2020) 1631–
1641, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-020-0575-5.
[2] J. Yong, F. Chen, Q. Yang, J. Huo, X. Hou, Superoleophobic surfaces, Chem. Soc.
Rev. 46 (14) (2017) 4168–4217, https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CS00751A.
[3] M.P. Krafft, J.G. Riess, Selected physicochemical aspects of poly- and
perfluoroalkylated substances relevant to performance, environment and
sustainability—Part one, Chemosphere 129 (2015) 4–19, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.039.
[4] Z. Xue, M. Liu, L. Jiang, Recent developments in polymeric superoleophobic
surfaces, J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys. 50 (17) (2012) 1209–1224, https://
doi.org/10.1002/polb.23115.
[5] J. Lu, X. Zhu, B. Wang, L. Liu, Y. Song, X. Miao, G. Ren, X. Li, A slippery oil-
repellent hydrogel coating, Cellulose 27 (5) (2020) 2817–2827, https://doi.org/
10.1007/s10570-019-02953-5.
[6] R.A.Lampitt,J.M.Crowther,J.P.S.Badyal,Switchingliquidrepellentsurfaces,J.Phys.
Chem. B104 (44)(2000)10329–10331, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp002234a.
[7] A. Samanta, Q. Wang, S.K. Shaw, H. Ding, Roles of chemistry modification for laser
textured metal alloys to achieve extreme surface wetting behaviors, Mater. Des.
192 (2020) 108744, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108744.
[8] S. Peshoria, D. Nandini, R.K. Tanwar, R. Narang, Short-chain and long-chain
fluorosurfactants in firefighting foam: A review, Environ. Chem. Lett. 18 (4)
(2020) 1277–1300, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01015-8.
[9] C. Baduel, J.F. Mueller, A. Rotander, J. Corfield, M.-J. Gomez-Ramos, Discovery of
novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) at a fire fighting training
ground and preliminary investigation of their fate and mobility, Chemosphere
185 (2017) 1030–1038, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.096.
[10] D.M. Lemal, Perspective on fluorocarbon chemistry, J. Organ. Chem. 69 (1)
(2004) 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1021/jo0302556.
[11] H.-J. Schneider, Dispersive interactions in solution complexes, Accounts Chem.
Res. 48 (7) (2015) 1815–1822, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00111.
[12] J. Yang, Z. Zhang, X. Xu, X. Zhu, X. Men, X. Zhou, Superhydrophilic-
superoleophobic coatings, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 2834–2837, https://doi.
org/10.1039/c2jm15987b.
1989
Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021) 1983–1989
[13] J. Jin, Y. Wang, K. Wang, J. Ren, B. Bai, C. Dai, The effect of fluorosurfactant-
modified nano-silica on the gas-wetting alteration of sandstone in a CH4-
liquid-core system, Fuel 178 (2016) 163–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.fuel.2016.03.040.
[14] J. Yang, L. Yin, H. Tang, H. Song, X. Gao, K. Liang, C. Li, Polyelectrolyte-
fluorosurfactant complex-based meshes with superhydrophilicity and
superoleophobicity for oil/water separation, Chem. Eng. J. 268 (2015) 245–
250, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2015.01.073.
[15] J.A. Howarter, K.L. Genson, J.P. Youngblood, Wetting behavior of oleophobic
polymer coatings synthesized from fluorosurfactant-macromers, ACS Appl.
Mater. Interf. 3 (6) (2011) 2022–2030, https://doi.org/10.1021/am200255v.
[16] P.S. Brown, B. Bhushan, Mechanically durable, superomniphobic coatings
prepared by layer-by-layer technique for self-cleaning and anti-smudge, J.
Colloid Interf. Sci. 456 (2015) 210–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jcis.2015.06.030.
[17] Y.O. Raji, M.H.D. Othman, N.A.H.S.M. Nordin, Z. ShengTai, J. Usman, S.C.
Mamah, A.F. Ismail, M.A. Rahman, J. Jaafar, Fabrication of magnesium
bentonite hollow fibre ceramic membrane for oil-water separation, Arabian
J. Chem. 13 (7) (2020) 5996–6008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
arabjc.2020.05.001.
[18] J. Usman, M.H.D. Othman, A.F. Ismail, M.A. Rahman, J. Jaafar, T. Abdullahi,
Comparative study of Malaysian and Nigerian kaolin-based ceramic hollow
fiber membranes for filtration application, Malays. J. Fundament. Appl. Sci. 16
(2020) 182–185, https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v16n2.1484.
[19] P. Chinnakoti, A.L.A. Chunduri, R.K. Vankayala, S. Patnaik, V. Kamisetti,
Enhanced fluoride adsorption by nano crystalline c-alumina: adsorption
kinetics, isotherm modeling and thermodynamic studies, Appl. Water Sci. 7
(5) (2017) 2413–2423, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0437-9.
[20] S. Lamouri, M. Hamidouche, N. Bouaouadja, H. Belhouchet, V. Garnier, G.
Fantozzi, J.F. Trelkat, Control of the c-alumina to a-alumina phase
transformation for an optimized alumina densification, Boletin de La
Sociedad Espanola de Ceramica y Vidrio 56 (2) (2017) 47–54, https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.bsecv.2016.10.001.
[21] M. Rekha, H. Kathyayini, N. Nagaraju, Catalytic activity of manganese oxide
supported on alumina in the synthesis of quinoxalines, Front. Chem. Sci. Eng. 7
(4) (2013) 415–421, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-013-1360-3.
[22] S. Amirpoor, R. Siavash Moakhar, A. Dolati, A novel
superhydrophilic/superoleophobic nanocomposite PDMS-NH2/PFONa-SiO2
coated-mesh for the highly efficient and durable separation of oil and water,
Surf. Coat. Technol. 394 (2020) 125859, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.surfcoat.2020.125859.
[23] H. Tang, Y. Fu, C. Yang, D. Zhu, J. Yang, A UV-driven
superhydrophilic/superoleophobic polyelectrolyte multilayer film on fabric
and its application in oil/water separation, RSC Adv. 6 (94) (2016) 91301–
91307, https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA20255A.