1

Exploring the Relationship Between Socio-economic Status and Academic Performance

of Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences Students at

Immaculada Concepcion College

A Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School

Immaculada Concepcion College

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for Practical Research 2

Penion, Ajayson M.

Jaranilla, Jhanel G.

Jardin, Carla Andrea R.

Luchavez, Jezrelle Chaz T.

Nalas, Ezekiel M.

2024
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APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper, entitled, “ Exploring the Relationship Between Socio-economic Status and
Academic Performance of Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences Students at Immaculada

Concepcion College” in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Practical Research 2, has been
examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL EXAMINATION.

MS. JASMIN BUERGO

Adviser
______________________________________________________________________________

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the committee on Oral Examination with a Grade Point Average of

(numerical grade out 100%).

MS. ASENCION
Panel Chair

MS. LACORTE MS. GONZALES

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Practical Research 2
on (2024).
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to thank those who contributed for the completion of this

research. To the school, Immaculada Concepcion College for giving us this learning

opportunity that shaped the researchers to develop valuable lessons of patience, teamwork,

cooperation, and most of all an overflowing knowledge.

The researchers would like to give the warmest thanks to their Ma’am Jasmin

Buergo who made this research possible. Her guidance and advice carried the researchers, her

students through all the stages of conducting this research. It was a great privilege to work and

study under her guidance.

The researchers would also like to express the deepest gratitude towards the parents and

guardian for their endless love, prayers, sacrifices and support. This would not be possible

without their unselfish love.

To all people, especially to the classmates that supported the researchers to

finish this research directly or indirectly.

The researchers convey the deep sincere gratitude to the Almighty God for giving

strength, knowledge, opportunity and ability to undertake this research study. Without his

guidance and mercy, the researchers would not be able to accomplish this research.
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To God be the Glory!

DEDICATION
The Researchers would like to dedicate this research work to those who support and

guide us throughout the study.

To our Almighty God for giving them the ability to learn, knowledge, strength,

and grace. To our teachers, fellow classmates, friends and to our family who motivated us to

finish this.

The Researchers dedicated this to the future researchers who want to also study the impact of

financial problems on the academic performances of the students. They can use this as a guide

and reference to support conducting their research.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE
TITLE PAGE 1
APPROVAL SHEET 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
DEDICATION 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS 5

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction 6-7
Background of the Study 8-10
Statement of the Problem 11
Hypothesis of the Study 11
Scope and Delimitation 12
Significance of the Study 13
Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Review of Related Literature 14-15
Review of Related Studies 15-16
Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies 17-18
Theoretical Framework 19-20
Conceptual Framework 20-21
Definition of Terms 22
Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Method 23
Research Design 23
Population and Sample of the Study 24
Sampling Technique 25
Locale of the Study 26-27
Research Instrument 28
Validation of Research Instrument 29
Data Gathering Procedure 29
Statistical Treatment of Data 30-32
Bibliography 33-35
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Figure #1 and Figure #2 21
2. Figure #3 and Figure #4 27
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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the Introduction, Background of the study, Statement of the
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Problem, Hypothesis, Scope and Delimitation, and Significance of the study.

Introduction

Learners are the center of schooling. They are the main focus of every educational institution.

With the help of workers and other stakeholders in school, just like teachers and family, they all

must engage in support and help each other to fulfill knowledge and skills needed by every

student. According to a study by Cooper and Stewart (2021), household income is strongly

involved with children’s academic performance, suggesting that sufficient household income has

a positive causal effect on academic outcomes.

Based on the Preliminary Results of the family income and Expenditure Survey (FIES)

in 2021, 18.1% of families in the Philippines have income that is not enough to supply family

needs. Socio-economic status refers to an individual’s or family’s standing in society based on

their financial resources. Academic performance of learners refers to their success in educational

activities, typically measured through grades, test scores, and overall comprehension of

academic material. This study examines the relationship between parents active involvement and

their child’s academic performance.

Background of the study

Learning is a step-by-step process towards the success of each person. By studying

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different kinds of majors, individuals have specific goals that dictate their future, leading either

to success or failure. Struggles are inevitable, and achieving a degree is easier with resources;

however, not everyone is lucky enough to have them. One major struggle faced by many is

financial problems. Students experiencing financial difficulties are unable to cover tuition costs,

either temporarily or permanently. It has been proven that a student's academic performance is

greatly influenced by their financial situation. Financial difficulties are a severe issue that

requires attention as they can cause other problems, including poor academic performance. Many

students suffer from a poor income and frequently struggle to make ends meet while funding

their education.

According to a study by Masud et al. (2019), entitled of Academic performance in adolescent

students: The role of parenting style. They surveyed 456 students from both public and private

schools, focusing on parental styles using the Parental Bonding Instrument. Results showed that

higher socio-economic status, father's education, and greater "care" from fathers positively

correlated with better academic performance. Affectionless control, a common parenting style,

was associated with improved academics when adopted by fathers. The study suggests that

parenting workshops and activities involving both parents could enhance academic performance,

but cautions about investigating the emotional and psychosocial effects of affectionless control

before making recommendations.

In a study conducted by Hamel et al. (2021), entitled of Examining the Impact of Socio-

economic Status on Paramedic Students Academic Performance in the United States. This study
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explores the impact of socio-economic factors on the academic performance of paramedic

students in various U.S. counties. Analyzing data from California, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas,

and Virginia, the research finds a significant relationship between county-level income, poverty,

graduation rate, food insecurity, and paramedic student performance. However, the study does

not clarify the direct link between individual socio-economic status and individual academic

performance. The findings suggest the need for collecting individual student socio-economic

data to better understand and address factors influencing academic success.

The researchers, of course, aim to help others achieve their ultimate goal as researchers

while conducting this study. They hope the study results will improve society in general and the

educational system in particular. Moreover, serve as a wake-up call for parents, teachers, and the

government to take action, make changes, and implement new policies. This study, focusing on

students, encourages researchers to explore the relationship between socio-economic status and

the academic performances of Grade 12 senior high school students in Immaculada Concepcion

College. The researchers curiosity about this topic is fueled by the answers they seek to gather

during the study.

Statement of the problem

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This study aims to determine the relationship between socio-economic status

academic performance of Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences Students at Immaculada

Concepcion College.

Specifically, this research aims to address the following questions :

1. What is the demographic profile of Grade 12 Senior High School students in terms of:

a) Age

b) Gender

c) Section

d) Grade Level

e) Socio-economic Status

2. What is the level of academic performance of the students in terms of:

a. Class Attendance

b. Class Participation

3. What is the relationship between socio-economic status and academic performance of the

Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences students of Immaculada Concepcion College?

4. What are the strategies that can be employed to address the negative relationship of socio-

economic status in the academic performance?

Hypothesis of the study

H0: socio-economic status have no relationship of the Grade 12 Humanities and Social

Sciences students.
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Scope and delimitation

This research study is limited and was conducted only at the Immaculada Concepcion

College for the years 2023–2024. The study will focus only on Exploring the Relationship

between socio-economic status and academic performance related to educational expenses and

will not consider other factors such as economic factors affecting families. The paper

questionnaires will be used by the researchers as a research tool. Respondents can finish answering

in a quick process; it may only take a few weeks, or it may take a month. The respondents to this

study are only Grade 12 students in the HUMSS Strand at Immaculada Concepcion College.

Students from other grade levels or schools, as well as learners from different places, will not be

included in the study. The study considers the demographic profile of the students, including

their socioeconomic status. The researchers made a permission letter for the HUMSS coordinator

and registrar so that we could get the exact population of Grade 12 HUMSS students at

Immaculada Concepcion College. The following sections are Humanities and Social Sciences

Section 1-3 and 5-16. To gather data, The population of Grade 12 from HUMSS section 1 is

thirty-six (36), section 2 is forty-one (41), section 3 is thirty-nine (39), section 5 is thirty-eight

(38), section 6 is forty-six (46), section 7 is thirty-nine (39), 8 section is forty-two (42), 9 section

is thirty-nine (39), 10 section is forty-three (43), 11 section is forty-four (44), 12 section is

forty-one (41), 13 section is forty-one (41), 14 section is thirty-eight (38), 15 section is thirty-

eight (38), and the section 16 is forty (40), and the total population is six hundred twenty-four

(628). Then, the researchers used Slovin’s formula, which makes the total number of respondents

two-handed forty-four (244).

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Significant of the study

The result of this study will benefit the following:

To the Students. Will be the first beneficiaries of the study by having knowledge on how

their financial problems will affect their academic performance in the present and in the future.

To the Parents. They will find this study significant and helpful because the researchers

found that family income could impact the academic performance of their child. In that way,

they could have some insights about it, avoid it, or have a solution to it if possible.

To the Teachers. Teachers provide valuable insights into students’ financial problems

and their impact on academic performance, enabling them to adapt their teaching methods.

To the Researchers. They stand to benefit from this study since it will allow them to

learn about possible challenges that students face.

To the Future Researchers. They could use this as a basis for a review of related

literature once they come up with the same study or something related, like the researchers.

To the school administration. They will find this research useful because it examines

students' shifting attitudes impact how well they do in class as a result of financial difficulties.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies that are done by researchers. This

also presents synthesis of literature, conceptual framework, theoretical framework, and lastly

definition of terms.

Review of Related Literature

Socio-economic Status and self-efficacy vis-à-vis Academic Performance

According to Villamor (2020), “Socio-economic Status and self-efficacy vis-à-vis Academic

Performance ‘’. This aimed to explore the impact of socio-economic factors and self-efficacy on

the academic performance of high school students. Using a descriptive survey method with a

correlational design, data were collected from students, parents, and schools. Findings revealed

that most students performed at an “Approaching Proficiency” level, with many coming from

low-income families. Grade 7 students exhibited a moderate level of self-efficacy. There was a

significant correlation between students’ academic performance and socio-economic status based

on annual family income. However, no correlation was found between academic performance

and socio-economic status based on MBN Indicators or between students’ self-efficacy and

academic performance. In summary, Grade 7 students’ academic performance was influenced by

their socio-economic status (annual family income), but not by MBN indicators or perceived

self-efficacy.
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Socio-economic, psychological and environmental factors in the academic performance

of elementary pupils of Alfonso Lista District, Ifugao, Philippines

Literature of Ormilla (2022), “Socio-economic, psychological and environmental factors in the

academic performance of elementary pupils of Alfonso Lista District, Ifugao, Philippines”. They

used a survey questionnaire and found that socio-economic, psychological, and environmental

factors, including family income, attitude towards school, attendance, study habits, quality of

classmates, and learning environment, could affect academic performance. Recommendations

included providing instructional resources and creating an optimal learning environment for

improved academic performance.

A Review of the Literature on Soci-economic Status and Educational Achievement

“Socio-economic Status and Academic achievement” by Broer et al. (2019) This literature

review examines the interplay between socio-economic status (SES) and educational

performances. It explores the foundations of socioo-economic nequities, efforts to reduce

achievement gaps, and the role of family SES in student outcomes. The review identifies

common proxy variables for SES, evaluates their use in research, and discusses findings from the

Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). While a positive association

between family SES and academic performance exists, the magnitude varies across social

contexts and education systems.

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Influence of Parental Socio-Economic Status on Students’ Academic Performance:

Experience from Pokhara University, Nepal

According to a study by Neupane et al. (2021), The study examines the connection between

parental socio-economic status and academic performance in graduate and undergraduate

programs at Pokhara University. The sample includes 301 students, and data was collected

through a structured questionnaire. Results indicate that a parent's socio-economic status and

education level have no significant impact on academic performance, while parent’s occupation

and student residence play a role. Family financial status is a crucial factor for school-level

grades, but its influence diminishes at the college level. Father’s employment nature and family

expenditure are identified as significant determinants of academic achievement, particularly up

to the school level.

Social support as a buffer in the relationship between socio-economic status and

academic performance

A study conducted by Malecki et al. (2019). The study explores the impact of social support on

academic performance among students from poverty. It found no significant association between

social support and academic performance for higher-income students, but for lower-income

students, significant, moderate associations were found. The study suggests that social support

may moderate the relationship between poverty and academic performance, providing valuable

insights for school psychologists.

Review of Related Studies

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Parental Socio-Economic Status and Learning Environment as Predictors of Students

Academic Performance in Kwara State Secondary Schools Nigeria

In a different study conducted by Adeyemi (2022),”Parental Socio-Economic Status and

Learning Environment as Predictors of Students Academic Performance in Kwara State

Secondary Schools Nigeria”. This study in Kwara State, Nigeria, investigates the influence of

parental socio-economic status and learning environment on students’ academic performance.

Findings indicate that parental education and income don’t strongly predict academic success,

but positive correlations exist between academic performance and the quality of physical

facilities and instructional materials in the learning environment. The study concludes that while

parental socio-economic status may not be a significant predictor, a conducive learning

environment plays a crucial role in students’ academic success. Recommendations include

emphasizing parental involvement and collaboration between the government and the education

ministry to enhance classroom facilities.

Parental Socio-economic background and Student’s Academic Performance in public

secondary schools in ikolomani sub-county, kakamega county, kenya

According to a study by Madegwa et al. (2019),” Parental Socio-economic background and

Student’s Academic Performance in public secondary schools in ikolomani sub-county,

kakamega county, kenya”. The study found that parental socio-economic background played a

key role in enhancement of students’ academic performance.

Influence of socio-economic status of parents on the academic performance of secondary

school students in ogun state, nigeria

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According to a different study by Ojikeri et al. (2021), This study explored how parents’ socio-

economic status affects the academic performance of secondary school students in Ogun State,

Nigeria. The research involved 400 students from various schools. The findings revealed a

significant link between parents socio-economic status and students’ academic success.

Additionally, the study highlighted a positive relationship between parental concern and

academic performance among senior secondary students. There was also a significant difference

in academic performance between day and boarding students. Recommendations include

implementing scholarship programs for bright students from lower socio-economic backgrounds

and encouraging all students to pursue academic excellence regardless of their economic status.

Exploring the effects of socio-economic status on student participation (academic

performance) in school

This was study conducted by Careemdeen (2020) explores the impact of socio-economic status

on student participation in co-curricular activities(academic performances) among secondary

school students in Sri Lanka. Using a survey research design with a sample of 1350 students, the

study specifically examines the influence of parent income and education. Descriptive analyses,

including mean and standard deviation, are utilized, and MANOVA is employed to explore the

relationship between socio-economic status and student participation in co-curricular activities,

aiming to contribute to promoting equity and inclusivity in education.

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Synthesis of Reviewed Literature and Studies

The synthesis of the mentioned studies reveals diverse findings on the relationship between

socio-economic status (SES) and academic performance. In the Villamor (2020) study, Grade 7

students' academic performance was influenced by annual family income. Ormilla (2022)

highlighted multiple factors such as family income, attitude towards school, and learning

environment affecting academic performance in elementary pupils. Neupane et al. (2021) found

that while parental socio-economic status had no significant impact on academic performance in

higher education, family financial status played a crucial role at the school level. Additionally, the

literature review by Broer et al. (2019) on "Socio-economic Status and Academic Performance"

highlighted the complex interplay between SES and educational outcomes, acknowledging

variations across social contexts and education systems. Adeyemi (2022) indicated that parental

education and income may not strongly predict academic success, but a conducive learning

environment is crucial. Madegwa et al. (2019) in Kenya emphasized the key role of parental socio-

economic background in students' academic performance. Ojikeri et al. (2021) in Nigeria

established a significant link between parents' socio-economic status and students' academic
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success, emphasizing the positive role of parental concern. Lastly, Careemdeen's (2020) study in

Sri Lanka explored the impact of socio-economic status on student participation in co-curricular

activities, aiming to promote equity and inclusivity in education. In summary, these studies

collectively underscore the multifaceted nature of the relationship between socio-economic factors

and academic performance, emphasizing the importance of considering various contextual factors

and the need for tailored interventions in different educational settings.

Theoretical Framework

Figure 1. Theoretical Framework on

The Relationship Between Socio-economic Status and Academic Performance of Grade 12

Humanities and Social Sciences at Immaculada Concepcion College.

This study is supported by the theory of Cutler et al. (2008), entitled of Socio-economic

Status and Health: Dimensions and Mechanisms. They said that the gradient is seen as

intrinsically social by a different set of beliefs. People with greater health are better for those

with wealth and knowledge, not because of a process that affects the person in not out of
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consolation but rather due to the person’s standing in the social order. These beliefs assert that

poor socio-economic status in any of the following areas: financial resources, education, and

occupation—causes psychological stress as a result of emotions of inferiority and lack of

command.

So the theory defines that only socio-economic status affects one aspect but also in many

ways such as in academics, health, and many more aspects. It is mentioned that some of the

probable causes of poor socio-economic are because of financial resources, education, and more.

So we can clearly see that socio-economic status does have a relation either bad or good within a

student’s academic performance. This paper shows the relationship between socio-economic

status and health, also focusing on education, financial resources, rank, and race/ethnicity.

It emphasizes this structure interplay of these dimensions and their diverse impact across

different life stages. Early age circumstances significantly influence the co-evolution of socio-

economic status and health into adulthood. Complexity of these pathways challenges unified

theories of socio-economic status, highlighting the need for more refinement. According to the

article socio-economic status and academic performance in higher education: A systematic

review of Rodriguez and kyndt (2020). The content of the article describes an investigation on

the connection between academic performance in higher education and socio-economic status

(SES). A mixed-methods systematic literature review is used in the study, which combines meta-

analysis based on information from 42 studies with summative content analysis. The researchers

looked at the measurement of socio-economic and academic performance in the first section of

the study. Numerous factors, including income, occupation, education level, and the resources
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available in one’s home and community, are used to measure socio-economic status (SES). On

the other hand, a variety of factors, such as achievement, competences, and perseverance, are

used to evaluate academic performance in higher education. A meta-analysis is used in the

study’s second section to calculate the effect size of the correlation between socio-economic

status and academic performance in higher education. The article’s connection to the research

title.

By examining a number of variables and applying statistical techniques, the study clarifies

how these elements involved Immaculada Concepcion College Grade 12 Humanities and Social

Sciences learners. The results help us understand the relationship between family background,

financial position, and academic success in education. They also highlight the significance of

resolving variations in family backgrounds to guarantee equitable educational opportunities.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Socio-economic Status Academic Performance

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework on

The Relationship Between Socio-economic Status and Academic Performance of Grade 12

Humanities and Social Sciences at Immaculada Concepcion College.

In this study, the researchers mainly focused on the relationship between Socio-economic

Status and Academic Performance of Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)
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Students of Immaculada Concepcion College. The illustration shows the association between the

two variables. Figure 2 shows the variables in the study. The independent variable is the Socio-

economic Status. On the other hand, the dependent variable is academic performance, with Class

Attendance and Class Participation. The researchers used the IV-DV Model as a framework. It is

a model that illustrates how the independent and dependent variables in research relate to and

affect one another (Stolle, 2022).

This study revolves around two variables, socio-economic Status as independent variable and

academic performance as dependent variable, socio-economic status (SES) refers to an

individual’s or a family’s position within the social structure, determined by various factors such

as income, education, and occupation Adler, N. E., & Stewart, J. (2010). Academic performance

generally refers to an individual’s achievement and success in educational activities, including

grades, test scores, and overall accomplishments in academic settings Hattie, J., & Timperley, H.

(2007). Socio-economic status, a person’s or a group’s socio-economic status refers to where

they stand on a socio-economic scale—high, middle, or low—and is influenced by both social

and economic variables. (APA Dictionary of Psychology, 2022). Class Attendance in the case of

“face to face” classes this refers to the physical presence of students in class Darbyshire, (2009).

Classroom participation refers to the behaviours that students engage themselves in class (Zhou

et al. 2021).

This study will examine the relationship between socio-economic status and academic

performance of Grade 12 humanities and social sciences students at Immaculada Concepcion

College.
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Definition of terms

Affectionless Control: In the context of the study by Masud et al. (2019), affectionless control

refers to a parenting style characterized by a lack of emotional warmth and responsiveness from

parents towards their children.

Dependent Variable (DV): The dependent variable in this study is Academic Performance,

which includes aspects such as grades, test scores, and overall achievements in academic

settings.

Independent Variable (IV): In the context of the study, the independent variable is Socio-

economic Status. (SES) determined by factors such as income, education, and occupation,

represents the social and economic position of individuals or families within the social structure.
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Learning Environment: In the literature reviewed by Adeyemi (2022), the term “learning

environment” refers to the physical, social, and psychological context in which learning takes

place.

Meta-analysis: Described by Rodriguez and Kyndt (2020), a meta-analysis is a statistical

technique used to combine and analyze the results of multiple independent studies on a specific

topic.

Nuanced Interplay: As mentioned in the discussion of Cutler et al. (2008), nuanced interplay

refers to the intricate and detailed interaction between various dimensions such as socio-

economic status, health, education, financial resources, rank, and race/ethnicity.

Psychological Stress: In the context of Cutler et al.’s discussion, psychological stress refers to

the emotional strain and tension experienced by individuals, particularly those with lower SES.

Self-efficacy: Self-efficacy, as discussed in the study by Villamor (2020), refers to an

individual’s belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish particular tasks.

Slovin’s Formula: Slovin’s formula is a statistical technique used to determine the appropriate

sample size for a research study from a larger population.

Socio-economic Status (SES): In this study socio-economic status refers to an individual’s or

family’s social and economic position within society. It encompasses factors such as income,

education level, and occupation.

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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The method for conducting the study will be presented in this chapter. This includes the

Research Method, Research Design, the Population and Sample of the Study Sampling

Technique, Locale of the Study Research, the research instruments, the data gathering procedure,

the statistical treatment.

Research Method

In order explore the complex relationship between the academic performance of learners and

socio-economic level, this study uses a quantitative. It works with numerical data or data that

may be transformed into numerical form (Sheard, 2018). It is a systematic analysis of events
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through the collection of measurable data and the application of statistical, mathematical, or

computer techniques. The researchers seek to understand the intricacies of this relationship by

investigating family resources, parental education, occupation, and income, irrespective of living

circumstances. The study explores topics like socio-economic segregation, the academic

environment, and teachers’ expectations. The researchers ascertain the influence of each status

through case studies, questionnaires, and observational research, enabling a thorough evaluation

of the importance and efficacy of education in guaranteeing fair chances for students.

Research Design

The design use in the study is descriptive research methodology. Descriptive methodology is

a research approach that aims to provide insights into the nature, characteristics, or distribution

of phenomena or events (Creswell & Creswell, 2018).

Population and Sample of the Study

The entire group from which the researchers want to derive conclusions is referred to as the

population. It doesn’t always apply to certain people. It can be used to describe a grouping of any

kind of thing the researcher want to examine, including events, organizations, countries, species,

and creatures (Bhandari, 2020). It enables the researchers to calculate findings from a smaller

sample of the population to a bigger group. On the other hand, a sample consists of a subset of

respondents chosen from a wider population (Ferrer, 2018). It is also the specific group that you

will be collecting data from. The sample size is consistently smaller than the population’s total

size (Bhandari, 2020).

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The overall population of Grade12 humanities and social sciences students at Immaculada

Concepcion College is six hundred twenty-four (628) thus Researchers choose sample two-

handed forty-four (244) students to participate in this study. The population of Grade 12 from

HUMSS section 1 is thirty-six (36), section 2 is forty-one (41), section 3 is thirty-nine (39),

section 5 is thirty-eight (38), section 6 is forty-six (46), section 7 is thirty-nine (39), 8 section is

forty-two (42), 9 section is thirty-nine (39), 10 section is forty-three (43), 11 section is forty-

four (44), 12 section is forty-one (41), 13 section is forty-one (41), 14 section is thirty-eight

(38), 15 section is thirty-eight (38), and the section 16 is forty (40), and the total population is

six hundred twenty-four (628). Then, the researchers used Slovin’s formula, which makes the

total number of respondents two-handed forty-four (244).

Sampling Technique

The researchers will use systemic random sampling. According to Hayes (2023), describes it

as a kind of probability sampling technique in which sample members are chosen at random

from a wider population, but at a predetermined interval. One can get this interval—also known

as the sampling interval—by dividing the intended sample size by the size of the population. If

the periodic interval is predetermined and the starting point is random, systematic sampling is

still seen as random even though the sample population is preselected.

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In addition, the system applied is based on the population which is devided by the sample size to

get the interval which is two (2), and serve as the basis for the random selection. The researchers

will get

Locale of the Study

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The study was conducted at Immaculada Concepcion College in Soldiers Hills III subdivision,

which is in Barangay 180, North Caloocan City. This place was selected for its efficiency and

how well it is a place to study. The research is all about exploring the relationship between socio-

economic status and academic performance of Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences only at

Immaculada Concepcion College, where many Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences

learners encounter the same problems this study exploring the relationship between parents

active involvement and their child’s academic performance. That affect their academic

performance.

Figure 3: Image of Immaculada Concepcion College

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Figure 4: Google map location of Immaculada Concepcion College

Research Instrument

In this research study, the researcher will use a set of standardized questionnaires focusing on

the relationship between socioeconomic status and academic performance. The researchers

conducted a paper survey with Grade 12 Humanities and Social Science students at Immaculada

Concepcion College. A paper survey is a traditional method of collecting data and opinions from

a group of people through a set of questions or statements presented on paper. This can be in the

form of a questionnaire, a feedback form, or a structured interview. Paper surveys have been

widely used for various purposes, including market research, customer satisfaction, employee

feedback, and opinion polls.

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Validation of the Research Instrument

The researchers will ask permission from Villamor Rizza, S. to use the questionnaire in their

research so that they can use their questions in their research. The researchers used a

standardized questionnaire. According to PhDTHESIS (2021), a standardized questionnaire

refers to a fixed set of questions to get a generic response from a section of people that represents

the population.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will use a data collection survey, specifically a standardized paper

questionnaire with closed-ended questions. The questionnaire is divided into three parts. Part I

showed the socioeconomic status in terms of monthly family income. Part II contained the

respondents general weighted average for the school year 2023-2024. The last part is about the

spending behavior of the respondents. The results of the retrieved responses from the

respondents through a paper questionnaire will be analyzed and interpreted by the researchers

through the use of the most appropriate statistical procedures.

 32

Statistical Treatment of the Data

The researchers will use Solvin’s formula since Solvin’s method offers a more precise

measurement to calculate sample sizes and systemic sampling using its interval to select the

element of the population.

The following statistical tools were used in the study:

Solvin’s Formula n=N/(1+Ne²)

Where:

n-Sample size

N-Population size

e-Margin of error

Systematic sampling (interval) /-N/n

Where:

i-Interval

N- population

n- sample size
 33

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