IB Internal Assessment The Most Beneficial Egg -O- CcTable of Contents Introduction 3-4 Theory 4-7 Data Collection 7-8 Investigation 8-10 Calculation 10 — 18 Conclusion 18 — 20 References 21Introduction: During this summer break, due to the COVID -19, my brother and I had to stay in Canada since my parents think it is too dangerous to take a flight. Therefore, we stayed in Montreal. One day I went to the supermarket to buy some groceries, 1 recalled a question that I have thought about, which is about which size of eggs is the most beneficial for customers since there are different sizes with different prices. I always struggle about which sizes of the egg that I should buy, which one is the most beneficial for me, I love to cat eggs. Since I have nothing to do during the Summer break, I decided to investigate which size of the egg is the best choice or most beneficial for customers Tneed to find the volume of the egg and compare to the price of the egg, the unit would be $/cm®, and compare to other eggs with different sizes to find out which one is the most, beneficial for customers, By the way, after my deep thinking and brainstorming, I realize that there are two different mathematical methods to find the volume of the egg (The methods will be introduced in the theory part), which would be an important part of this 1A. Then I will use the water displacement method to find out the actual volume of the egg then compared to the results by using the two mathematical methods, then find out whichmethod is more accurate or closer to the actual volume of the egg Besides, The numerical values that are more than three significant figures would be rounded to three significant figures. Theory: This 1A is based on knowledge of geometry and calculus. Since geometry is a branch of mathematics that is concerned with the questions of shape, size, the relative position of figures, and the properties of space. While calculus is the mathematical study of continuous changes, as well as the integral method to calculate the volume or the surface area of some irregular figures that don’t have a specific formula to calculate the volume or area. Therefore, it is possible to use these two methods for calculating the volume of eggs. 1, Based on the knowledge of geometry, this IA requires the knowledge of formulas of the volume of a sphere and an ellipsoid. 1) According to figure 1, the volume of a sphere is i Sard A, V refers to the volume, r is the radius of the sphere, Figure 1 and 7 is a mathematical constant, it is defined as the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter, itis approximately equal to 3.1415926. 2) According to figure 2, the volume Figure 2 of an ellipsoid is V = $nabe.V refers to the volume, a, b, and c represent the three semi-principle axis of the ellipsoid, and sis the mathematical constant. 2. Based on the knowledge of calculus, this 1A requires the knowledge of the ‘concept of definite integrals and use the concept of integral to calculate the ‘volume. For example, if there is a region on the graph that is bounded by the graph of y = V2x andthe lines x = 1 and x = 2. (Figure 3) Figure 3 X-axis Then how do we find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region 360° about the x-axis (Figure 4). Figure 4 Now we need to use the concept of a definite integral. The formula is V = Jf ny?dx. Vis the volume, » is the function, a and b are the two lines =a and.x=5, 1 is the mathematical constant. Therefore, apply the formula to thequestion, we can get the answer by using the calculator, V = J. n(V2x)? dx ~ 25.1 units. ‘The method to calculate which size of an egg in the supermarket is the most The price of an ego The average actual volume of the egg” he beneficial for customers would be result would be in. $/cm’. This represents the ratio between the price and the volume of the egg. Moreover, the formula for calculating the price for one ‘The price of abox of eggs The number of eggs inthe box cag is . To measure the actual volume of the egg, there is a more physical way to achieve it which is by using the water displacement method, Add an amount ‘of water into the beaker, then put the egg into the water and make sure the egg has to be completely submerged into the water, then see the change in volume, which would be the volume of the egg. The formula is The volume of the egg = final volume of water with the egg — the initial volume of water. ‘This IA also requires the method of the percent error, it is used to see how much the difference between the theoretical number and the experimental number divided by the theoretical value, multiplied by 100 to give a percent. ‘The formula in this [A would be absolute % error = catewated volume ofthe egp-volume ofthe epg by water displacement, ‘volume ofthe egg by water displacemnet 1006. To ensure the accuracy, and to find out which size of the egg is the most beneficial for customers. If there will be a total of 15 eggs measured, 5 for small size, 5 for medium, and 5 for large. Therefore, it will be necessary to use the formula to calculate the average number of something, such as the average percent error, or the average volume of the egg of a specific size. The formula of calculating average would be Average numbers = Total sum of all numbers Number of item in the set Data Collection: Firstly, I need to get the dimensions of the egg. I use the ruler to draw the rectangle, the egg is in the rectangle and the length and width of the rectangle is the length and width of the egg. 1 also used the marker to number the eggs. Then I came up with the tables of the dimensions of all the eggs. Size: extra large ‘The number of the egg Length (em) ‘Width (em) 1 6.15 4.60 2 6.00 4.50 a 5.95 4.40 4 6.30 4.70 5 5.95 4.60Size: large ‘The number of the egg Length (em) Width (em) 1 5.80 430 2 5.70 4.30 3 5.80 4.20 4 5.85 430 5 5.70 430 ‘ize: medium, ‘The number of the egg Length (em) Width (em) i 5.40 410 2 5.10 4.20 3 5.40 4.20 4 5.20 430 5 5.30 4.20 Investigation: Continue with the idea in the theory part: By using the method of geometry, we can imagine that an egg is made of half of a sphere which is the bottom half of the gg, and half of an ellipsoid which is the top half of the egg (Figure 5), Oy ‘The formula of the bottom half of the egg is. Vpottom = 3 (Enb?) = 213, since b d, they are the radius of the sphere. And the formula of the top half ofthe ez is Veoy = 4 rabc) = Zab?, (a, 6, and c are the ‘three semi-principle axis) since b = (radius of the sphere).Therefore, the formula of the whole egg is Vinot Voottom + Veop = 57b"(b +a). By using the concept of integral to _ calculate the volume. I would put the egg on int a Cartesian plane (Figure 6). bis the radius, aa loc of the bottom half-sphere of the egg and a is NY / Figure 6 the longest semi-principle axis of the top half ellipsoid of the egg. I need to calculate the volume of the egg by rotation of the egg, which means I need only half of the shape 0, a of the egg (Figure 7). I will rotate a Figure 7 half of the shape of the egg by X-axis. The formula of the definite integral is Li my?dx, x= b and x =a represents the volume is bounded by these two lines, which indicates the bounds of the region from the left to the right, Since I rotate the graph about the X-axis, try to imagine that the cross-section would be a circle, the 1 is the mathematical constant that is used to calculate for the area and the volume of the circle, and y would be the radius which changes with x. Firstly, I need to calculate the volume of the half-cirele on the right of the Y-axis, Since the equation of a circle is (x — h)? + (y — k)? = r?, the point (h,k) is the center of the circle, in this case, it is (0,0) and ris the radius which is b. Then we can get the function for a circle in this case is y? = b? — x?. Then I apply the equation into the integral: {) m(b? — x2)dx.Secondly, I need to calculate the volume of the half ellipse on the left of the Y- 2 iy ra axis, The equation of the ellipse is = 1, ais the half of the major axis of the ellipse, and b isthe half of the minor axis of the ellipse. Then we can get the function for an ellipse in this case is y? = O@ x2). Then I apply the equation into the integral: {°, [w@)(a? — x?)] ax. Lastly, I would add the volume of the circle portion and the volume of the ellipse portion. Then I would get V = f.) x(b? — x?)dx + [°, ne) (a2 — x?) dx, Calculation: First of all, we need to calculate the value of a and b from the length and width of width the rectangle, From figure 8 we can see that width = 2b, then b =“, and length = a+b, then a = length —b. wi For i tance, the width and length of the extra-large number I egg are 4.60 em and 6.15 em. Therefore, apply Length the formula, we can get “= 2.30 em, and wiae? leer a= length — b = 6.15 ~ 2.30 = 3.85 cm, Here are the Figure & tables of the sizes of each egg in terms of a and b. Size: extra large ‘The number of the egg a(cm) 5 (om) 1 3.80 2.30 2 3.75 2.25 3 3.75 2.20 4 3.70 2.30 5 3.65 2.30 10Size: large ‘The number of the egg a(em) (cm) 1 3.65 2.15 2 3.55 2.15 3 3.70 2.10 4 3.70 2.15 5 3.55 2.15 ‘ize: medium, ‘The number of the egg a(cm) (om) i 335 2.05 2 3.00 2.10 3 3.30 2.10 4 3.05 2.15 5 3.20 2.10 ‘Now we can apply the values into the two methods to calculate the volume. For example, the values of a and b of the number | extra-large size egg are 3.85 em and 2.30 om. Base on the method of geometry, we know the formula is V = 37b?(b +a).Base on the method of calculus acest - (figure 9), we know the formula is » V = fn? -x2)dx + £2, 2 (a2 = x2) dx to caleutate the volume of the egg by rotating the function about the x-axis. | [oe v= [ (2.30 meyaet | aG a9 = x2)dx 2” Teaastm (23%) x E™ le 0 ”\3as7)* QGar”| v = {{(2.30°2)(2.30) e307] = [230° - oo} + {oem GE)o-4 & G00 - [285% (E)q 385) - OS 3asy'} V = [(25.483) — 0] + [0 — (—42.655)] V = 68.1 cm? [(230¢x)x +5 Then I came up with the table of the volume of each egg by two methods. Size: extra large The number of the egg | Volume by geometry (cm?) | Volume by caleulus (cm®) 1 67.6 67.6 2 3.6 B36 3 603 603 4 66.5 66.5 5 65.9 65.9 The average volume: 64.8 64.8 2Size: large The number of the egg | Volume by geometry (cm) | Volume by calculus (cm) 1 56.2 56.2 2 55.2 55.2 5] 53.6 53.6 4 56.6 56.6 5 55.2 55.2 ‘The average volume: 55.4 55.4 Size: medium The number of the egg ‘Volume by geometry (cm) Volume by calculus (em) 1 475 415 2 471 471 3 49.9 49.9 4 50.3 30.3 3 49.0 49.0 The average volume: 48.8 48.8 ‘The formula of calculating the average volume is Average numbers = ue of i Total sum of atl numbers inthe set For instance, the average volume of extra-large size eggs (geometry method) is 5 Vi, = 66.2 cm® 68.1 + 63.6 + 60.3 + 72.9 + 65.9 Therefore, 66.2 cm’ is the average volume of the extra-large size egg by using the geometry method. As you can see from the tables above that the volume of egg calculated by geometry and calculus methods are the same. Firstly, I obtain the formula by using the calculus method in the further investigation parts V = J? 1(b® —x2)dx + {°, m@&)(a? — x*) de. 13Then we can calculate the integral of this formula by keeping the variables me 23 (bh? w+ [F (3) Qn =F Pore Maybe you see this formula is familiar, itis the same as the formula that I obtained by using the method of geometry in the further investigation part. ‘The formula I obtained is the same by using two different methods, it means that the two methods are based on the same idea, mathematicians used the idea of calculus to obtain the different formulas to calculate the volume of different shapes. That's why these two methods would give me the same result. Now I will use the method of water displacement to get the actual volume of the cag. I would measure the initial volume of water and the final volume of water with the egg in it. Then the difference between the initial volume and the final volume is the actual volume of the egg. Here are the tables of the volumes of eggs: Size: extra large ‘The number of the egg Initial volume (em) Final volume (cm?) ‘Actual volume (em?) 1 80.0 144.0 64.0 2 80.0 140.0 60.0 3 80.0 143.0 63.0 4 80.0 142.0 62.0 5 80.0 140.0 60.0 The average volume: 80.0 141.8 61.8 14Size: large ‘The number of the egg | Initial volume (cm?) | Final volume (cm®) | Actual volume (cm) 1 80.0 136.0 56.0 2 80.0 135.0 55.0 3 80.0 134.0 54.0 4 80.0 136.0 56.0 5 80.0 135.0 55.0 The average volume: 80.0 135.2 55.2 Size: medium ‘The number of the egg | Initial volume (cm®) | Final volume (cm*) | Actual volume (cm?) 1 80.0 130.0 50.0 2 80.0 128.0 48.0) 3 80.0 129.0 49.0 4 80.0 130.0 50.0 5 80.0 131.0 31.0 ‘The average volume: 80.0 129.6 49.6 In order to keep the three significant figures for answers, the numbers in the final volumes I leave with four significant figures (rule of significant addition and subtraction), For instance, the inital volume of water is 80 Initial Volume V.S__Final Volume ml, after adding the extra-large size egg 1, the volume is about 144 ml, Then we apply the formula to get the actual volume of the egg: V = final volume — initial volume V = 144.0 - 80.0 V = 640ml Since 1.00 ml = 1.00 cm, therefore 64.0 ml = 64.0 cm? 15‘Now, I would use the method of percent error to see how much error between the egg’s volume by using the calculation methods and the actual volume by using the water displacement, For example, the average volume of extra-large size by using the calculation method is 64.8 cm? and the average actual volume by water displacement is 61.8 cm? Now we can apply this in the formula: |ealculated volume of the egg ~ actual volume of the egg bli actual volume of the egg pela! 64.8 61 error = [AS x 100% %error ~ 4.85% Then I came up with the table of average percent errors of each size of eggs: The size of the The average The average actual | ‘The percent egg calculated volume of | volume of the egg error (°%) the egg (cm?) (cm?) Extra-large 648 O18 4.85 Large 55.4 35.2 0.362 Medium 48.8 49.6 161 ‘Then I would calculate the average percent error which will be 85 +.0.362 +161 3 Error Yq = 2.27% Error %q = Lastly, I will calculate which size of the egg is the most beneficial one, first I will calculate the price of each egg before taxation, then compare the price to the actual volume of the egg to find which size of the egg is most beneficial for customers. For example, the price for the extra-large size egg is 3.19 S/box, there is a total of 12 eggs init, then I apply the formula: 16the price of one box of egg the total numbe of egg in the box 3.19 the price of each egg = the price of each egg 12 the price of each egg ~ 0.266 $ ‘After I get the price of each egg, I would apply in the formula to find out which size of the egg is most beneficial, for example, the average actual volume of extra-large size egg is 61.8 cm? Fis average teal vane] Wie gg = B18 20% 108/00" I would express the ratio between the price and the actual volume of each egg in ¢/cm®. So, I would use the value that I got in $/cm® times 100 since 1$ is equal to 100¢. For example, the ratio between the price and the actual volume of extra-large size egg would be: 4.30 x 10-* x 100 = 0.43¢/em* Then I came up with the table below: Thesize [The | The The price | Comparison Comparison of the egg | price of | number of | ofeach | between the price | between the price abox of |eggsina | egg(S) | and the actual—_| and the actual eggs (8) | box volume of each | volume of each egg (S/em*) __| egg (¢/em?) Extra- [3.19 12 0266 | 430x107 0.43 large Large | 4.09 18 0227_| 441x107 oat Medium | 2.69 12 224 | 452x107 0.43 ‘Then we compare the result: 70.45¢/cm® > 0.43¢/em? > 0.41¢/em! Therefore, we can obtain the result that the large size eggs are the most beneficial one among all three different sized eggs. Conclusion: ‘To sum up, the main purpose of this 1A is to determine which methods (geometry or calculus) would be more accurate to the actual value (volume of the egg). As a result, these two methods are the same, therefore we know that we can get the same value by using both two ways. However, these methods are pretty accurate, they are close to the actual values which the percent error is about 2.27%, Another purpose is to help and suggest to customers that which size of eggs are the most beneficial ones, by comparing the volume of the egg and the price of each egg. As a result, we obtained that large size eggs are most beneficial for customers which are about 4.11 x 10-*$/cm®, and the medium size eggs are the least beneficial for customers (4.52 x 10-*$/cm?). Limitation To be honest, some limitations would directly affect the result of the research question. Firstly, when I am measuring the length and width of the egg, I might miss measured the length and width of the actual value of the egg since I just used a ruler to draw the rectangle with the egg inside. If | miss measured, this will cause the calculation afterward inaccurate, and affect the accuracy of methods. 18Secondly, since I only used a ruler measured the dimensions of the egg and the beaker to measure the volume, the smallest unit of the ruler is Imm and 1Sml for the beaker, so sometimes I need to guess the exact volume, which is not highly accurate, this would also affect the final comparison between the volume and the price of the eggs which affects the beneficial egg and the accuracy of the methods, Eurther investigation: When I am performing this IA, I was wondering, the percent error may also due to the imperfection of the egg, the actual egg is not made of a perfect half ellipsoid and half sphere. Therefore, other than by using the water displacement method to find the actual volume of the egg, is it possible to use mathemati | methods to get the exact volume of the egg and closer to the actual volume of the egg? Even though the average absolute percentage error between the egg’s volume by using the calculation methods and the actual volume by using the water displacement is only approximately 2.27%. I think the method of direct method contour which to plot points that actually traced on the surface of the egg. These points are plotted on surface and contours are marked through them, Then use the integral method of calculus based on the shape that contour gives and to find out a more accurate shape of the egg. In this way, the average absolute percentage error might be even smaller. Moreover, I also wonder about if the width of the egg increases (length remains constant), the volume of the egg will increase, which the water in the glasses will increase, i it possible to find a function that represents the relation between the increase 19of the width, length or both of the egg and increase of the water displacement test in the shape of the cylinder. (all pictures and figures are created and taken by me.) 20References: Since I came up with the idea to find which size of the egg in the supermarket is most beneficial for customers. So, I only researched the methods of calculating the volume of eggs online. The rest I came up by my-self, Here is my bibliography: Bogomolny, A. (1.4). The volume of a Sphere and Volume of an Ellipsoid. Retrieved from https://www.cut-the-knot,org/Generalization/Cavalieri3,shtml Deziel, C. (2019, March 2). How to Calculate the Volume of an Egg. Retrieved from ls Vcalculate-volume-egg-789271 Egg Volume Relay. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.scienceworld ca/resource/egg- ‘volume-relay/ Roehl T. (2013, June 15), Finding Volume of an Egg with Calculus. Retrieved from https://vww.youtube.com/watch?v=v2gmeBPTVKs a