Nama : Zahratul Latifa

NPM : 22144700006

Semester : 3

LANGUAGE LEARNER DEVELOPMENT

1). There are four main theories about how children acquire language:

1. Behaviorism:

- According to B.F. Skinner, this theory suggests that children learn language by
watching and imitating those around them.

2. Nativism:

- Proposed by Noam Chomsky, this theory argues that children are born with an
innate language acquisition device (LAD), enabling them to rapidly learn language
until around age 12.

3. Constructivism:

- Jean Piaget's theory of language development emphasizes incorporating new

information into existing mental structures through assimilation and
accommodation.

4. Social Interactionism:

- Vygotsky's theory underscores the importance of social interaction in language

development, proposing that children learn language through interactions,
especially with more knowledgeable individuals providing guidance. Children
progress through different stages in language development, starting from making
sounds (0-6 months) to using simple sentences. Phonological development
involves learning sound patterns, semantic development pertains to grasping word
meanings, and syntactic development relates to combining words into sentences.

2). Concept of morphological, grammatical and pragmatic development

a. Morphological Development:

-The process where children learn and use the smallest units of meaning in a
language, like morphemes, which can be bound (e.g., -ing, -s) or free (e.g., the),
playing a crucial role in forming and understanding words.
 b. Grammar Development:

- Involves the creation of new words, the development of grammar structures, and
changes in linguistic usage influenced by internal and external factors such as
language exposure, cognitive abilities, and sociocultural aspects.

c. Pragmatic Development:

- The development of skills needed to use language effectively and appropriately in

social interactions, encompassing cognitive, linguistic, and theory of mind aspects.

d. Semantic and Syntactic Development:

- Semantic: Related to the understanding and use of word and phrase meanings.

- Syntactic: Involves sentence structure, the use of grammar, and the ability to form
sentences and paragraphs.

Overall, morphological development focuses on word formation, grammar

development relates to the use of language structures, and pragmatic development
involves the ability to use language effectively in social contexts. Semantic and
syntactic development, though interconnected, emphasize the use and
understanding of word meanings and sentence structures.

3). Kids often make grammar mistakes like saying "goed" instead of "went," messing
up subject-verb agreement, or using pronouns all wrong. It's just part of them
learning language, and these errors usually tone down as they get better at talking.

Now, when it comes to how they use language in real-life situations, research hints
that girls usually rock at it more than boys. Pragmatic competence is this term for
being good at using language effectively in social situations. There's a study saying
that girls tend to ace this more than boys. So, in simple terms, kiddos goof up on
grammar, but it's normal and gets better. Oh, and girls often shine in using
language smartly in everyday situations, according to the research scene.

4). Being bilingual means you're good at using two languages. You can learn them
from day one (talking both languages at the same time) or pick up a second
language later, after you're three. Guess what? It doesn't mess with how you learn
to talk. Actually, it can make you even better at it and boost how you think.
Bilingual kids grow and learn just as fast as those who stick to one language, even
though they only hear each language half the time. Speaking two languages comes
with perks like being better at figuring things out, solving problems, and
understanding different cultures. So, being bilingual is a good thing—no negatives
here!
 Bilingualism brings positive effects, including enhanced cognitive abilities, superior
executive functioning, potential delays in dementia onset, increased adaptability to
new environments, and advantages in education and employment. Contrary to
misconceptions, it strengthens language skills. However, the impact varies based
on factors like language proficiency and acquisition age. Overall, bilingualism
positively influences cognitive, cultural, and linguistic dimensions.

5). A language disorder is like hitting a roadblock with words – it can be trouble
understanding them or expressing yourself. There are two main types: expressive,
where finding the right words or putting sentences together is a puzzle, and
receptive, where understanding what others say becomes a bit of a challenge.
Causes can range from medical conditions such as autism or brain injuries to birth-
related issues like Down syndrome, complications during pregnancy, a family
history with language hiccups, hearing loss, or specific genetic conditions. It's
basically when the language communication channels hit a bit of a snag, but with
support and understanding, it can get smoother.