Chapter be) Comparisons Rent keene scans (@) Tina is 21 yoare old, Samis also 21 Tina is as ofd as Sam (}. (b) Mike came as quickly as he could th As ...As As... asis used to say that the two parts of a : Comparison are equal or the same in some way. In(@): a8 + adjective + as In (@): a6 + adverd + as () Tod is 20. Tinais 21. Ted is not as old asTina. {@) Ted is not quite as old asTina. (e) Amy 85. She is not nearly as old as Tina. Negative form: notas...as.* Quite and nearly are offen used with the negative, In(d): not quite as....as = a smal diference. In(e): not nearly as ... as ~'a big difference. (1), Sam is just as old as Tina {g) Teds neariyfalmost as ofd as Tina, Tina 24 21 Sam ‘Common modifiers of as... as are just (meaning exactly’) and nearly/aimost. This posible noes. as) Ted ienot go old av Tina 63CP ere eclomuseeisac (@) "Ai older than "3 (@) “A’ and" are offer than Can | (6) Edis more generous than his brother. “The comparative compares this to that or these to those, Form: -erot more (See Chart 9-3) Notice: A comparative is folowed by than. (@) "AP'BMC?and-D' are sisters. “Aris the | The superative compares one part ofa whole group to oldest of 2b four sisters. all the rest of the group. (6) A woman in Turkey claims tobe the olcest Form: -est or most (See Chert 9-3 for forms.) person in the world. Notice: A superatve begins with the. (1) Edis the most generous person in his fay. A whale is sfotwer tha a shark. 64 CHAPTER 99-3 Comparative and Superlative Formis of Adjectives and Adverbs : Comparative Superlative Fone-svutaate | old ‘older the okjest For most one-syllable adjectives, apuectves —_| wise wiser the wisest | -erand -estare added, PTwo-svilaste | famous more famous the most famous | For most two-sylable acjectives, ADuecTives | pleasant more pleasant the mostpleasant_| more and most are used { clever cleverer the cleverest Some two-syllable adjectives use : more clever the mastclever | either -erest or more/most: able, | gentle gentler the gentlest angry clever, common, cruel, | more gertle the most gentle | friendly, gentle, handsome, narrow, ‘rendly friendlier the friendliest pleasant, poite, quiet, simple, sour. more friendly __the most friendly | busy busier the busiest -Erand -est aro used with two- pretty prettier the prettiest syllable adjectives that end in -y. ‘The -yis changed to =i [aouecrNes with | important more important the mostimportant | More and most are used with long THREE OF fascinating morefasclnating the mostfascinaiing | adjectives. WORE SYLLABLES IRREGULAR ‘good better the best Good and bad have irregular _AbuecTives _| bad worse the worst comparative and superlative forms, “LYADVERBS — | carefully morecarefully the most carefully | More and mostare used with slowly more siowly the most slowly | adverbs that end in -y.* one-syuLasie | fast faster the fastest ‘The -er and -estforms are used ADVERBS: hard harder the hardest with one-syllabie adverbs. IRREGULAR well better the best Both farther and further are used ADVERBS badly worse the worst to compare physical distances: | f far fartherfturher the farhestifurthest | walked farther than my triend did. (of walked further than my friend id. Further also means additional’: I need further Information. Nore: Farther cannot be used when the meaning is “additional” “Exception: early ieboth-en adjective and an adverb, Poems: carlo eors ‘Comparisons 659-4 Completing a Comparative 1 (@) Fmolder than my brother (8s. In formal English, a subject pronoun (e.g. he) follows than, as © (@) Im older then he is in). {6) trmalder than him. (informal) In everyday, informal spoken English, an object pronoun (2.6 i him) often folows than, as in (C) 1 (@) He works harder than ido, Frequently an auxiliary verb follows the subject alter than. (@) | artived earlier than they dl In (@ than do = than I work {f}) Ann's hair is longer than Kate's ‘A possessive noun (2.6, Kato’) or pronoun (e.g., mine) may (g) Jack's apartment is smaller than mine. | follow than. 9-5 Modifying Comparatives | (@ Tomi very od Very often modifies acjectves, a8 (© Ann drves very careuly: in | [ (© mconncer: Tom is very okfer than | am. Veryis nor used to mocity comparative adjectives and | | ncomsecr: Ann dives vey more cartuly | adverbs. | i than she used t. i T(@ Tomis much /a lot /far olderthan | am. Instead, much, a Jot, or farare used to modify comparative \ |e) Ann dhives much /a fot /tor more caroruly | alectves and adverbs, as n (6) and(e) ' [than she used to | 1G) Ben is a tt (bit) olderthan lam on ‘Another commen modifiers a lite“ litte bit, asin). | 1 informal) me. Cee nec ence Canoe | MORE THAN ONE SYLLABLE: | {@) Apenis fess exnensive than a book, | (0) Apanis not as expensive as a book ‘The opposite of -er/more is expressed by less or notas....a8. Examples (a) and (b) have the same meaning. cbLaddedatalol teteeaaiaaaaaon Less and not as... . as are used with adjectives and adverbs ‘of more than one syllable. | one syLLate: Only not as... as (vor Jess) is used with one-syltable (©) Apen is not as large asa book adjectives or adverbs, asin (c). | ' o eomecr Aponte los tage tana bck | | 66 CHAPTERSPecan onus (a) Would you ike some more coffee? (b) Not everyone is here. | expect more people to come later, | In(@): Coffee is a noun, When moreis used with nouns, it often has the meaning of “addtional” itis not nocassary 10 use than, (© There are more people in China than there are in the United States. a) bo youve eno aes or wou yuo | ome more? 9-8 Repeating a Comp: | (@) Because he was afraid, he walked faster and 1 faster, (b) Lite in the modecn world is getting more anc ‘More's also used with nouns to make complete ‘comparisons by adding than. When the meaning ig clear, the noun may be omitted ‘and more can be used by isolt Repeating a comparative gives the idea that somathing becomes progressively greater, ie, I increases in intensity, quality, or quantity. ‘mere complicated. 9-9 Using Double Comparatives (@) The harcier you study, the more you wil earn. {b) The more she studied, the more sho learned, | (©) The warmer the weather (is), the better! [@) — Should we ask Jenny and Jim to the party too? Why not? The more, the merrier (e) —When should we leave? The sooner, the better. 'A double comparative has two parts; both parts beg! with the, as in the examples. The second part of the comparison Is the result ofthe first part In (a); Ht you study harder, the resuit willbe that you wil earn mote. The more, the merrier and the sooner, the better are two common expressions. Ind}: this good to have more people atthe party. In (ef: Itis good if we leave as soon as we can. free ene ee a ee eee eee TE Comparisons 679-10 Using Superlatives @ © “Tokyo is one of the largest citfes in the world. David is the most generous person | have ever known. | nave three books. These two are quite good, but this one is the best (book) of all © | typical completions when a superlative is used: Ina). superlative + ina place (the world, this class, my tamil, the corporation, etc.) In(by: suporlative + adjective clause* In(c}: superlative + of all {@) 100k four nal exams, The final in accounting . | The leasthas the oppostte meaning of the most. was the least aitfieult of al. (@) Allis one of the best stuclents in this lass. ‘Notice the pattern with one of (1) One of the best stuclonte in this class is Al ‘one of + plural noun (+ singular vert) T(g) I've never taken a harder test. Never + comparative = superistive (h) (ve mevertaken a hard test Example (g) means “It was the hardest test Ive ever | taken." Compare (g) and (h). "See Chapter 12 for more infor ‘Matt Matt is he youngest of the three men, 68 CHAPTERSCee ee re kee a ; |) Jobe and Mary have the eame hooks. | The same, similar, ar literent ar uss as adjective, (0) John and Mary have similar books. | Notice: the aay precedes sam | (©) John and Mary have different books. Sea ecee EB | @ Their books are the same, | (@) Their books are similar, | | 0) Thole books are eiterent {@) TWS 600k is the game asthat one. | Notice: the same folowed by as; i | () This book is similar ta that one. similar lowed by to; | {i) This book is elifferent from that one. aitferent's folowed by from: \ Ti) Sho is the aame age ae my mother. | A noun may come between the samo and as, 28 In () | My shoes are the same size as yours. = = = {My pon fs fike your pen ‘Notice in (kan () ' | (1) My pen and your pen are alike. noun + be like + noun l I noun and noun + be alike | (en) She looke like her sist In addition to following be, lke also follows certain verbs, primarily | Itlooks tke rain. those dealing with the senses. | Meounds ke thunder Notice the examples in (mr). This material feels lke sik That smells like gas. ‘This chemical tastes like sat | Stop acting tke a fool. He seems like a nice guy. (a) ‘The twins fook alike, ‘Alike may follow a fee verbs other than be. Naat: Notice the examples in (n) Most four-year-olds act alike. i My sister and | talk alike, ‘The litte boys are dressed alike, Snformal oposchy pave pears might abe than instend of frome afer different. Fron i considered cores in formal English unless the consparcon is completed by a clause: [howe a diferent atitude now than fwd to have Comparisons 69